Experimental and numerical study of effecting core configurations on the static and dynamic behavior of honeycomb plate with aluminum material

The sandwich panel incorporated a honeycomb core,a widely utilized composite structure recognized as a fundamental classification of composite materials.Comprised a core resembling a honeycomb,possessing thickness and softness,and is flank by rigid face sheets that sandwich various shapes and materials.This paper presents an examination of the static and dynamic analysis of lightweight plates made of aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites.Honeycomb sandwich plate samples are 300 mm long,and 300 mm wide,the heights of the core have been varied at four values ranging from 10 to 25 mm.The honeycomb core is manufactured from Aluminum material by using a novel technique namely resistance spot welding(RSW)instead of using adhesive material,which is often used when an industrial flaw is detected.Numerical optimization based on response surface methodology(RSM)and design of experiment software(DOE)was used to verify the current work.A theoretical examination of the crashworthiness behavior(maximum bending load,maximum deflection)and vibration attributes(natural frequency,damping ratio,transient temporal response)of honeycomb sandwich panels with different design parameters was also carried out.In addition,the finite element method-based ANSYS software was used to confirm the theoretical conclusions.The findings of the present work showed that the relationship between the natural frequency,core height,and cell size is direct.In contrast,the relationship between the natural frequency and the thickness of the cell wall is inverse.Conversely,the damping ratio is inversely proportional to the core height and cell size but directly proportional to the thickness of the cell wall.The study indicates that altering the core height within 10-25 mm leads to a significant increase of 82%in the natural frequency and a notable decrease of 49%in the damping ratio.These findings are based on a specific cell size value of 0.01 m and a cell wall thickness of 0.001 m.Also,the results indicate that for a given set of cell wall thickness and size values,an increase in core height from(0.01-0.025)m,leads to a reduction of the percentage of maximum response approX imately 76%.Conversely,the increasing thickness of the wall of cell wall,ranging 0.3-0.7 mm with a constant core height equal to 0.015 m,resulted in a de crease of maximum transient response by 7.8%.

Dynamic response of honeycomb-FGS shells subjected to the dynamic loading using non-polynomial higher-order IGA

The main goal of this study is to use higher-order isogeometric analysis(IGA)to study the dynamic response of sandwich shells with an auxetic honeycomb core and two different functionally graded materials(FGM)skin layers(namely honeycomb-FGS shells)subjected to dynamic loading.Touratier's non-polynomial higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)is used due to its simplicity and performance.The governing equation is derived from Hamilton's principle.After verifying the present approach,the effect of input parameters on the dynamic response of honeycomb-FGS shells is carried out in detail.

Control and vibration analyses of a sandwich doubly curved micro-composite shell with honeycomb,truss,and corrugated cores based on the fourth-order shear deformation theory

Curved shells are increasingly utilized in applied engineering due to their shared characteristics with other sandwich structures,flexibility,and attractive appearance.However,the inability of controlling and regulating vibrations and destroying them afterward is a challenge to scientists.In this paper,the curve shell equations and a linear quadratic regulator are adopted for the state feedback design to manage the structure vibrations in state space forms.A five-layer sandwich doubly curved micro-composite shell,comprising two piezoelectric layers for the sensor and actuator,is modeled by the fourth-order shear deformation theory.The core(honeycomb,truss,and corrugated)is analyzed for the bearing of transverse shear forces.The results show that the honeycomb core has a greater effect on the vibrations.When the parameters related to the core and the weight percentage of graphene increase,the frequency increases.The uniform distribution of graphene platelets results in the lowest natural frequency while the natural frequency increases.Furthermore,without taking into account the piezoelectric layers,the third-order shear deformation theory(TSDT)and fourth-order shear deformation theory(FOSDT)align closely.However,when the piezoelectric layers are incorporated,these two theories diverge significantly,with the frequencies in the FOSDT being lower than those in the TSDT.

Dynamics of a rotating ring-stiffened sandwich conical shell with an auxetic honeycomb core

The free vibration analysis of a rotating sandwich conical shell with a reentrant auxetic honeycomb core and homogenous isotropic face layers reinforced with a ring support is studied.The shell is modeled utilizing the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT)incorporating the relative,centripetal,and Coriolis accelerations alongside the initial hoop tension created by the rotation.The governing equations,compatibility conditions,and boundary conditions are attained using Hamilton’s principle.Utilizing trigonometric functions,an analytical solution is derived in the circumferential direction,and a numerical one is presented in the meridional direction via the differential quadrature method(DQM).The effects of various factors on the critical rotational speeds and forward and backward frequencies of the shell are studied.The present work is the first theoretical work regarding the dynamic analysis of a rotating sandwich conical shell with an auxetic honeycomb core strengthened with a ring support.

Impact Performance Research of Re-Entrant Octagonal Negative Poisson’s Ratio Honeycomb with Gradient Design

Based on the traditional re-entrant honeycomb,a novel re-entrant octagon honeycomb(ROH)is proposed.The deformation mode of the honeycomb under quasi-static compression is analyzed by numerical simulation,and the results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.The deformation modes,mechanical properties,and energy absorption characteristics of ROH along the impact and perpendicular directions gradient design are investigated under different velocities.The results indicated that the deformation mode of ROH is affected by gradient design along the direction of impact and impact speed.In addition,gradient design along the direction of impact can increase the initial peak stress of ROH and accelerate its densification phase.Gradient design perpendicular to the impact direction can enhance the energy absorption performance of ROH,especially for ROH,with wall thickness increasing from the inside outwards.Compared to ROH with uniform wall thickness at the same relative density,ROH with a gradient design can increase the plateau stress by over half.With the elevation of impact velocity,the plateau stress and specific energy absorption exhibit an upward trend,aligning with the dynamic performance pattern observed in conventional honeycombs.The results can be used as a reference for the design and application of honeycomb and provide a new idea for developing more efficient and reliable energy-absorbing materials.

Experimental crushing behavior and energy absorption of angular gradient honeycomb structures under quasi-static and dynamic compression

The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and proposes four different configurations of concave hexagonal honeycomb structures.The structures'macroscopic deformation behavior,stress-strain relationship,and energy dissipation characteristics are evaluated through quasi-static compression and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experiments.The study reveals that,under varying strain rates,the structures deform starting from the weak layer and exhibit significant interlayer separation.Additionally,interlayer shear slip becomes more pronounced with increasing strain rate.In terms of quasi-static compression,symmetric gradient structures demonstrate superior energy absorption,particularly the symmetric negative gradient structure(SNG-SMS)with a specific energy absorption of 13.77 J/cm~3.For dynamic impact,unidirectional gradient structures exhibit exceptional energy absorption,particularly the unidirectional positive gradient honeycomb structure(UPG-SML)with outstanding mechanical properties.The angle gradient design plays a crucial role in determining the structure's stability and deformation mode during impact.Fewer interlayer separations result in a more pronounced negative Poisson's ratio effect and enhance the structure's energy absorption capacity.These findings provide a foundation for the rational design and selection of seismic protection structures in different strain rate impact environments.

Microstructures and Properties of Honeycomb Sulfur/carbon Black/MoS_(2) Composites

Microstructure and property of sulfur/carbon black composites prepared by ball milling were studied.Sulfur/carbon black composites were obtained by melting the mixture of sulfur and carbon black in 155℃and dispersing evenly in carbon black after hydrothermal reaction.Thus,its conductive properties were improved.Moreover,microstructure and property of honeycomb sulfur/carbon black/MoS_(2) prepared by hydrothermal method as a cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries were studied.The initial discharge specific capacity of the material at 0.2 A/g current density is 838.495 mA·h/g,and the 55.14%after 100 weeks of cycling.It is indicated that MoS_(2) can not only combine with polysulfides through electrostatic action or the action of chemical bonds,but also honeycomb porous structure.MoS_(2) can fix polysulfides groups and prevent their shuttle.Therefore,the cycling performance of the battery is effectively improved.

Transient responses of double-curved sandwich two-layer shells resting on Kerr's foundations with laminated three-phase polymer/GNP/fiber surface and auxetic honeycomb core subjected to the blast load

This work uses refined first-order shear theory to analyze the free vibration and transient responses of double-curved sandwich two-layer shells made of auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase polymer/GNP/fiber surface subjected to the blast load.Each of the two layers that make up the double-curved shell structure is made up of an auxetic honeycomb core and two laminated sheets of three-phase polymer/GNP/fiber.The exterior is supported by a Kerr elastic foundation with three characteristics.The key innovation of the proposed theory is that the transverse shear stresses are zero at two free surfaces of each layer.In contrast to previous first-order shear deformation theories,no shear correction factor is required.Navier's exact solution was used to treat the double-curved shell problem with a single title boundary,while the finite element technique and an eight-node quadrilateral were used to address the other boundary requirements.To ensure the accuracy of these results,a thorough comparison technique is employed in conjunction with credible statements.The problem model's edge cases allow for this kind of analysis.The study's findings may be used in the post-construction evaluation of military and civil works structures for their ability to sustain explosive loads.In addition,this is also an important basis for the calculation and design of shell structures made of smart materials when subjected to shock waves or explosive loads.

Acoustical properties of a 3D printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers:Experimental analysis and optimization for emerging applications

The novelty of this research lies in the successful fabrication of a 3D-printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers for acoustic properties,utilizing an impedance tube setup in accordance with ASTM standard E 1050-12.The Creality Ender-3,a 3D printer,was used for printing the honeycomb structures,and polylactic acid(PLA)material was employed for their construction.The organic,inorganic,and polymeric compounds within the composites were identified using fourier transformation infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The structure and homogeneity of the samples were examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM).To determine the sound absorption coefficient of the 3D printed honeycomb structure,numerous samples were systematically developed using central composite design(CCD)and analysed using response surface methodology(RSM).The RSM mathematical model was established to predict the optimum values of each factor and noise reduction coefficient(NRC).The optimum values for an NRC of 0.377 were found to be 1.116 wt% carbon black,1.025 wt% aluminium powder,and 3.151 mm distance between parallel edges.Overall,the results demonstrate that a 3Dprinted honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers is an excellent material that can be utilized in various fields,including defence and aviation,where lightweight and acoustic properties are of great importance.

A Modified Principal Component Analysis Method for Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Debonding Recognition Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Signals

The safety and integrity requirements of aerospace composite structures necessitate real-time health monitoring throughout their service life.To this end,distributed optical fiber sensors utilizing back Rayleigh scattering have been extensively deployed in structural health monitoring due to their advantages,such as lightweight and ease of embedding.However,identifying the precise location of damage from the optical fiber signals remains a critical challenge.In this paper,a novel approach which namely Modified Sliding Window Principal Component Analysis(MSWPCA)was proposed to facilitate automatic damage identification and localization via distributed optical fiber sensors.The proposed method is able to extract signal characteristics interfered by measurement noise to improve the accuracy of damage detection.Specifically,we applied the MSWPCA method to monitor and analyze the debonding propagation process in honeycomb sandwich panel structures.Our findings demonstrate that the training model exhibits high precision in detecting the location and size of honeycomb debonding,thereby facilitating reliable and efficient online assessment of the structural health state.

Designing Symmetric Gradient Honeycomb Structures with Carbon‑Coated Iron‑Based Composites for High‑Efficiency Microwave Absorption

The impedance matching of absorbers is a vital factor affecting their microwave absorption(MA)properties.In this work,we controllably synthesized Material of Institute Lavoisier 88C(MIL-88C)with varying aspect ratios(AR)as a precursor by regulating oil bath conditions,followed by one-step thermal decomposition to obtain carbon-coated iron-based composites.Modifying the precursor MIL-88C(Fe)preparation conditions,such as the molar ratio between metal ions and organic ligands(M/O),oil bath temperature,and oil bath time,influenced the phases,graphitization degree,and AR of the derivatives,enabling low filler loading,achieving well-matched impedance,and ensuring outstanding MA properties.The MOF-derivatives 2(MD_(2))/polyvinylidene Difluoride(PVDF),MD_(3)/PVDF,and MD4/PVDF absorbers all exhibited excellent MA properties with optimal filler loadings below 20 wt%and as low as 5 wt%.The MD_(2)/PVDF(5 wt%)achieved a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.52 GHz(1.90 mm).The MD_(3)/PVDF(10 wt%)possessed a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))value of−67.4 at 12.56 GHz(2.13 mm).A symmetric gradient honeycomb structure(SGHS)was constructed utilizing the high-frequency structure simulator(HFSS)to further extend the EAB,achieving an EAB of 14.6 GHz and a RL_(min) of−59.0 dB.This research offers a viable inspiration to creating structures or materials with high-efficiency MA properties.

Topological study about failure behavior and energy absorption of honeycomb structures under various strain rates

High-speed impact threats and terrorist actions on the battlefield require the development of more effective protective materials and structures,and various protective structure is designed according their energy-absorbing characteristics.In this research,the deformation behavior,microscopic failure modes and energy absorption characteristics of re-entrant hexagonal structure,regular hexagonal structure and regular quadrilateral structure are studied under different strain rates impact.The re-entrant hexagonal structure forms a“X”-shaped deformation zone,the regular quadrilateral and regular hexagonal structure form an“I”-shaped deformation zone.The microscopic appearance of the section is a mixed fracture form.The effects of the topological shape,cell angle,and cell height on the impact behavior of the structure were evaluated.When the cell height is fixed and the cell angle is changed,the energy absorption of the structure increase and then decrease as the relative density increase.The mechanical properties of the structure are optimal when the relative density is about 18.6%and the cell angle is22.5°.When the cell angle is fixed and the cell height is changed,as the relative density increases,the energy absorption of the structure gradually increases.The regular quadrilateral structure and the reentrant hexagonal structure experienced clear strain rate effects under dynamic impact conditions;the regular hexagonal structure did not exhibit obvious strain rate effects.The results presented herein provide a basis for further rational design and selection of shock-resistant protective structures that perform well in high-speed impact environments.

Dynamic crushing behaviors and enhanced energy absorption of bio-inspired hierarchical honeycombs with different topologies

In order to pursue good crushing load uniformity and enchance energy absorption efficiency of conventional honeycombs, a kind of bio-inspired hierarchical honeycomb model is proposed by mimicking the arched crab shell structures. Three bio-inspired hierarchical honeycombs(BHHs) with different topologies are designed by replacing each vertex of square honeycombs with smaller arc-shaped structures. The effects of hierarchical topologies and multi-material layout on in-plane dynamic crushings and absorbed-energy capacities of the BHHs are explored based on the explicit finite element(FE) analysis.Different deformation modes can be observed from the BHHs, which mainly depend upon hierarchical topologies and impact velocities. According to energy efficiency method and one-dimensional(1D) shock theory, calculation formulas of densification strains and plateau stresses for the BHHs are derived to characterize the dynamic bearing capacity, which is consistent well with FE results. Compared with conventional honeycombs, the crushing load efficiency and energy absorption capacity of the BHHs can be improved by changing the proper hierarchical topology and multi-material layout. These researches will provide theoretical guidance for innovative design and dynamic response performance controllability of honeycombs.

Temperature influences of the recoil characteristics for aluminum honeycomb buffer in the tether-net launcher

Fluctuations in outer space's temperature would affect the spacecraft's regular operation.This paper aims to study the temperature influences of the aluminum honeycomb buffer in the tether-net launcher.Firstly,a buffer structure was designed to attenuate the pyroshock generated by the pyrotechnic device.Secondly,the mechanical properties of aluminum honeycomb at different temperatures were obtained through quasi-static compression experiments.Then,the internal ballistic responses of the launcher were gained by the closed bomb tests and the equivalent classical interior ballistic model.Finally,the recoil performance of the launcher with aluminum honeycomb buffer at different temperatures was studied.It is revealed that the aluminum honeycomb crushing force gradually decreases with the temperature increases.The peak pressure,burning rate coefficient and velocity increase while the peak time decreases with the temperature increase for the interior ballistics.For the launcher recoil responses,the average launch recoil decreases if the aluminum honeycomb doesn't enter the dense stage.The impact acceleration,projectile velocity and displacement increase as the temperature increase.The paper spotlights the temperature's influence on the recoil characteristics of the aluminum honeycomb buffer,which provides a new idea for buffering technology of pyrotechnic devices in a complex space environment.

Facile synthesis of the Mn_(3)O_(4)polyhedron grown on N-doped honeycomb carbon as high-performance negative material for lithium-ion batteries

Because of their large volume variation and inferior electrical conductivity,Mn_(3)O_(4)-based oxide anode materials have short cyclic lives and poor rate capability,which obstructs their development.In this study,we successfully prepared a Mn_(3)O_(4)/N-doped honeycomb carbon composite using a smart and facile synthetic method.The Mn_(3)O_(4)nanopolyhedra are grown on N-doped honeycomb carbon,which evidently mitigates the volume change in the charging and discharging processes but also improves the electrochemical reaction kinetics.More importantly,the Mn-O-C bond in the Mn_(3)O_(4)/N-doped honeycomb carbon composite benefits electrochemical reversibility.These features of the Mn_(3)O_(4)/N-doped honeycomb carbon(NHC)composite are responsible for its superior electrochemical performance.When used for Li-ion batteries,the Mn_(3)O_(4)/N-doped honeycomb carbon anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 598 mAh·g^(−1)after 350 cycles at 1 A·g^(−1).Even at 2 A·g^(−1),the Mn_(3)O_(4)/NHC anode still delivers a high capacity of 472 mAh·g^(−1).This work provides a new prospect for synthesizing and developing manganese-based oxide materials for energy storage.

二维Honeycomb-kagome结构磁振子晶体中的狄拉克点与平带

在蜂窝(Honeycomb)结构磁振子晶体模型的基础上,提出了Honeycomb-kagome结构的二维磁振子晶体模型,它是由铁(Fe)圆柱按照Honeycomb-kagome结构排列在氧化铕(EuO)基底材料内构成的一种二维周期结构磁性复合材料系统。利用课题组提出的改进平面波展开法,数值计算研究了该系统里的磁振子带结构。结果表明,只要满足散射体密排即各Fe圆柱边缘相切的条件,在布里渊区K点处就会产生磁振子狄拉克点,通过调节不同密排圆柱体的半径比可以实现间接调控狄拉克点频率位置的目的。此外,在相切圆柱半径比相差较大情况下,会有磁振子平带现象的出现,这是不同于晶体中杂质态的一种拓扑局域态,是自旋波在Honeycomb-kagome结构中高度干涉叠加而形成。本文对磁振子狄拉克点的产生、调控和拓扑平带的研究,不仅拓展了凝聚态拓扑物理的研究内容,同时可为人工磁振子晶体应用于自旋波拓扑器件制作材料领域提供理论依据和一个平台。

Vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers under blast load

In this article,vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers subjected to blast load are studied.Higher-order ES-MITC3 element based on higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)to achieve the governing equations.The sandwich plates with the ultra-light feature of the auxetic honeycomb core layer(negative Poisson’s ratio)and reinforced by two laminated three-phase skin layers.The obtained results in our work are compared with other previously published to confirm accuracy and reliability.In addition,the effects of parameters such as geometrical and material parameters on the vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers are fully investigated.

Assessment of the ballistic response of honeycomb sandwich structures subjected to offset and normal impact

In the present study,experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to examine the behavior of sandwich panels with honeycomb cores.The high velocity impact tests were carried out using a compressed air gun.A sharp conical nosed projectile was impacted normally and with some offset distance(20 mm and 40 mm).The deformation,failure mode and energy dissipation characteristics were obtained for both kinds of loading.Moreover,the explicit solver was run in Abaqus to create the finite element model.The numerically obtained test results were compared with the experimental to check the accuracy of the modelling.The numerical result was further employed to obtain strain energy dissipation in each element by externally running user-defined code in Abaqus.Furthermore,the influence of inscribe circle diameter and cell wall and face sheet thickness on the energy dissipation,deformation and failure mode was examined.The result found that ballistic resistance and deformation were higher against offset impact compared to the normal impact loading.Sandwich panel impacted at 40 mm offset distance required 3 m/s and 1.9 m/s more velocity than 0 and 20 mm offset distance.Also,increasing the face sheet and wall thickness had a positive impact on the ballistic resistance in terms of a higher ballistic limit and energy absorption.However,inscribe circle diameter had a negative influence on the ballistic resistance.Also,the geometrical parameters of the sandwich structure had a significant influence on the energy dissipation in the different deformation directions.The energy dissipation in plastic work was highest for circumferential direction,regardless of impact condition followed by tangential,radial and axial directions.

Fabrication of honeycomb AuTe monolayer with Dirac nodal line fermions

Two-dimensional honeycomb lattices show great potential in the realization of Dirac nodal line fermions(DNLFs).Here,we successfully synthesized a gold telluride(AuTe)monolayer by direct tellurizing an Au(111)substrate.Low energy electron diffraction measurements reveal that it is(2×2)AuTe layer stacked onto(3×3)Au(111)substrate.Moreover,scanning tunneling microscopy images show that the AuTe layer has a honeycomb structure.Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that it is a single-atom layer.In addition,first-principles calculations demonstrate that the honeycomb AuTe monolayer exhibits Dirac nodal line features protected by mirror symmetry,which is validated by angle-resolved photoemission spectra.Our results establish that monolayer AuTe can be a good candidate to investigate 2D DNLFs and provides opportunities to realize high-speed low-dissipation devices.

分数阶衍射蜂窝晶格中带隙涡旋孤子的传输与控制

基于分数阶非线性薛定谔方程,研究分数阶衍射效应下蜂窝晶格中带隙涡旋光孤子的存在性与传输特性.首先采用平面波展开法得到蜂窝晶格能带结构,其次在带隙结构中分别采用改进的平方算子迭代法、分步傅里叶法和傅里叶配置法研究含有蜂窝晶格势的分数阶非线性薛定谔方程中带隙涡旋孤子的模式及其传输特性.研究结果发现带隙涡旋孤子的传输特性受Lévy指数和传播常数的影响.在稳定区间,带隙涡旋孤子可以稳定传输,而在非稳定区间,带隙涡旋孤子会随着传输距离的增加而逐渐汇聚,失去环状结构演变为基孤子.且Lévy指数越大,带隙涡旋孤子能够稳定传输的距离越长,功率越低.此外,相邻晶格同相位两个带隙涡旋孤子与旁瓣能量相叠加,反相位两带隙涡旋孤子与旁瓣能量相抵消,传输过程中逐渐失去环状结构,演化为类偶极子模式,且受方位角调制影响而周期性旋转.在非相邻晶格处两带隙涡旋孤子,由于旁瓣影响较小,带隙涡旋孤子在传输过程中能较好地保持环状结构.