A synchronous duty-cycled reservation based MAC protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

To design an energy-efficient Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs)is an urgent research issue since depleted batteries cannot be recharged or replaced in the underwater environment.Moreover,the underwater acoustic channels are affected by hindrances such as long propagation delay and limited bandwidth,which appear in the design of the MAC protocol for the UWSNs.The available MAC protocols for the terrestrial wireless sensor networks exhibit low performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability in the UWSNs,and cannot be used in the UWSNs directly because of their unique characteristics.This paper proposes a synchronous duty-cycled reservation-based MAC protocol named Ordered Contention MAC(OCMAC)protocol.The basic mechanism of this protocol is to schedule data transmission by transmitters through the scheduling of Ready To Send(RTS)frames.The protocol eliminates the possible collision during data transmission and improves communication efficiency.The paper analyzes the performance in energy efficiency,throughput and reliability of the protocol by modeling the queuing behavior of OCMAC with a Markov Chain process.Furthermore,the analytical model is validated through a simulation study.The analysis results demonstrated that while providing good throughput and reliability,OCMAC can achieve energy saving.

Energy efficient mechanism using flexible medium access control protocol for hybrid wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is a primary consideration in a wireless sensor network (WSN). This is also a major parameter when designing a medium access control (MAC) protocol for WSNs. Hierarchical clustering structure is regarded suitable for WSNs due to its good performance in energy conservation. In this work, an adequately flexible mechanism for clustering WSNs is designed, in which some creative or promotional metrics are utilized, such as cluster head selection algorithm, cluster optional reconstruction, interested data transmission, multiple path routing protocol. All these strategies were cooperated to maximize energy saving of whole system. An appropriate MAC protocol for this mechanism is proposed, by flexibly switching the status of diverse sensor nodes in different strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed MAC protocol is suitable for clustering WSNs and performs well in aspects of energy efficiency, flexibility and scalability.

Priority-Based Hybrid MAC for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper introduces I-MAC, a new medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. I-MAC targets at improving both channel utilization and energy efficiency while taking into account traffic load for each sensor node according to its role in the network. I-MAC reaches its objectives through prioritized and adaptive access to the channel. I-MAC performances obtained through simulations for different network topologies, scenarios and traffic loads show significant improvements in energy efficiency, channel utilization, loss ratio and delay compared to existing protocols.

S-MAC Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network

Energy efficiency is the primary issue for the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in sensor networks. Adopting periodic sleep,adaptive listen,overhearing avoidance and message passing mechanisms,the Sensor Medium Access Control (S-MAC) protocol improves energy efficiency and latency in the network. There are mainly two methods to enhance the S-MAC protocol: dynamic adjustment,and sending control and data packets under different transport conditions. For the wireless sensor network,it is not realistic to design one MAC protocol that meets all requirements of every aspect; however,it is possible to design corresponding protocols in accordance with different requirements by flexibly adopting different methods.

An Energy-Efficient Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Radio Protocol for Avoiding Overhearing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a new MAC protocol for in-band WuR system with addressing capabilities. While the DoRa protocol improves the WSNs energy efficiency, it still suffers from an overhearing problem when the WuR system is very often requested. The WuR wastes a noticeable amount of energy when overhearing to wake-up demand intended to other nodes, but it is neither measured nor solved in other works. In this paper, an adaptive duty-cycled DoRa (DC-DoRa) is then proposed to solve the overhearing problem. The primary concept of the work is to enable the WuR functionality before the node is addressed and to disable the WuR after the node sent data. Extensive simulations under OMNeT++ using real input parameters are then performed to show the significant energy-savings through the two protocols and the nearly suppression of overhearing with DC-DoRa. In fact, the mean power consumption is three-order below using the DoRa protocol compared to traditional MAC protocols. While overhearing can represent up to 93% of the WuR energy consumption with the DoRa protocol, it is reduced to only 1% with the DC-DoRa protocol.

Exploration of Energy Conservation MAC Protocol of WSNs for Ubiquitous Environment

According to analyze the facade phenomenon of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）,this paper proposes a feasible method to state clearly and improve the power control efficiency of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）. One of the crucial problems for WSNs is the design of medium access control （MAC） protocol. Our method want to adjust the activities of the MAC protocols control to achieve the enery conservation when the wireless communication module of sensor nodes is running, which is the major consumer of energy consumed by sensors energy. The energy efficiency of MAC protocol makes a strong impact on the network performance. To some extent,our research work describes and analyze the sources of energy consumption in MAC layer and simultaneously present an optimal method for the design of MAC protocol. Then we discusses some factors impacting on the performance of MAC protocol and metrics of performance evaluation. Eventually, the coming research direction is summarized.

Energy Consumption and Fault Tolerance in the MAC Protocols for WSN

Wireless sensor networks are currently experiencing widespread enthusiasm in the field of research, mainly because of the great benefits they promise in terms of flexibility, cost, range and robustness. In addition, such networks find use in a wide variety of applications, for example in collecting remote data, type of climate monitoring, seismic activity, or in other areas such?as home automation and medical. Unfortunately, their disadvantages are up to their promises. Indeed, the sensor nodes are subjected to high energy consumption constraints due to their compact size as well as the deployment environment. Frequent replacement of batteries is excluded in a field that can be difficult to access. Therefore, the main challenge remains as a result of miniaturization and reduces power consumption to maximize network lifetime. The objective of this work is to make a thorough study of the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. The study points are addressed at the media access protocol or MAC protocol.

星型灌区监测无线传感器网络MAC协议研究

为了进一步提高灌区信息化水平,将无线传感器应用到灌区监测系统中,能更方便地采集雨量、水位等信息。根据灌区的特点,采用星型结构部署网络,并改进基于TDMA的MAC协议,提出一种适用于灌区监测的星型网络结构MAC协议,提高网络的性能。汇聚节点通过周期性地发送信标帧唤醒传感器节点,进行时间同步,并对全网进行统一调度,收集传感器节点发送过来的数据。传感器节点被唤醒后,根据接收到的信标帧和自己的ID完成同步,并在规定的时隙内向汇聚节点发送数据,然后进入休眠。实验表明,该协议有效地降低了节点能耗、延长了网络的生命周期。

无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展

在无线传感器网络体系结构中,MAC(medium access control)协议是保证网络高效通信的重要协议.无线传感器网络有着与传统无线网络明显不同的性能特点和技术要求,传统无线网络MAC协议无法应用于传感器网络,各种针对特定传感器网络特点的MAC协议相继提出.归纳无线传感器网络MAC协议的设计原则和分类方法,分析当前典型的各类MAC协议的主要机制,详细比较这些协议的特点、性能差异和应用范围.最后总结无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究现状,指出未来的研究重点.

一种无线传感器网络MAC协议优化算法

在无线传感器网络中,各节点采集的信息以多跳的方式传送到汇聚点.从各节点到汇聚点形成一棵以汇聚点为根的传输树.文中在对无线传感器网络传输特点分析的基础上,剖析了基于CSMA/CA(载波多路监听/冲突避免)的MAC协议在树状结构无线传感器网络中的弊端,提出了一种基于CSMA/CA的MAC协议优化算法.算法基于节点在传输树中的位置信息调整其MAC信道接入分配,将CSMA/CA采用的各节点均等竞争信道的方法优化为各节点依据在传输树中的位置情况竞争信道的方式,这一优化提高了节点公平性,使MAC信道接入分配与树状结构的无线传感器网络传输特点相契合,解决了基于CSMA/CA的MAC协议与树状结构无线传感器网络不匹配的问题,从而减少了信道资源浪费,提高了网络传输效率,降低了能耗.实验结果表明该算法在网络丢包率、吞吐量和能耗方面的性能均有较大改进.

面向异步通信机制的无线传感器网络及其MAC协议研究

无线传感器网络的底层通信主要依赖于节点间的协同睡眠/唤醒机制,且仍然在链路层沿袭或扩展传统802.11协议.对于节点密集、网络规模较大的传感器网络而言,传统802.11协议在网络能耗与吞吐量等方面并不是有效的.基于传感器网络在多数应用场景中的链路动态性,文中提出一种面向弱连接的异步通信机制.有别于传统的RTC/CTS握手机制,它允许发送节点直接向"睡眠"的接收节点上的低功耗异步模块写入数据,因此,无需同步机制,单个节点只需按照自身的时间唤醒并进行数据通信,形成一种缓存-唤醒-转发的异步通信模式.文中首先阐述了异步通信机制的关键设计因素,针对不同的应用背景提出两种新的MAC协议.然后,基于扩散近似理论建立开放式排队网络模型,对异步通信机制的性能进行理论分析,得出其网络吞吐量为O(W/(n/logn)^(1/2)).理论分析与实验结果表明,与传统同步通信相比,异步通信能在很大程度上延长了网络的生存周期,提高了网络吞吐量.

无线多媒体传感器网络MAC协议研究综述

无线多媒体传感器网络作为一种多媒体信息获取和处理方式,已在军事、民用及商业领域中显示出广阔的应用前景。无线多媒体传感器网络涉及多方面的技术,MAC协议是其中之一。综述了多媒体传感器网络MAC协议的特点与技术上面临的挑战,从信道接入、调度、差错控制以及数据包大小4个方面着重分析了目前国内外有代表性的协议及算法,探讨了相关研究问题并展望了进一步的研究方向,分析比较了无线多媒体传感器网络MAC协议的仿真平台与工具。

低占空比、低碰撞的异步无线传感器网络MAC协议

提高信道监听质量是降低能量消耗和提高通信效率的有效方法。提出了一种低占空比、低碰撞的PB-MAC(predict-base MAC)协议。通过发送节点精确预测接收节点的唤醒时间,降低占空比;采用基于预测的重建连接机制和数据重传机制,有效地避免碰撞和实现高效重传。OMNet++仿真实验结果表明:在50节点随机网络中,PB-MAC的平均占空比、发送消息耗能和平均碰撞次数分别比RI-MAC少68.60%、24.75%、68.05%,比X-MAC少64.39%、64.05%、70.54%。同时,在网格网络中PB-MAC的性能也优于RI-MAC和X-MAC。

基于服务质量的无线传感器网络MAC协议模型研究

无线传感器网络高性能通信要求MAC协议具有服务质量(QoS)保障功能,以满足数据传输实时性和可靠性需求。针对通过增加额外通信开销实现MAC协议QoS功能所导致传输性能降低的问题,提出一种基于分类优先不公平信道竞争访问的UC-MAC协议,通过节点状态、信道状态和网络状态分析,建立MAC协议多优先数据传输性能分析数学建模,并仿真验证了UC-MAC协议的QoS保障功能和数学模型的准确性。与其他MAC协议对比仿真测试结果表明,UC-MAC协议不改变IEEE802.15.4标准信道访问方式,不增加任何额外通信开销,在网络的吞吐性能和QoS功能两个方面同时得到提升。

一种适用于无线传感器网络的跨层高效MAC协议

为了延长网络的寿命,实现能量的高效利用是无线传感器网络应用的主要目标,MAC协议的能效性直接关系到网络的能耗,但采用分层方法的MAC协议无法实现最优的节能效果。本文基于跨层的方法提出了一种能量高效MAC(cross layer energy efficient MAC,CLEE-MAC)协议。该协议在自适应S-MAC(adaptive sensor MAC,AS-MAC)协议基础上,通过利用路由层的路由表信息,改变AS-MAC协议的控制帧格式,有效解决了AS-MAC协议中因"强迫唤醒"造成的能量浪费问题,延长了网络的寿命。理论分析和仿真验证均表明,随着节点密度的增加,CLEE-MAC协议的节能增益随网络密度线性增大。

基于运动预测的水下传感器网络MAC协议

在海洋环境的影响下,水下无线传感器网络(UWSN)节点始终处于运动状态;UWSN采用声信号通信,缓慢的节点移动也会造成UWSN现有的多址接入技术(MAC)协议冲突避免机制失效。该文建立了水下节点的运动模型,基于AR运动预测模型减小水下节点的时空不确定性对于MAC协议的影响,提高发送信息在预约时隙到达的概率。仿真结果表明,采用AR(5)预测可以减小74.8%的时延探测误差。提出了基于预测的预约MAC协议:P-MAC。NS-2仿真结果表明该协议在海浪运动场景下能提高收包成功率(PRR)10%-15%。

一种高吞吐量低时延的太赫兹无线个域网MAC协议

现有MAC协议在设计时未考虑太赫兹无线链路的衰减特性,难以稳定工作从而影响网络性能。针对此问题,提出一种适用于太赫兹无线个域网环境的高吞吐量低时延MAC协议HTLD-MAC(high throughput and low delay MAC protocol for terahertz wireless personal area networks)。HTLD-MAC协议通过采用基于信道质量预留时隙机制以及自适应确认机制,能够合理分配超帧时隙资源、提高网络吞吐量,降低数据时延。仿真表明相较于IEEE 802.15.3c和ES-MAC协议,HTLD-MAC在太赫兹链路质量较差情况下具有更好的网络性能。

无线传感器网络流量自适应混合MAC协议

提出一种应用于无线传感器网络的流量自适应混合介质访问控制协议(THMAC)。结合TDMA与CSMA的优势,通过预测机制跟踪网络负载和冲突变化情况,在不同负载下选择合适的信道访问方式,实现CSMA与TDMA的自适应混合,在降低数据冲突概率的同时尽力保持较高的信道利用率。仿真结果表明,THMAC在多竞争节点的情况下,能够有效降低数据冲突率,维持较高的吞吐率。