Virus spreading in wireless sensor networks with a medium access control mechanism

In this paper, an extended version of standard susceptible-infected （SI） model is proposed to consider the influence of a medium access control mechanism on virus spreading in wireless sensor networks. Theoretical analysis shows that the medium access control mechanism obviously reduces the density of infected nodes in the networks, which has been ignored in previous studies. It is also found that by increasing the network node density or node communication radius greatly increases the number of infected nodes. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.

Mobility Conscious Medium Access Control Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Conceptual Approach

Mobility in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) presents distinctive challenges in Medium Access Control (MAC) scheme. Numerous MAC protocols for sensor networks assume that sensor nodes are static and focus primarily on energy efficiency. This work seeks to develop an improved mobility conscious medium access control scheme for wireless sensor networks with a view to enhance energy conservation on mobile sensor nodes. On this note, mobility patterns of different scenarios are modelled using Gauss Markov Mobility Model (GMMM) to determine the position and distance of the sensor nodes and how they are correlated in time.

Performance Analysis of WLAN Medium Access Control Protocols in Simulcast Radio-Over-Fiber-Based Distributed Antenna Systems

The performance of three wireless local-area network(WLAN) media access control(MAC) protocols is investigated and compared in the context of simulcast radioover-fiber-based distributed antenna systems(RoF-DASs) where multiple remote antenna units(RAUs) are connected to one access point(AP) with different-length fiber links.The three WLAN MAC protocols under investigation are distributed coordination function(DCF) in basic access mode,DCF in request/clear to send(RTS/CTS) exchange mode,and point coordination function(PCF).In the analysis,the inter-RAU hidden nodes problems and fiber-length difference effect are both taken into account.Results show that adaptive PCF mechanism has better throughput performances than the other two DCF modes,especially when the inserted fiber length is short.

Design and Analysis of Prioritized Medium Access Control Protocol for Backbone Routers in Wireless Mesh Networks

A Prioritized Medium Access Control （P-MAC） protocol is proposed for wireless routers of mesh networks with quality-of-service provisioning. The simple yet effective design of P-MAC offers strict service differentiation for prioritized packets. A Markov model is developed to yield important performance matrices including the packet blocking probability due to queue overflow and the packet reneging probability due to delay bound. It is further proved that the service time of P-MAC approximates exponential distribution, and can be effectively estimated. The analytic models with preemptive and non-preemptive schemes, validated via simulations, show that P-MAC can effectively support traffic differentiation and achieve very low packet dropping （both reneging and blocking） probabilities when the traffic load is below the channel capacity. When the network is overloaded, P-MAC can still maintain extremely stable and high channel throughput. Moreover, it is demonstrated that P-MAC performs superior in multihop networks, further proving the advantages of the proposed protocol.

A novel distributed algorithm for media access control address assignment in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a novel distributed media access control(MAC)address assignment algorithm,namely virtual grid spatial reusing(VGSR),for wireless sensor networks,which reduces the size of the MAC address efficiently on the basis of both the spatial reuse of MAC address and the mapping of geographical position.By adjusting the communication range of sensor nodes,VGSR algorithm can minimize the size of MAC address and meanwhile guarantee the connectivity of the sensor network.Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that VGSR algorithm is not only of low energy cost,but also scales well with the network size,with its performance superior to that of other existing algorithms.

Jointly optimized congestion control, forwarding strategy,and link scheduling in a named-data multihop wireless network

As a promising future network architecture, named data networking(NDN) has been widely considered as a very appropriate network protocol for the multihop wireless network(MWN). In named-data MWNs, congestion control is a critical issue. Independent optimization for congestion control may cause severe performance degradation if it can not cooperate well with protocols in other layers. Cross-layer congestion control is a potential method to enhance performance. There have been many cross-layer congestion control mechanisms for MWN with Internet Protocol(IP). However, these cross-layer mechanisms for MWNs with IP are not applicable to named-data MWNs because the communication characteristics of NDN are different from those of IP. In this paper, we study the joint congestion control, forwarding strategy, and link scheduling problem for named-data MWNs. The problem is modeled as a network utility maximization(NUM) problem. Based on the approximate subgradient algorithm, we propose an algorithm called ‘jointly optimized congestion control, forwarding strategy, and link scheduling(JOCFS)'to solve the NUM problem distributively and iteratively. To the best of our knowledge, our proposal is the first cross-layer congestion control mechanism for named-data MWNs. By comparison with the existing congestion control mechanism, JOCFS can achieve a better performance in terms of network throughput, fairness, and the pending interest table(PIT) size.

AN ADAPTIVE OPPORTUNISTIC RETRANSMISSION CONTROL SCHEME ENVIRONMENT-AWARE-BASED FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA MESH NETWORKS

In this paper, we propose an aware-based adaptive opportunistic retransmission control scheme for wireless multimedia Mesh networks. The proposed scheme provides maximum retransmis-sion count optimization based on environment-aware to improve packet relay probability. The scheme discriminates the types of packet loss in wireless link by means of environment information and selects the retransmission count by taking the IEEE 802.11 wireless channel characteristics into consideration. Furthermore, the maximum retransmission count of MAC is adjusted adaptively. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly reduces packet collision probability and packet loss rate, and thus improves network throughput.

The Study of Farmland Information Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks

To satisfy the need of good quality and high yield primary production,the farmland information management system based on wireless Sensor Network has been proposed.We give priority to analyzing the basic function of the system,building the systematic structure of applied system and network system,and implementing the energy control and safety design of system.The system can reduce manpower operation and the error of manual measuration in the course of practical production,reduce the cost of agricultural production,and realize automatization of agricultural production to the largest extent to provide an effective way to realize good quality and high yield primary production,which has an important realistic meaning.

REA-MAC:A low latency routing-enhanced asynchronous duty-cycle MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Many energy efficiency asynchronous duty-cycle MAC(media access control) protocols have been proposed in recent years.However,in these protocols,wireless sensor nodes almost choose their wakeup time randomly during the operational cycle,which results in the packet delivery latency increased significantly on the multiple hops path.To reduce the packet delivery latency on multi-hop path and energy waste of the sender's idle listening,a new low latency routing-enhanced asynchronous duty-cycle MAC protocol was presented,called REA-MAC.In REA-MAC,each sensor node decided when it waked up to send the beacon based on cross-layer routing information.Furthermore,the sender adaptively waked up based on the relationship between the transmission request time and the wakeup time of its next hop node.The simulation results show that REA-MAC reduces delivery latency by 60% compared to RI-MAC and reduces 8.77% power consumption on average.Under heavy traffic,REA-MAC's throughput is 1.48 times of RI-MAC's.

Energy-Efficieng MAC Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude with a number of open research issues with regard to WBAN MAC layer.

MAC Layer Resource Allocation for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks （WBANs） can provide low-cost, timely healthcare services and are expected to be widely used for e-healthcare in hospitals. In a hospital, space is often limited and multiple WBANs have to coexist in an area and share the same channel in order to provide healthcare services to different patients. This causes severe interference between WBANs that could significantly reduce the network throughput and increase the amount of power consumed by sensors placed on the body. There-fore, an efficient channel-resource allocation scheme in the medium access control （MAC） layer is crucial. In this paper, we devel-op a centralized MAC layer resource allocation scheme for a WBAN. We focus on mitigating the interference between WBANs and reducing the power consumed by sensors. Channel and buffer state are reported by smartphones deployed in each WBAN, and channel access allocation is performed by a central controller to maximize network throughput. Sensors have strict limitations in terms of energy consumption and computing capability and cannot provide all the necessary information for channel allocation in a timely manner. This deteriorates network performance. We exploit the temporal correlation of the body area channel in order to minimize the number of channel state reports necessary. We view the network design as a partly observable optimization prob-lem and develop a myopic policy, which we then simulate in Matlab.

Cooperative MIMO MAC Transmission Using Space Codes in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network （WSN） requires robust and efficient communication protocols to minimise delay and save energy. The lifetime of WSN can be maximised by selecting proper medium access control （MAC） scheme depending on the contention level of the network. The throughput of WSN however reduces due to channel fading effects even with the proper design of MAC protocol. Hence this paper proposes a new MAC scheme for enabling packet transmission using cooperative multi-input multi-output （MIMO） utilising space time codes（STC） such as space time block code （STBC）, space time trellis code （STTC） to achieve higher energy savings and lower delay by allowing nodes to transmit and receive information jointly. The performance of the proposed MAC protocol is evaluated in terms of transmission error probability, energy consumption and delay. Simulation results show that the proposed cooperative MIMO MAC protocol provides reliable and efficient transmission by leveraging MIMO diversity gains.

Architectural Approaches to Network and Service Access Authentication

Authentication is the first step,of central importance, for access control and for security protection in radio access networks.A general model for authentication was adopted from fixed networks and applied to the wireless world.However,the differences in the operational environment between the fixed and the wireless world,heterogeneity of the radio communications systems,new trends in service provisioning, emerging business models and performance requirements raise the need to revisit the original requirements for authentication systems and to come up with schemes that better suit current needs.In this review paper we discuss authentication in singlehop radio access networks by characterizing the current as well as the emerging authentication schemes.

A Survey on Real-Time MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

As wireless sensor network becomes pervasive, new requirements have been continuously emerged. How-ever, the most of research efforts in wireless sensor network are focused on energy problem since the nodes are usually battery-powered. Among these requirements, real-time communication is one of the big research challenges in wireless sensor networks because most of query messages carry time information. To meet this requirement, recently several real-time medium access control protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks in the literature because waiting time to share medium on each node is one of main source for end-to-end delay. In this paper, we first introduce the specific requirement of wireless sensor real-time MAC protocol. Then, a collection of recent wireless sensor real-time MAC protocols are surveyed, classified, and described emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages whenever possible. Finally we present a dis-cussion about the challenges of current wireless sensor real-time MAC protocols in the literature, and show the conclusion in the end.

Extending the Network Lifetime Using Optimized Energy Efficient Cross Layer Module (OEEXLM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network, the primary design is to save the energy consumption as much as possible while achieving the given task. Most of recent researches works have only focused on the individual layer issues and ignore the importance of inter working between different layers in a sensor network. In this paper, we use a cross-layer approach to propose an energy-efficient and extending the life time of the sensor network. This protocol which uses routing in the network layer, and the data scheduling in MAC layer. The main ob-jective of this paper is to provide a possible and flexible approach to solve the conflicts between the require-ments of large scale, long life-time, and multi-purpose wireless sensor networks. This OEEXLM module gives better performance compared to all other existing protocols. The performance of OEEXLM module compared with S-MAC and directed diffusion protocol.

An IEEE 802.15.4 Based Adaptive Communication Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network: Application to Monitoring the Elderly at Home

Monitoring behaviour of the elderly and the disabled living alone has become a major public health problem in our modern societies. Among the various scientific aspects involved in the home monitoring field, we are interested in the study and the proposal of a solution allowing distributed sensor nodes to communicate with each other in an optimal way adapted to the specific application constraints. More precisely, we want to build a wireless network that consists of several short range sensor nodes exchanging data between them according to a communication protocol at MAC (Medium Access Control) level. This protocol must be able to optimize energy consumption, transmission time and loss of information. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed the advantages and the limitations of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technologies and communication protocols currently used in relation to the requirements of our application. Then we proposed a deterministic, adaptive and energy saving medium access method based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and a mesh topology. It ensures the message delivery time with strongly limited collision risk due to the spatial reuse of medium in the two-hop neighbourhood. This proposal was characterized by modelling and simulation using OPNET network simulator. Finally we implemented the proposed mechanisms on hardware devices and deployed a sensors network in real situation to verify the accuracy of the model and evaluate the proposal according to different test configurations.

Guidance on Design of Internet-based Process Control Systems

Internet-based process control is becoming new generations of control systems, in which the Internet is used as a platform for global remote monitoring and control. The obvious benefit is to enable global collaboration between operators from geographically dispersed locations, data sharing and data provision for remote monitoring and control. However, connection to an open network and the use of universal technology present new problems that did not exist with the conventional design and construction of control systems, such as time delay and data loss in Internet transmission and security. This paper reviews the latest research results and presents design guidance of Internet based monitoring and control systems.

AN MAC PROTOCOL SUPPORTING MULTIPLE TRAFFIC OVER MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

This letter presents the design and performance of a multi-channel MAC protocol that supports multiple traffics for IEEE 802.11 mobile ad-hoc networks. The dynamic channel selection scheme by receiver decision is implemented and the number of the data channel is independent of the network topology. The priority for real-time traffic is assured by the proposed adaptive back off algorithm and different IFS. The protocol is evaluated by simulation and the results have shown that it can support multiple traffics and the performance is better than the performance that IEEE 802.11 standard provides.

A Priority-aware Frequency Domain Polling MAC Protocol for OFDMA-based Networks in Cyber-physical Systems

Wireless networking in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) is characteristically different from traditional wireless systems due to the harsh radio frequency environment and applications that impose high real-time and reliability constraints. One of the fundamental considerations for enabling CPS networks is the medium access control protocol. To this end, this paper proposes a novel priority-aware frequency domain polling medium access control (MAC) protocol, which takes advantage of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) physical layer to achieve instantaneous priority-aware polling. Based on the polling result, the proposed work then optimizes the resource allocation of the OFDMA network to further improve the data reliability. Due to the non-polynomial-complete nature of the OFDMA resource allocation, we propose two heuristic rules, based on which an efficient solution algorithm to the OFDMA resource allocation problem is designed. Simulation results show that the reliability performance of CPS networks is significantly improved because of this work. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Resource Exhaustion Attack Detection Scheme for WLAN Using Artificial Neural Network

IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi networks are prone to many denial of service(DoS)attacks due to vulnerabilities at the media access control(MAC)layer of the 802.11 protocol.Due to the data transmission nature of the wireless local area network(WLAN)through radio waves,its communication is exposed to the possibility of being attacked by illegitimate users.Moreover,the security design of the wireless structure is vulnerable to versatile attacks.For example,the attacker can imitate genuine features,rendering classificationbased methods inaccurate in differentiating between real and false messages.Althoughmany security standards have been proposed over the last decades to overcome many wireless network attacks,effectively detecting such attacks is crucial in today’s real-world applications.This paper presents a novel resource exhaustion attack detection scheme(READS)to detect resource exhaustion attacks effectively.The proposed scheme can differentiate between the genuine and fake management frames in the early stages of the attack such that access points can effectively mitigate the consequences of the attack.The scheme is built through learning from clustered samples using artificial neural networks to identify the genuine and rogue resource exhaustion management frames effectively and efficiently in theWLAN.The proposed scheme consists of four modules whichmake it capable to alleviates the attack impact more effectively than the related work.The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique by gaining an 89.11%improvement compared to the existing works in terms of detection.