Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles based on a Wireless Power Transmission

In this paper,the case of a battery charger for electric vehicles based on a wireless power transmission is addressed.The specificity of every stage of the overall system is presented.Based on calculated and measured results,relevant capacitive compensations of the transformer and models are suggested and discussed in order to best match the operating mode and aiming at simplifying as much as possible the control and the electronics of the charger.

Designing an Effective Method for Automatic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Static Environment

This article outlines an Effective Method for Automatic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Static Environment. It consists of investigated wireless transformer structures with various ferrite forms. WPT technology has rapidly advanced in the last few years. At kilowatt power levels, the transmission distance grows from a few millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency greater than 90%. The improvements have made the WPT more appealing for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both static and dynamic charging scenarios. Static and dynamic WEVCS, two of the main applications, are described, and current developments with features from research facilities, academic institutions, and businesses are noted. Additionally, forthcoming concepts based WEVCS are analyzed and examined, including “dynamic” wireless charging systems (WCS). A dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system, which can supply electricity to moving EVs, is one of the feasible alternatives. The moving secondary coil is part of the dynamic WPT system, which also comprises of many fixed groundside (primary) coils. An equivalent circuit between the stationary system and the dynamic WPT system that results from the stationary system is demonstrated by theoretical investigations. The dynamic WPT system’s solenoid coils outperform circular coils in terms of flux distribution and misalignment. The WPT-related EV wireless charging technologies were examined in this study. WPT can assist EVs in overcoming their restrictions on cost, range, and charging time.

Applications of Serial-Parallel Compensated Resonant Topology in Wireless Charger System Used in Electric Vehicles

There are lots of factors that can influence the wireless charging efficiency in practice, such as misalignment and air-gap difference, which can also change all the charging parameters. To figure out the relationship between those facts and system, this paper presents a serial-parallel compensated(SPC) topology for electric vehicle/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(EV/PHEV) wireless charger and provides all the parameters changing with corresponding curves. An ANSYS model is built to extract the coupling coefficient of coils. When the system is works at constant output power, the scan frequency process can be applied to wireless power transfer(WPT) and get the resonant frequency. In this way, it could determine the best frequency for system to achieve zero voltage switching status and force the system to hit the maximum transmission efficiency. Then frequency tracking control(FTC) is used to obtain the highest system efficiency. In the paper, the designed system is rated at 500 W with 15 cm air-gap, the overall efficiency is 92%. At the end, the paper also gives the consideration on how to improve the system efficiency.

Parametic Model for Optimization of Battery Capacity and Power Transmitters of On-line Electric Vehicles in Closed/Open Environments

An on-line electric vehicle(OLEV)uses a wireless charging phenomenon,in which power transmitters are installed beneath the road and the OLEV’s battery is charged remotely.This paper deals with the optimization of two key economic and design parameters,i.e.,the size of the battery and the power transmitters allocation.A complete model configuration of the OLEV system,including the vehicle design and power transmitter,is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.The battery’s state of charge(SOC)rises and drops according to the vehicle’s velocity and power collection and consumption.The mixed integer programming(MIP)model is used for cost calculation.Therefore,with the help of the SOC graph and MIP model,the battery size and the number of power transmitters,along with their placements,are optimized.The proposed model is applicable to both closed and open environments as it accepts both regulated and deregulated velocities.Two test cases are performed for this purpose.The first test case deals with regulated velocity for which we have applied the KAIST campus OLEV’s velocity along with its 13 kWh battery size and 4 power transmitters,and then applied the suggested solution with the same velocity and route i.e.,8 power transmitters with shorter lengths and reduced battery size(3.25 kWh;one-fourth of the first case).SOC is found within limits at the end of the route,saving$1600 and validating the proposed model in this paper.For the second test case,we use deregulated velocity and optimize both parameters,using the same approach.

基于三线圈合成算法的WPT-EV拾取定位技术

针对无线供电电动车(WPT-EV)在通电导轨上运行时偏移角度会影响电能的传输能力,而传统的电磁引导定位方法只能进行路径选择且精度较低等问题,提出基于三线圈合成算法的电动车无线供电系统定位方法.通过分析WPT-EV在行驶过程中检测线圈拾取电压的变化趋势,利用模糊算法对偏移方向和偏移程度进行分析判断,能够实时地获得WPT-EV的偏移状态,实现利用3个线圈对WPT-EV进行定位.通过实验平台的搭建,验证了该定位方式的可行性.结果表明,该方式为WPT-EV与导轨对中,为达到最强能量提供一条有效途径,具有结构简单、成本低、灵敏度高、可操作性强等特点.

电动汽车多车位WPT下沉式磁屏蔽系统研究

在电动汽车无线电能传输系统中,实现高效传输的同时减少磁泄漏一直是一个技术挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种应用于多无线电能传输系统的下沉式屏蔽线圈结构,该结构在减小目标面漏磁的同时不会影响系统的传输效率。首先,提出了一种基于矢量磁位的矩形线圈磁场计算方法,通过此方法对系统目标面漏磁进行分析,为后续的磁泄漏优化提供了理论依据;其次,介绍了一种漏磁优化的方法,运用该方法得到满足要求的各线圈参数,为实现高效的无线电能传输提供了关键支持;最后,根据得到的线圈参数,研制了一套带磁屏蔽结构的双车位电动汽车无线充电系统,通过仿真和实验,让提出的屏蔽结构和方法的有效性得到了充分证实。结果显示,当系统输出功率恒定在4 kW时,所提出的屏蔽结构不仅使目标区域最大泄漏磁场降低了25%,且传输效率高达95%。

基于容性屏蔽的无线电能传输系统有源磁屏蔽结构优化

为了改善无线电能传输系统中的磁场泄漏问题,本文提出了一种基于无源容性屏蔽的强耦合有源磁屏蔽结构。首先,在无源容性屏蔽的无线电能传输系统的基础上,设计了一种强耦合有源磁屏蔽线圈结构。其次,给出了此线圈的工作原理与设计方法,推导了数学模型以及等效电路模型。从理论出发解释了容性屏蔽和有源屏蔽的原理,并对屏蔽效果及传输效率受屏蔽线圈参数变化的影响作了分析。最后,结合得到的线圈参数,在所提线圈结构的基础上,设计出了一套电动汽车无线充电系统,通过理论计算、仿真和实验,对所提线圈结构和方法的有效性进行了验证。结果显示,该线圈结构在维持96%以上传输效率的同时,能够将系统的漏磁减少大约40%,实现了降低泄漏磁场和保持高传输效率的目标。

无线电能传输系统高效率低漏磁的全向环绕型有源磁屏蔽结构

在电动汽车无线电能传输系统(WPT)中,如何通过电磁屏蔽技术来降低WPT系统中的漏磁,同时维持较高的传输效率是一个难题。为此本文提出了一种全向环绕型有源磁屏蔽线圈结构来减少WPT系统中的漏磁。首先,分析了该结构的磁屏蔽工作原理以及设计思路,推导了该结构的数学模型;其次,根据本文线圈结构高效率低漏磁的特点,提出了一种线圈优化方法,得到了满足设计要求的线圈参数;最后,根据得到的线圈参数,搭建了一套基于所提线圈结构的WPT系统,并通过仿真和实验验证了该结构和方法的合理性。结果显示,在传输功率为4 kW时,本文提出的线圈结构在偏移0 cm时,目标面的最大漏磁为3.76μT,相比无屏蔽线圈结构降低了43.63%的漏磁,并且传输效率高达95.58%;在偏移10 cm时目标面的最大漏磁为6.03μT,仍符合漏磁安全标准,并且传输效率为92.92%,高于同尺寸无源屏蔽线圈结构和传统有源屏蔽线圈结构的传输效率。

基于恒压输出补偿拓扑的无线电能传输耦合机构优化研究

为提高大功率无线电能传输(WPT)耦合机构的耦合能力和抗偏移特性,以大功率电动汽车静态无线充电为例对耦合机构进行优化研究。使用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件对双D形线圈进行磁场耦合建模,对耦合机构的耦合能力进行分析,得出最优的线圈匝数和线径。采用LCC-S混合拓扑谐振补偿电路,进行“磁场+电路”场路耦合建模研究,充分了解WPT系统的磁场特性和电路特性,分析双D形线圈的抗偏移特性。相比同尺寸的矩形线圈,双D形线圈在Y方向具有更好的抗偏移特性。

电动汽车无线充电系统接收端位置大范围唯一性辨识系统设计

电动汽车无线充电系统中,接收端定位技术能够辅助进行停车路径引导,解决停车偏移造成的充电功率和效率跌落等问题。但由于电磁定位法所用到的磁场幅值有限且空间分布形式复杂,现有的电磁定位技术难以实现大偏移范围内接收端的精准定位。该文设计了一种采用非中心对称线圈结构的接收端位置检测装置,并提出接收端在离散二维空间内位置坐标的行迹递推算法,能够实时获取大偏移范围内接收端的高精度二维位置信息。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法的最大定位范围为±800 mm,在±600 mm范围内定位精度小于20 mm,±600~±800 mm范围内定位精度小于50 mm,定位准确率不小于96%。

大传输距离下电动汽车无线充电系统优化

针对无线充电系统原边线圈嵌入路面结构后耦合线圈之间的距离增大、耦合程度减弱的问题,对线圈结构进行优化,以实现大传输距离下无线电能的传输。通过电磁有限元仿真对线圈的内径、外径和匝数进行优化,提出以耦合系数为优化目标的线圈结构参数优化流程,同时,在Simulink中搭建无线充电系统的电路仿真平台,对采用优化后线圈结构的无线充电系统性能进行测试。结果表明:随着线圈内径增大,耦合系数先增大,达到峰值后迅速减小;随着线圈外径增大,耦合系数逐渐增大;在不同外径下,线圈的最优匝数均为9匝;3个参数中,增大外径是提高线圈耦合程度最有效的方式;最终优化后线圈的参数为外径480 mm、内径210 mm、匝数9匝,可以实现300 mm距离的电能传输,系统输出功率保持在2.96~3.70 kW,传输效率达到86.54%,横向容许偏移距离可达60 mm。

基于磁耦合电动汽车无线电能传输教学实训平台研究与实践

针对目前无线电能传输教学实训平台理论教学与实训脱节,使得学生对无线电能传输运行机理的认识不够深入。为激发学生学习兴趣,增强教学效果,以电动汽车无线电能传输为应用背景,对传统无线电能传输系统架构进行设计。基于基波等效法和基尔霍夫电压定律建立无线电能传输的几种典型结构数学模型,分析在谐振状态下不同结构的输出电压、电流、功率以及传输效率等特性。介绍无线电能传输教学实训平台的搭建过程,包括逆变器、整流器、磁耦合结构的设计和利兹线的计算选择等。在教学实训平台验证了几种典型无线电能传输结构的工作特性,使学生增强电力电子实践能力的同时对无线电能传输系统有更深入的认识。

A review on foreign object detection for magnetic coupling-based electric vehicle wireless charging

With the rapid development and widespread application of electric vehicles(EVs)around the world,the wireless power transfer(WPT)technology is also accelerating for commercial applications in EV wireless charging(EV-WPT)because of its high reliability,safety,and convenience,especially high suitability for the future self-driving scenario.Foreign object detection(FOD),mainly including metal object detection and living object detection,is required urgently and timely for the practical application of EV-WPT technology to ensure electromagnetic safety.In the last decade,especially in the past three years,many pieces of research on FOD have been reported.This article reviews FOD state-of-the-art technology for EV-WPT and compares the pros and cons of different approaches in terms of sensitivity,reliability,adaptability,complexity,and cost.Future challenges for research and development are also discussed to encourage commercialisation of EV-WPT technique.

基于抗偏移特性的电动汽车双拓扑补偿网络研究

针对无线电能传输系统中耦合机构易偏移导致系统输出电流变化的问题,研究具有抗偏移特性的电动汽车双拓扑无线电能传输系统。首先,通过对双边LCC补偿网络拓扑的分析,探讨了谐振频率、输出功率、传输效率等之间的关系,并讨论了系统在错位工况下的建模分析及相应解决方案。结果显示,S-S拓扑在错位情况下功率变化较大,而LCC-S和LCC-LCC在水平错位范围内,功率变化系数(PVF)值较稳定。S-S拓扑在零错位时传输效率最高,但随着错位增大效率会急剧下降;LCC-S和LCC-LCC在小错位情况下效率较高,但在失谐状态下传输效率受影响较大。综合来看,虽然LCC-LCC拓扑的传输效率较低,但在错位情况下波动较小,适合动态无线充电场景。

电动汽车动态无线充电多接收线圈耦合功率波动性的研究

本文作者以电动汽车动态无线充电系统为研究对象,对功率的波动现象作了深入的研究。首先根据电路理论建立并分析电动汽车动态无线充电系统的不同数学模型,进而探究利用多接收线圈减小功率的波动。其次对多接收线圈动态耦合模型进行有限元仿真,探究动态无线充电过程中的耦合系数以及相关电参数的变化规律。最后根据仿真分析结果搭建电动汽车动态无线充电系统试验平台,分析该模型在动态无线充电过程中的传输功率波动情况。

Metal object detection with high sensitivity and blind-zone free for DD coil-based wireless electric vehicle chargers

In this paper,a metal object detection(MOD)for wireless electric vehicle charger(WEVC)employing DD coils is proposed.Conventional single-layer symmetric coils exhibit reduced sensitivity near the coils and blind-zone along their symmetry axis.To address these limitations,we propose a dual-layer MOD coil configuration.And in this configuration,the second coil layer features rectangular coils in the less sensitive regions,and an optimal concave-convex coil design is given.By using the configuration,the proposed design can enhance the sensitivity and overcome the blind-zone challenges.Finally,simulation and experimental results also show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed design,which can also be used to improve the detection capability in wireless power transmission applications.

抗偏移混合拓扑恒流无线充电系统研究

针对电动汽车无线充电系统因偏移导致充电效率降低的实际问题,提出一种新型强抗偏移的恒流无线充电系统。首先,在磁耦合设计上,引入DDQD大解耦线圈有效减缓X、Y两方向偏移耦合系数衰减,通过与DDQ线圈的对比体现所提出的DDQD线圈在抗偏移方面的优越性。然后,在补偿拓扑设计上,通过DDQD线圈将随耦合系数呈不同变化趋势的LCC拓扑和LC拓扑进行串联,使输出功率变化平缓,进一步提高了系统的抗偏移能力,并且使系统具有恒流输出特性。最后,通过仿真实验验证了该方案的有效性,在磁耦合机构发生偏移时,减缓了无线充电系统的线圈耦合系数和传输效率的下降程度,具有一定的现实意义。

用于电动汽车动态供电的多初级绕组并联无线电能传输技术

传统的电动汽车无线充电技术存在停车后充电、单次充电时间长、充电频繁等问题,严重影响电动汽车的续航里程。为此,该文重点研究一种基于多初级绕组并联方式的电动汽车公路式动态无线充电方法,利用分段导轨实现对行驶中电动汽车无线供电。首先,利用互感耦合模型对初级绕组并联耦合机构进行电路拓扑分析;其次,通过仿真分析获取所述耦合机构在能量传输过程中的物理特性及磁场强度分布特性;最后,研究了一种基于磁场强度检测的接收端定位方法,通过三轴磁传感器测量行驶方向的磁场强度,实现次级绕组的实时精确定位,测量周期为6 ms,分辨率为5 mG s。仿真和实验结果表明,所述磁耦合机构与传统单初级/次级绕组串并补偿结构相比,由于边界磁场强度增大,输出功率提高25%,传输效率提高7%。

电动汽车无线充电时的电磁环境及安全评估

近来,无线电能传输技术受到了越来越广泛的关注,同时,该技术也被尝试应用于电动汽车以实现电动汽车的无线充电。与能量在自由空间传播相比,电动汽车无线充电时的电磁环境有很大不同,而电磁安全问题也变得日益突出。基于上述问题,首先分析了该领域的安全限制与标准问题;其次通过仿真分析了电动汽车充电时的参数变化、电磁环境以及对人体的影响;最后通过电动汽车试验来验证仿真结果,系统实现了约为3.5 k W的能量传输。该研究可为无线充电电动汽车的优化设计提供理论依据。

电动汽车双向无线充电系统谐振拓扑分析

针对双向电动汽车无线充电系统,对应用于双向无线电能传输的三种谐振拓扑进行了深入研究,在对其进行建模分析的基础上,结合电动汽车无线充电应用的需求特征,从对参数变化与系统故障的鲁棒性、特定工况下的最大传输功率以及谐振电容电压等方面进行了对比分析。研究表明,双边LCC谐振拓扑在继承了双边LCL优势的同时,亦解决了双边LCL传输功率偏小和直流磁化等问题,在双向电动汽车无线充电应用中具有较强的适用性。同时,搭建了相关实验平台对上述分析进行了验证。