A Study of International Arbitrators' Substantive Ethical Obligations and Chinese Strategies

The increased complexity and scales of international arbitration cases require a larger roster of righteous and experienced international arbitrators. The difficulty to define ethics or ethical obligation in the area of international arbitration has caused increased discussion and confusion. As a result,the tendency towards codification of ethical obligations would provide a more precise and practical mean to regulate arbitrators' behavior. The legal sources of ethical obligations of international arbitrators contain international conventions,national laws,arbitral institutions' rules as well as institutional codes of ethics. The main substantive ethical obligations include disclosing,investigating,conducting the arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement,maintaining confidentiality,being competent and diligent. Chinese authorities and foreign-related arbitral institutions should enhance the codification and uniformity of the international arbitrators' ethical obligations. The relevant strategies for revising the Arbitration Lawand arbitrators' ethical codes,unifying the foreign-related arbitration institution ethical rules and joining the harmonious progress of international arbitration should be considered correspondingly.

Structural jump-diffusion model for pricing collateralized debt obligations tranches

This paper considers the pricing problem of collateralized debt obligations tranches under a structural jump-diffusion model, where the asset value of each reference entity is generated by a geometric Brownian motion and jump with an asymmetric double exponential distribution. Conditioned on the common factor of individual entity, this paper gets the conditional distribution, and further obtains the loss distribution of the whole reference portfolio. Based on the semi-analytic approach, the fair spreads of collateralized debt obligations tranches, i.e., the prices of collateralized debt obligations tranches, are derived.

UNIVERSAL CRIMINAL JURISDICTION:An option or a legal obligation for States?

I Universal criminal jurisdiction,which is exercised by domestic courts of States,is considered today by some scholars as a panacea for fighting against impunity of perpetrators of the most heinous international crimes worldwide.

Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

ENTANGLEMENT WITNESSES CONSTRUCTED BY PERMUTATION PAIRS

For n≥3,we construct a class{Wn,π1,π2}of n^(2)×n^(2) hermitian matrices by the permutation pairs and show that,for a pair{π1,π2}of permutations on(1,2,…,n),Wn,π1,π2 is an entanglement witness of the n⊗n system if{π1,π2}has the property(C).Recall that a pair{π1,π2}of permutations of(1,2,…,n)has the property(C)if,for each i,one can obtain a permutation of(1,…,i−1,i+1,…,n)from(π1(1),…,π1(i−1),π1(i+1),…,π1(n))and(π2(1),…,π2(i−1),π2(i+1),…,π2(n)).We further prove that Wn,π1,π2 is not comparable with Wn,π,which is the entanglement witness constructed from a single permutationπ;Wn,π1,π2 is decomposable ifπ1π2=id orπ21=π22=id.For the low dimensional cases n∈{3,4},we give a sufficient and necessary condition onπ1,π2 for Wn,π1,π2 to be an entanglement witness.We also show that,for n∈{3,4},Wn,π1,π2 is decomposable if and only ifπ1π2=id orπ21=π22=id;W3,π1,π2 is optimal if and only if(π1,π2)=(π,π2),whereπ=(2,3,1).As applications,some entanglement criteria for states and some decomposability criteria for positive maps are established.

A Review of Shipowner＇s ＆ Charterer＇s Obligations in Various Types of Charter

The charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel. In shipping matters, it is a highly important document since it allocates obligations, rights, duties, liabilities, risks, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely, the shipowner and the charterer. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters, as well as the understanding of charterparty terms, is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. Therefore, this paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects arising from charterparties in the main types of charter. The present study is based on shipping practices followed in accordance with the English Common Law throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of the charter, post fixture）. This is a synopsis about the distribution of the liabilities and expenses between the shipowner and the charterer in the most representative types of charter. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

China Witnesses a Changing Concept on Marriage

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Commonwealth by Institution and Political Obligation in Hobbes＇s Leviathan

The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments concerning the political obligation of obedience. Until recently, this idea has not been given its due significance in the literature. It has been commonly held that Hobbes＇s theorizing about the foundation of the state was based upon his concept of covenant. This paper argues that crucial aspects of political obligation generated by Hobbes＇s concept of covenant could not be understood without a clear understanding of the relationship among the three elements embodied in his idea of commonwealth by institution-covenant, authorization and right-transfer. While several attempts have been made on this topic, the pictures that have been drawn by Hobbesian scholars are more or less inadequate. In particular, the significant roles which authorization and right-transfer play in Hobbes＇s account of political obligation have yet been made clear. By shifting focus upon the idea of commonwealth by institution and taking it as Hobbes＇s mechanism of explaining the nature and origins of political obligation of obedience, this paper examines in detail the specific questions which Hobbes was addressing by coining this term and elicits what exactly he may have meant to convey to his audiences.

China Health Market Witnesses Dynamic Changes

According to Roland Berger Strat-egy Consultants 2014 outlook on China’s healthcare services industry released on January 10th,2014,Ro-land Berger believes that Chinese healthcare market and industry will see structural shifts and dynamic changes over the next decade,with 2014 marking an important start to this process.This year is likely to witness

Is Anarchism Inevitable？ A Critique of Simmons＇ Treatment of Natural Duty Accounts of Political Obligation

Are citizens morally obligated to obey and support their states？ ＂Political Obligations and Authority＂ is perhaps A. John Simmons＇ most comprehensive summary of his mature views on this enduring philosophical problem. In this essay, Simmons critically engages Plato＇s dialogue Crito and culls from it three types of strategies for justifying political obligations： natural duty, associative, and transactional. Simmons argues that natural duty accounts are inherently incapable of providing moral grounding for political obligations, disqualifies both associative and transactional accounts on empirical grounds, and settles for a form of anarchism. I argue, assuming as Simmons does in this essay that natural duties imply obligations of support and obedience to political institutions, that the natural duty strategy promises to provide an escape route out of anarchism.

Obligation-based Theory vs.Right-based Theory:Confrontation of Ideas Between Warrender and Strauss

There is a transition from the objective laws or moral orders that precede human will in classical natural law to the subjective demands or rights emanating from human will in modern natural law,and it represents a historical debate on the shift from an obligation-based theory to a right-based theory.Strauss,within the context of this transition across time,assesses Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of law and recognizes him as the founder of modern natural rights theory.Using Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's analysis of jurisprudence,Howard Warrender assesses the privilege nature of Hobbes's concept of natural rights and concludes that,since Hohfeld's privilege is the opposite of obligation and related to no-right,obligations cannot be derived from natural rights.Therefore,Warrender argues that Strauss's assertion requires correction.However,Warrender places excessive emphasis on Hohfeld's static separation of the concept of privilege within his theoretical system,overlooking the dynamic transformation from privilege to claim rights.In this regard,Hobbesian scholar Carlan's criticism of Warrender is valid.Meanwhile,Warrender's research holds theoretical significance in that he,under the premise of being a part of Hobbes'natural law tradition,transforms Hohfeld's flat,two-party legal rights relationships into a three-party legal rights structure,which could represent a potential innovation in the 20^(th)century legal philosophy.

Obligation, Endemic Survival & the Complexity of Moral Judgement

This is a bioethical investigation into the nature of the endemic crisis,its survival,and the social construction of moral obligation during the Ebola crisis in Liberia,West Africa.The 2014 outbreak in West Africa was the most considerable,most severe,and most complex Ebola epidemic thus far.At the close of the crisis in Liberia,six thousand infected persons survived unexpectedly.The ethics of Ebola and survival is exceptionally complicated and requires a complex theoretical explanation.While a categorical analysis of ethical theory cannot cover the full scope of this moral dilemma,a single concept carried over a range of models does;and,that concept is known as moral obligation.Exploring the obligation of others toward Ebola survivors helps locate,justify,and analyze the fear-based system of morality that arose from the world’s most severe endemic crisis.Examining the obligations of government,community,individuals,and foreign research initiatives toward the survivors of the West African Ebola endemic in Monrovia,this article explores the varying moralities of endemic crisis culture as it examines the complexity of judgment related to social obligation.

China Witnesses Great Growth with Major Trade Partners

China, in 2005, had gone through a year of trade disputes with some major trade partners such as the United States of America, the European,etc..But what was the impact of the disputes on China's trade relations with them? The documents of the China Ministry of Commerce show that all the relations had witnessed a optimistic development, with active fruits ahieved as well.……

Gofront Dyeing & Finishing:“creative force” witnesses the two-decade “originality made ”

On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the founding of Gofront Dyeing&Finishing Machinery Manufacturer Ltd.,the Documentary"Originality Made"made by CCTV-9 Discovery channel,during which Gofront Dyeing&Finishing was selected as the first dyeing and finishing equipment manufacturing enterprise in China,presented its premiere in Guangzhou,on November 24th,2017.

On the Principle of Consistency of Rights and Obligations in the Constitution of PRC

“The Fundamental Rights and obligations of Citizens”, the title of Chapter II of the current Constitution of PRC, and the stipulation that citizens must fulfill certain obligations while enjoying rights have triggered many debates. Considering the historical origin, constitutional philosophy, and the text and structure of the Constitution, the special provisions of the current Constitution are influenced by the principle of consistency of rights and obligations. The principle of consistency of rights and obligations in the Constitution is of complex connotation. Therefore, although the principle of consistency of rights and obligations effectively connects the public and private spheres, it ignores the diversity and differences of the interests and elements contained in the Constitution, the asymmetry of the normative status of fundamental rights and fundamental obligations,and the right of citizens to self-determination of personal interests.The principle of consistency of rights and obligations should be purposefully narrowed and concretized: In the context of public-private integration and risk society prevention, the principle of consistency of rights and obligations can be used as a supplement to the functional system of the Constitution;in the field of fundamental political obligations, the principle of consistency of rights and obligations should be in line with the requirements of the state to respect and protect human rights;in the field of fundamental social obligations, the exercise of fundamental rights by individuals is protected by the Constitution as long as they comply with the law and do not infringe upon the interests of the social community. The principle of the consistency of rights and obligations is only used as the negative constituents of the determination of rights and the basis for the effect against a third party of fundamental rights.

Vaccination Obligation from the Perspective of the European Court of Human Rights——Taking the Case of Varif et al.v. Czech Republic as an Example

The case of Varif et al.v. Czech Republic concerned whether Czech legislation that imposed a moratorium on school attendance and a fine as a punitive mechanism for non-vaccination violates the European Convention on Human Rights by forcing children to receive routine vaccinations. In the ruling, the European Court of Human Rights reiterated that the choice of public health measures falls within the discretion of member states. Meanwhile, to limit the infringement of individual interests to what is necessary and reasonable, the European Court of Human Rights clarified the criteria for human rights protection for compulsory routine vaccination: It should have a legal basis, a lawful aim, and be in line with the “needs of a democratic society.” Accordingly, the European Court of Human Rights held that the legal provisions involved in the case did not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. As the first response of the European Court of Human Rights to compulsory vaccination, the case of Varif et al.v. Czech Republic strengthens the influence of the law of the European Union in the field of public health by upholding the discretion of member states. Besides, although the case involves only routine vaccination, the human rights protection criteria clarified in it can be taken as a reference for introducing vaccination measures against COVID-19 in the context of the global pandemic.

基于Witness的汽车零部件生产物流系统仿真研究

在分析某企业汽车零部件生产物流系统基础上,采用Witness仿真软件对汽车零件的制造流程进行仿真研究。通过仿真发现该企业汽车零件生产物流系统存在的问题,进而提出改进方案。结果对比,设备利用率提高幅度91.43%;生产周期缩短幅度43.43%;生产率提高幅度67.80%。应用本论文研究结论可有效提高该企业的生产效率和效益,同时本论文也为其他制造企业的生产物流系统分析与改善提供了理论依据和方法。

基于Witness的飞轮生产线生产节拍平衡研究

车间的生产节拍平衡决定了企业生产效率的高低,是解决制造业车间面临的主要问题的最佳途径,研究了某飞轮生产线生产节拍的平衡问题。对某飞轮生产线生产现状进行分析,测定工序作业时间,应用Witness软件进行仿真建模,发现瓶颈环节与利用率不足等不平衡现象,运用生产节拍平衡方法等改进生产线,达到日产目标,消除瓶颈环节,使机器与人员利用率均衡。通过比较生产节拍平衡前后的相关参数,生产线改善效果明显,生产效率得以提高,进而降低企业成本。

基于Witness的某制造车间生产线仿真优化

以某立柱制造车间生产线设计为例,运用TOC约束理论和DBR排程理论,结合Witness软件进行制造系统的建模与仿真,分析影响制造系统生产线的各种影响因素,通过设置各项参数、调整设备数量来优化生产物流,提高机器利用率和生产效率以使企业在市场竞争中获得优势。