In situ laser deposition of NiTi intermetallics for corrosion improvement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

NiTi intermetallic coatings were fabricated on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by melting Ni and Ti powders using laser metal deposition（LMD） process.The effects of NiTi reinforcement content on the microstructure,hardness and corrosion properties of the coatings were examined.The results show that the deposited coatings are characterized by NiTi,NiTi2 and NiTi3 intermetallic phases.An appreciable increase in corrosion resistance is obtained for all the coatings,and Ti55Ni45 coating shows the highest corrosion resistance;while coatings Ti50Ni50 and Ti45Ni55 follow in that succession.The reinforcement materials are proven to be corrosion resistant in the tested environment,and the effect of Ti is more dominant.

Laser metal deposition of refractory high-entropy alloys for high-throughput synthesis and structure-property characterization

Progress in materials development is often paced by the time required to produce and evaluate a large number of alloys with different chemical compositions.This applies especially to refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs),which are difficult to synthesize and process by conventional methods.To evaluate a possible way to accelerate the process,high-throughput laser metal deposition was used in this work to prepare a quinary RHEA,TiZrNbHfTa,as well as its quaternary and ternary subsystems by in-situ alloying of elemental powders.Compositionally graded variants of the quinary RHEA were also analyzed.Our results show that the influence of various parameters such as powder shape and purity,alloy composition,and especially the solidification range,on the processability,microstructure,porosity,and mechanical properties can be investigated rapidly.The strength of these alloys was mainly affected by the oxygen and nitrogen contents of the starting powders,while substitutional solid solution strengthening played a minor role.

Numerical simulation of thermal behavior during laser metal deposition shaping

Abstract: Based on the element life and death theory of finite element analysis(FEA), a three-dimensional multi-track and multi-layer model for laser metal deposition shaping(LMDS) was developed with ANSYS parametric design language(APDL), and detailed numerical simulations of temperature and thermal stress were conducted. Among those simulations, long-edge parallel reciprocating scanning method was introduced. The distribution regularities of temperature, temperature gradient, Von Mise’s effective stress, X-directional, Y-directional and Z-directional thermal stresses were studied. LMDS experiments were carried out with nickel-based superalloy using the same process parameters as those in simulation. The measured temperatures of molten pool are in accordance with the simulated results. The crack engendering and developing regularities of samples show good agreement with the simulation results.

Effect of Powder Particle Size on the Fabrication of Ti-6Al-4V Using Direct Laser Metal Deposition from Elemental Powder Mixture

Direct LMD （laser metal deposition） was used to fabricate thin-wall Ti-6Al-4V using the powder mixture of Ti-6 wt.%Al-4 wt.%V. SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, OM （optical microscopy） and EDS （energy dispersive spectroscopy） were employed to examine the chemical composition and microstructure of the as-deposited sections. Vickers hardness tests were then applied to characterize the mechanical properties of the deposit samples which were fabricated using pre-mixed elemental powders. The EDS line scans indicated that the chemical composition of the samples was homogenous across the deposit. After significant analysis, some differences were observed among two sets of deposit samples which varied in the particle size of the mixing Ti-6wt.%Al-4wt.%V powder. It could be found that the set with similar particle number for Ti, Al and V powder made composition much more stable and could easily get industry qualified Ti-6Al-4V components.

Influence of processing parameters on laser metal deposited copper and titanium alloy composites

The laser metal deposition （LMD） was conducted on copper by varying the processing parameters in order to achieve the best possible settings. Two sets of experiments were conducted. The deposited composites were characterized through the evolving microstructure, microhardness profiling and mechanical properties. It was found that the evolving microstructures of the deposited composites were characterized with primary, secondary and tertiary arms dendrites, acicular microstructure as well as the alpha and beta eutectic structures. From the two sets of experiments performed, it was found that Sample E produced at a laser power of 1200 W and a scanning speed of 1.2 m/min has the highest hardness of HV （190±42） but exhibits some lateral cracks due to its brittle nature, while Sample B produced at laser power of 1200 W and a scanning speed of 0.3 m/min shows no crack and a good microstructure with an increase in dendrites. The strain hardening coefficient of the deposited copper composite obtained in this experiment is 3.35.

Effect of electropulsing on anisotropy in strength of laser metal deposited Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of electropulsing treatment on microstructure and mechanical strength of laser metal deposited Ti−6Al−4V alloy was investigated in order to eliminate the anisotropy in strength of laser metal deposited Ti−6Al−4V alloy by tensile tests,optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electron back-scattered diffraction analyses and transmission electron microscopy.With increasing applied voltages from 0 to 130 V,the evolution of microstructure within columnarβgrains followed the sequence ofα′martensite→colonyαstructure→basket-weaveαstructure.The electropulsing treated at 130 V weakened the texture of martensite withinβgrains.The as-built Ti−6Al−4V alloy showed an anisotropy in yield strength(6.2%).After processing at 130 V,the anisotropy in yield strength was reduced to 0.6%,which was attributed to the almost equivalent distribution of Schmid factor in the samples deformed along different orientations.

Photoluminescence and lasing properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition

Photoluminescence （PL） and lasing properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots （QDs） with different growth procedures prepared by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition are studied. PL measurements show that the low growth rate QD sample has a larger PL intensity and a narrower PL line width than the high growth rate sample. During rapid thermal annealing, however, the low growth rate sample shows a greater blueshift of PL peak wavelength. This is caused by the larger InAs layer thickness which results from the larger 2-3 dimensional transition critical layer thickness for the QDs in the low-growth-rate sample. A growth technique including growth interruption and in-situ annealing, named indium flush method, is used during the growth of GaAs cap layer, which can flatten the GaAs surface effectively. Though the method results in a blueshift of PL peak wavelength and a broadening of PL line width, it is essential for the fabrication of room temperature working QD lasers.

Underwater Laser Welding/Cladding for High-performance Repair of Marine Metal Materials:A Review

With the rapid developments of marine resource exploitation,mounts of marine engineering equipment are settled on the ocean.When it is not possible to move the damaged equipment into a dry dock,welding operations must be performed in underwater environments.The underwater laser welding/cladding technique is a promising and advanced technique which could be widely applied to the maintenance of the damaged equipment.The present review paper aims to present a critical analysis and engineering overview of the underwater laser welding/cladding technique.First,we elaborated recent advances and key issues of drainage nozzles all over the world.Next,we presented the underwater laser processing and microstructural-mechanical behavior of repaired marine materials.Then,the newly developed powder-feeding based and wire-feeding based underwater laser direct metal deposition techniques were reviewed.The differences between the convection,conduction,and the metallurgical kinetics in the melt pools during underwater laser direct metal deposition and in-air laser direct metal deposition were illustrated.After that,several challenges that need to be overcame to achieve the full potential of the underwater laser welding/cladding technique are proposed.Finally,suggestions for future directions to aid the development of underwater laser welding/cladding technology and underwater metallurgical theory are provided.The present review will not only enrich the knowledge in the underwater repair technology,but also provide important guidance for the potential applications of the technology on the marine engineering.

An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales

Additive manufacturing(AM)is an emerging customized three-dimensional(3D)functional product fabrication technology.It provides a higher degree of design freedom,reduces manufacturing steps,cost and production cycles.However,existing metallic component 3D printing techniques are mainly for the manufacture of single material components.With the increasing commercial applications of AM technologies,the need for 3D printing of more than one type of dissimilar materials in a single component increases.Therefore,investigations on multi-material AM(MMAM)emerge over the past decade.Lasers are currently widely used for the AM of metallic components where high temperatures are involved.Here we report the progress and trend in laser-based macro-and micro-scale AM of multiple metallic components.The methods covered in this paper include laser powder bed fusion,laser powder directed energy deposition,and laser-induced forward transfer for MMAM applications.The principles and process/material characteristics are described.Potential applications and challenges are discussed.Finally,future research directions and prospects are proposed.

A novel method of utilizing static mixer to obtain mixing homogeneity of multi-species powders in laser metal deposition

Real-time mixing of multi-species powder challenges Laser Metal Deposition(LMD)of Functionally Graded Materials(FGMs).The current work proposes a novel method of using a static mixer to realize rapid,uniform multi-species powder mixing.Firstly,copper powder and 316L stainless steel powder are selected to complete the powder mixing observation experiment with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS).Secondly,computational fluid dynamics and particle mixing simulation models are used to analyze the flow field and particle motion characteristics in the static mixer.Finally,LMD experiment and metallo-graphic observation are carried out with 316L stainless steel powder and WC powder to verify the feasibility of the static mixer.This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for powder mixing in laser processing with a static mixer.The conclusions can also be applied to other processing fields requiring real-time and uniform mixing of multi-species powders.

Microstructure and Size‑Dependent Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition

Metal additive manufacturing(AM),as a disruptive technology in the feld of fabricating metallic parts,has shown its ability to design component with macrostructural complexity.However,some of these functionally complex structures typically contain a wide range of feature sizes,namely,the characteristic length of elements in AM-produced components can vary from millimeter to meter-scale.The requisite for controlling performance covers nearly six orders of magnitude,from the microstructure to macro scale structure.Understanding the mechanical variation with the feature size is of critical importance for topology optimization engineers to make required design decisions.In this work,laser metal deposition(LMD)is adopted to manufacture 316L stainless steel(SS)samples.To evaluate the efect of defects and specimen size on mechanical properties of LMD-produced samples,fve rectangular sample sizes which ranged from non-standard miniature size to ASTM standard sub-sized samples were machined from the block.Tensile test reveals that the mechanical properties including yield strength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS),and elongation to failure(εf)are almost the identical for samples with ASTM standard size.Whilst,relatively lower YS and UTS values,except forεf,are observed for samples with a miniature size compared with that of ASTM standard samples.Theεf values of LMD-produced 316L SS samples show a more complex trend with sample size,and are afected by three key infuencing factors,namely,slimness ratio,cluster of pores,and occupancy location of lack of fusion defects.In general,theεf values exhibit a decreasing trend with the increase of slimness ratio.Microstructure characterization reveals that the LMD-produced 316L samples exhibited a high stress status at low angle grain boundaries,whilst its location changed to high angle grain boundaries after plastic deformation.The grain size refnement and austenite-to-martensite phase transformation occurred during plastic deformation might be responsible for the very high YS and UTS attained in this study.The experimental works carried out in this study is expected to provide a guideline for evaluating the mechanical properties of LMD-produced parts with complex structure,where critical parameter such as a certain slimness ratio has to be considered.

Quantum cascade lasers grown by MOCVD

Sharing the advantages of high optical power,high efficiency and design flexibility in a compact size,quantum cascade lasers(QCLs)are excellent mid-to-far infrared laser sources for gas sensing,infrared spectroscopic,medical diagnosis,and defense applications.Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)is an important technology for growing high quality semiconductor materials,and has achieved great success in the semiconductor industry due to its advantages of high efficiency,short maintenance cycles,and high stability and repeatability.The utilization of MOCVD for the growth of QCL materials holds a significant meaning for promoting the large batch production and industrial application of QCL devices.This review summarizes the recent progress of QCLs grown by MOCVD.Material quality and the structure design together determine the device performance.Research progress on the performance improvement of MOCVD-grown QCLs based on the optimization of material quality and active region structure are mainly reviewed.

采用增减材复合制造技术的模具修复工艺研究

激光金属沉积增减材复合制造技术是实现模具等高附加值部件修复与再制造的理想候选工艺之一。为了提高模具修复的效率和精度,本文将增减材复合制造技术应用于模具修复领域,并且对修复工艺进行研究。首先根据具体使用工况和材料性能要求,确定了最佳模具修复参数,随后讨论了该模具修复工艺的应用条件和应用范围。实验结果表明:利用本文提出工艺方案进行模具修复时可以实现修复区域无拼接痕迹,并且修复区域硬度提升7.4 HRC,能够有效提升模具的使用性能。

激光金属沉积制备TiC/316L复合材料的组织及力学性能研究

激光金属沉积(LMD)技术可同时实现输送粉末和聚焦激光能量,材料成形率高,能够显著提升材料性能和降低制造成本,具有广泛的应用前景。采用LMD技术制备TiC含量为0%、0.5%、1%和2%的TiC/316L不锈钢复合材料,研究了增强体含量对复合材料组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:通过金相技术观察样品微观结构发现,熔池形貌呈鱼鳞状形貌,中心区域主要为等轴晶粒,熔池边缘区域主要以柱状晶粒为主,相邻熔池之间的柱状晶粒呈外延生长关系,等轴晶粒尺寸分布在10~50μm,而大多数柱状晶粒尺寸超过100μm。随着TiC颗粒含量的增加,复合材料的抗拉强度显著提升,当添加量达到1%时,试样的抗拉强度由623MPa提高至679MPa,且保持30.42%的良好伸长率;然而,当添加量增至2%时,伸长率下降至5.1%,组织中出现了TiC颗粒的团聚现象。

超高速激光金属沉积增材制造K648高温合金的显微组织与性能

采用一种新型的超高速激光金属沉积工艺以提高高铬高温合金的制造效率。分别使用透射电子显微镜、拉伸试验机、磨损试验机和电化学工作站对超高速激光金属沉积高铬K648高温合金的析出相生长行为、高温力学性能、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性进行研究,并与传统激光金属沉积工艺进行比较。结果表明,超高速激光金属沉积K648合金的析出相尺寸明显小于传统激光金属沉积工艺制备的K648合金,700℃下的高温强度更高,且具有良好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。总之,超高速激光金属沉积制造的K648高铬高温合金具有良好的综合性能。

MOCVD生长的中红外高功率量子级联激光器

量子级联激光器(QCL)是中远红外波段的优质光源,具有体积小、重量轻、电光转化效率高等诸多优势,在传感、通信和国防等领域有重要的应用前景。金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术作为更高效的外延方式,应发展适用于QCL的MOCVD外延生长技术以满足快速增长的市场需求。本文报道了全结构由MOCVD技术外延的QCL,通过将传统的“双声子共振”有源区结构修订为“单声子共振结合连续态抽取”结构,减少了电子的热逃逸,改善了器件的温度特性。针对该结构,进一步改变了有源区的掺杂浓度,并对比了不同掺杂浓度对器件性能的影响。腔长8 mm、平均脊宽约6.7μm的较高掺杂有源区器件在20℃下连续输出功率达3.43 W,中心波长约4.6μm,电光转化效率达13.1%;8 mm腔长的较低掺杂有源区器件在20℃下连续输出功率达2.73 W,中心波长约4.5μm,阈值电流仅0.56 A,峰值电光转化效率达15.6%。器件的输出功率和电光转化效率较之前文献报道的MOCVD制备的QCL有明显提高。该结果表明,MOCVD完全具备生长高功率QCL的能力,这对推动QCL的技术进步具有重要意义。

基于电沉积富集-LIBS的水中Cd元素高灵敏稳定测量研究

针对水体痕量Cd元素的高灵敏稳定检测,基于Al片电沉积富集(ED)结合激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)检测的ED-LIBS水中Cd分析方法,实验研究了富集时间、富集电压、导电溶质KCl浓度以及电极表面砂纸打磨对Cd元素富集结果的影响。结果表明,经砂纸打磨Al片电沉积富集后,Cd元素富集稳定性得到提升,同时优化确定的富集电压、富集时间和KCl浓度分别为−2.4 V、1200 s和2 g/L。利用该方法,Cd元素检测限和相对标准偏差分别为0.0021 mg/L和3.30%,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》指标检测需求,为水体中痕量Cd元素的高灵敏稳定分析提供了有力的检测手段。

基于熔池热历史的陶瓷增强金属基复材激光定向能量沉积质量实时监测方法

针对激光定向能量沉积(L-DED)制备陶瓷增强金属基复合材料(CRMMC)过程中成形质量不稳定的问题,提出一种基于熔池热历史的CRMMC质量监测方法。为实现在CPU硬件上的实时监测,构建了单路结构的轻量级全深度可分离卷积神经网络模型(FD-Net)。输入9个不同激光能量制备不同状态的CRMMC成形质量,使用红外热像仪同步采集熔池红外图像作为数据集训练和测试FD-Net,并与当前先进的轻量级卷积神经网络(CNN)模型进行性能对比。结果表明:FD-Net在Inter-CPU上以7.90ms/帧的推理时间实现了高精度监测,显著低于其他CNN模型,证明所提方法可在工业微型计算机上实现CRMMC质量状态的实时监测。

激光定向能量沉积技术的研究现状与应用进展

激光定向能量沉积(LDED)技术作为一种前沿增材制造技术,在材料加工和产品制造领域展现出显著优势,综述了LDED技术的发展历程、基本原理、技术特点及其在多个工业领域的应用现状。LDED技术能够有效提升材料利用率、缩短制造周期,并实现复杂零件的直接制造,尤其在航空航天、汽车制造和医疗等领域具有广泛应用前景。通过仿真分析、在线监测和闭环控制策略,LDED技术进一步提高了成形精度和产品质量。随着LDED技术的成熟和优化,该技术有望在降低成本、提升性能以及推动制造业绿色转型方面发挥更大作用。