Wireless remote spatiotemporal monitoring of high-fill foundation deformation

The spatial and temporal deformation patterns and deformation control indicators of highfill foundations directly affect the design,construction and operational safety of high-fill projects.In situ monitoring can comprehensively reflect the deformation of high-fill during and after construction.In this paper,we have first designed and installed an integrated wireless remote monitoring system for high-fill to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring of settlement,pore water pressure and soil pressure of the fill foundation.Based on the monitoring results of nearly one year of the construction period and two years after construction,it was found that the deformation amount and deformation rate of the high-fill foundation showed a non-linear growth relationship with the filling rate and filling height.The settlement deformation of the high-fill foundation during the loading period was mainly dominated by the original foundation soil,accounting for 54.4%of the total settlement on average;the settlement deformation during the post-construction period was mainly dominated by the filling body,accounting for 77.04%of the total settlement on average,and the settlement deformation during the post-construction period mainly occurred in the first year after construction.The analysis of the deformation mechanism suggests that the deformation of the filling body is dominated by exhaust consolidation during the loading period and drainage consolidation during the post-construction period;the deformation of the original foundation soil is dominated by drainage consolidation during the loading period and drainage consolidation develops slowly during the post-construction period.It is recommended that the original foundation should be reinforced before the large area filling construction,and that the filling rate should be strictly controlled during construction.The research results can provide a scientific basis for deformation calculation and stability assessment of high-fill foundations.

A Real-time Monitoring System Based on ZigBee and 4G Communications for Photovoltaic Generation

A novel real-time monitoring system for photovoltaic(PV)generation is presented in this paper.Internet of Things(IoT)integrated with cloud servers and terminal applications allow the remote monitoring of centralized or distributed pho-tovoltaic systems.The proposed system could realize the net-working communication of multiple nodes based on ZigBee,and upload the operational data to the cloud server via a 4G communications network.Then,the server selects three-phase current as the sample sets from the uploaded data to set up a composite current characteristic combining wavelet packet en-ergy with waveform parameter,and establishes a fault diagnosis model based on the probabilistic neural network to analyze the health status of the PV inverter online.This method requires little sampling frequency without an extra signal and saves the cost of local devices by placing online diagnostics on the server-side.In addition,the user could query and store the running information of the PV systems through the personal computer-side web or mobile phone with remote control.This article presents the hardware design of ZigBee and the 4G module,and composition of the diagnosis model for open circuit failure of the PV inverter through the cloud server,building the user software at the application layer.The final experimental results show that the proposed system has better communication performance and higher diagnostic accuracy in real-time monitoring.

A Typical Review on Static Reconfiguration Strategies in Photovoltaic Array Under Non-Uniform Shading Conditions

Maximum power extraction from the photovoltaic(PV) system plays a critical role in increasing efficiency duringpartial shading conditions (PSCs). It directly reduces the outputpower of the PV array. There are different factors, such as bypassdiode configuration, array size, array configuration, shade intensity, environmental conditions etc., affecting the performance ofthe solar photovoltaic panel. Furthermore, series (S), parallel (P),series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), bridge-linked (BL),and honey-comb (HC), etc., are the various configurations to dealwith the mentioned issues. But these PV array configurations alsohave drawbacks, such as low dispersion factor, mismatch losses,and line losses under partial shading conditions. To overcomethese issues, the reconfiguration of the PV array is one of theeffective approaches. A comprehensive study of literature showsthat PV modules are connected under different reconfiguredschemes namely Sudoku, Optimal Sudoku, Magic square, zigzag, Skyscraper, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive review isperformed to highlight the advantages and limitations of eachscheme. This study can be used to address the advancementin this area since some parameter comparisons are made at theend of every technique, which might be a prominent base-rule forpicking the most promising reconfiguration technique for furtherresearch.

A Transactive Energy Model for Smart Metering Systems Using Blockchain

The lowering cost of electricity generation technologies by renewable means has caused the role of end-users to change from being a simple consumer to a producer of their energy.This new role has been called a prosumer and has contributed to modifying electricity markets,by allowing prosumers to merchandize the energy surplus to electricity companies and other prosumers.The fundamental key to any economic transaction is trust between the parties.Recently,new technologies,such as blockchain,are transforming transaction security,and allowing decentralization of the smart power grid.This study presents the development of a transactional model of electrical energy using the infrastructure of smart metering and blockchain systems to allow the commercialization of electrical energy by prosumers.The results show that for the Mexican electricity market,they can he good alternatives hy reducing subsidies and being more profitable than current rates.