Effects of Continuous Nitrogen Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

[Objective] This study aimed to achieve high yield and stable yield of win- ter wheat-summer maize rotation system and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. [Method] Effects of continuous nitrogen application on grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were investigated. [Re- sult] Nitrogen application could significantly increase the y（eld of the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system, which increased by 17.76%-30.32% and 22.24%- 46.63% in two rotation cycles, respectively. The yield of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was the maximum in two rotation cycles with nitrogen appli- cation amount of 660.0 kg/hm2, which reached respectively 23 391.19 and 23 444.35 kg/hm2, the yield and economic benefit were the highest, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was 22.2% and 30.7%, the agronomic efficiency was 8.3 and 11.3 kg/kg. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency between ni- trogen application amount of 540.0 and 660.0 kg/hm2 showed no significant differ- ence. After two rotation cycles, inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-40 cm soil with nitrogen application amount of 540.0 kg/hm2 was almost equal to that before experi- ment. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, comprehensively considering the grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and soil inorganic nitro- gen balance, the optimal nitrogen application amount was 625.3-660.0 kg/hm2 in high-yield winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.

Fate of ^(15)N-Labeled Urea Under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation on the North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ^15N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and summer maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 （N360）, a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 （N120） led to a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N （NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered ngronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.

秸秆还田和施肥对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作系统培肥与生产效益的影响

为探明秸秆还田和化肥施用对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作系统土壤培肥和生产效益的影响,于2020-2022年在关中平原开展田间定位试验,设置秸秆不还田不施肥(S0F0)、秸秆不还田常规施肥(S0F1)、秸秆还田配合常规施肥(S1F1)和秸秆还田配合减量施肥(S1F0.8)4个处理。利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测土壤N_(2)O排放通量,综合分析土壤养分、作物产量和土壤N_(2)O排放,明确秸秆还田配施化肥在土壤培肥、增产减排方面的效应。结果表明,秸秆还田和施肥通过显著提高土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、速效磷(AP)含量来促进土壤培肥。与S0F0相比,S1F0.8和S1F1处理提高土壤综合肥力314.24%~317.12%、330.58%~384.98%;S1F0.8和S1F1处理显著提高冬小麦产量80.29%~101.25%、82.50%~107.66%,提高夏大豆产量25.31%~34.72%、36.93%~45.20%;S0F1、S1F0.8、S1F1均显著增加土壤N_(2)O累积排放量和种植系统温室气体排放强度,但S1F0.8较S0F1、S1F1处理显著降低土壤N_(2)O累积排放量和种植系统温室气体排放强度;S1F0.8和S1F1处理提高生产效益75.09%~75.88%、67.54%~114.23%。综上,秸秆还田配合常规施肥(S1F1)是关中平原麦-豆轮作系统土壤培肥的有效方式;但依照国家降低化肥施用量的要求来说,秸秆还田配合减量施肥(S1F0.8)是关中平原麦-豆轮作系统增产、减排、提高收益的推荐方式。

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

DRAINMOD-NⅡ模拟冬季长期覆盖黑麦对地下排水及NO_3^--N流失的影响

在玉米-大豆轮作系统中种植冬季覆盖作物黑麦有助于减小地下排水量和硝态氮(NO_3^--N)的流失量。该研究利用美国爱荷华州的试验数据校正和验证了DRAINMOD-N II模型在美国寒冷地区的适用性,并模拟长期(20 a)种植冬季覆盖作物黑麦对地下排水量和氮素运移的影响。结果表明,模型模拟地下排水量和NO_3^--N流失量时,Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency,NSE)>0.65、百分比偏差(percent bias,PBIAS)在±25%之间、均方根误差与标准差比值(ratio of root mean square error to standard deviation,RSR)≤0.7均在误差范围内;模拟地下排水中NO_3^--N浓度时,NSE>0.50、PBIAS在±15%之间、RSR≤0.5均在误差范围内,说明模型模拟的效果好。长期种植冬季覆盖作物黑麦可降低排水量8.1%(2.5 cm),减小NO_3^--N流失量16.6%(6 kg/hm^2),NO_3^--N流量加权平均浓度下降了8.6%(1 mg/L,以N计),增加蒸散值5.9%,模型模拟值与实测值拟合效果好,表明模型具有良好的水文和氮素运移模拟功能,可以模拟不同农田管理措施对地下水和氮素运移的长期影响,为优化农田管理措施提供参考。

伊犁河谷冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系土壤氨挥发对氮肥的响应

为探讨伊犁河谷冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系周年施氮对农田土壤氨挥发损失的影响,于2016年10月～2017年10月采用田间原位密闭法,在滴灌施肥条件下,对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系中前茬麦季与后作大豆季不同施氮量组合下(麦季施氮量分别为0、104、173、242kg/hm^2,分别标记为WN0、WN1、WN2、WN3;大豆季施氮量分别为0、69、138kg/hm^2,分别标记为SN0、SN1、SN2)土壤氨挥发损失规律进行研究。结果表明,在不同施肥期施肥后均会发生氨挥发,且主要发生在施肥后2周之内,氨挥发速率及氨挥发积累量均随施氮量的增加而增加。在施肥后2～4d氨挥发速率达到峰值,麦季基肥、拔节期追肥、抽穗期追肥及大豆季始花期追肥后最大氨挥发速率分别为0.58、0.85、0.56、0.81kg/(hm^2·d),而各施肥期施肥后的土壤氨挥发积累量分别为5.20～8.18、4.86～14.24、3.53～11.98、3.84～14.12kg/hm^2,体系中尿素的氨挥发损失总量在22.23～48.52kg/hm^2,相当于周年施氮量的6.95%～8.18%。氨挥发主要发生在冬小麦季追肥和夏大豆追肥期,在后作大豆季上,氨挥发主要取决于大豆当季施肥量。夏大豆当季施氮量越高,氨挥发速率及氨挥发累积量越大,前茬麦季的施氮水平高低对夏大豆当季土壤氨挥发速率及氨挥发累积量无影响。

麦-豆周年不同施氮组合对复播大豆土壤肥力及周年产量的影响

为了揭示周年施氮对复播大豆土壤有机质、养分和酶活性的后效及叠加效应的影响,并从中筛选出提高冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系农田土壤肥力和周年产量的施氮组合。以冬小麦-夏大豆为研究对象,于2017~2019年采用裂区试验,前茬麦季设置4个施氮水平:0 kg·hm^(-2)(N_(0))、104 kg·hm^(-2)(N_(1))、173 kg·hm^(-2)(N_(2))、242 kg·hm^(-2)(N_(3));复播大豆设置3个施氮水平:0 kg·hm^(-2)(S_(0))、69 kg·hm^(-2)(S_(1))、138 kg·hm^(-2)(S_(2)),探究周年不同施氮组合对复播大豆土壤有机质、养分含量、土壤酶活性和周年产量变化规律的影响。结果表明:在大豆不施氮条件下,麦季施氮越多对大豆季土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及土壤蔗糖酶和夏大豆产量的促进作用越明显。在麦季不施氮条件下,大豆季施氮越多越有利于增加土壤有机质、全氮含量以及土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性和夏大豆产量,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤蔗糖酶活性均随豆茬施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,基本在豆茬N0S1施氮处理达到最大。在麦季各施氮基础上,与豆季S2施氮各组合处理基本能显著提高土壤全氮含量,而与豆季S1施氮的各组合处理基本有利于提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及土壤酶活性和产量,且与豆季S0各组合处理基本呈显著差异。相关性分析表明,复播大豆产量与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾及蔗糖酶活性均呈极显著正相关,与土壤脲酶呈显著正相关。因此,对于冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系的施氮,要周年统筹安排,前茬麦季施氮量大,后茬相对要小,否则即使具有固氮能力的大豆也需要施一定的氮肥。在本试验条件下,麦季施氮水平为173 kg·hm^(-2)时,大豆季再施69 kg·hm^(-2)的周年氮肥组合,不仅有利于提高夏大豆土壤养分含量和酶活性,而且夏大豆产量和周年产量增产效果最佳。

周年施氮对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作产量及土壤氮素含量的影响

为探讨周年不同施氮组合对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系土壤氮素及产量影响规律,于2017—2018年,在伊宁县农业科技示范园内开展大田试验,以冬小麦-夏大豆轮作为研究对象,在前茬麦季设置4个施氮水平:0(N0)、104(N1)、173(N2)、242 kg·hm^(-2)(N3);后茬大豆设置3个施氮水平:0(S0)、69(S1)、138 kg·hm^(-2)(S2),研究周年不同施氮组合对两季作物收获后农田0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮(NO3^(-)-N)、铵态氮(NH4^(+)-N)含量、无机氮残留量及产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦不同施氮水平土壤NO3^(-)-N及NH4^(+)-N含量均在20~40 cm土层达到最大值,且N3的土壤NO3^(-)-N和NH4^(+)-N含量最高,分别达到14.65 mg·kg^(-1)和4.26 mg·kg^(-1),土壤NO3^(-)-N含量平均分别较N0、N1、N2增加了92.86%、44.69%和17.03%,土壤NH4^(+)-N平均依次增加了69.95%、26.10%和8.46%;而冬小麦施氮量越高,其土壤无机氮残留量越大,以麦季N3平均最高,为200.62 kg·hm^(-2)。此外,前茬麦季施氮还能影响后茬大豆土壤中NO3^(-)-N、NH4^(+)-N含量及无机氮残留量;夏大豆的土壤NO3^(-)-N和NH4^(+)-N含量也在20~40 cm土层达到最大值,且N3S2的土壤NO3^(-)-N、NH4^(+)-N含量及无机氮残留量最大,平均分别为18.61 mg·kg^(-1)、5.10 mg·kg^(-1)、258.36 kg·hm^(-2)。在麦季施氮173 kg·hm^(-2)时(N2),冬小麦产量最高,平均为7828.64 kg·hm^(-2),平均分别较N0、N1、N3增加35.45%、16.77%、6.26%;且在此基础上夏大豆当季再施氮69 kg·hm^(-2)时(S1),夏大豆获得产量最高,平均为2988.93 kg·hm^(-2),其周年总产量也达到最高平均,为10817.5 kg·hm^(-2)。综上所述,麦季施氮173 kg·hm^(-2),豆季施氮69 kg·hm^(-2)既有利于提高麦豆周年产量,又能减少土壤氮素的残留量,可为当地一年两熟制高效施氮制度提供一定的参考标准。