Improvement of Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)Fruit Yield and Quality and Enhancement of Soil Fertility by Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizers

Excessive amounts of nitrogen(N)fertilizers are applied during wolfberry production,resulting in some soil problems as well as potential environmental risks in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In this study,organic fertilizers were used to replace part of the N fertilizer in wolfberry fields with different fertility levels.N fertilizer rates had 0,50,100,150,200,and 250 g N/plant.Organic fertilizer rates had 0,2,4,6,8,and 10 kg organic fertilizer/plant.The experimental treatments included 6 combinations of N0M10,N50M8,N100M6,N150M4,N200M2,and control was N250M0.The results showed that in the high-fertility soils,combinations of N150M4,N100M6 and N50M8 treatments were increased in yields,fruit shape index,flavonoid content,total phenol content,mineral nutrient content,and antioxidant activity of wolfberry fruits.Also they were improved in soil fertility and decreased in residual nitrate through the soil depth of 0-300 cm.In the soil with less fertility,fruit yield,amino acid contents,flavonoids,total phenols,mineral nutrients and antioxidant activity of fruits were increased by the N200M2,N150M4 and N100M6 treatments and soil fertility was improved as well.Also more residual nitrate was found in the depth of 0-100 cm of soil with both chemical and organic fertilizer compared with the control.Therefore,in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,combining decreased N fertilizer with organic fertilizer rather than chemical fertilizer alone could help farmers achieve satisfactory yields and quality of wolfberry fruits and reduce the risk of nitrate leaching.In conclusion,50-150 g/plant of N fertilizer combined with 4-8 kg/plant of organic fertilizer in high-fertility gardens and 100-200 g/plant of N fertilizer combined with 2-6 kg/plant of organic fertilizer in low-fertility gardens are recommended for wolfberry cultivation.

Intellectual Property Rights and Authentic Protection of Chinese Wolfberry in Xinjiang

This paper introduced the biological characteristics and medicinal value of medlar(Lycium chinense Miller).It studied Chinese wolfberry industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources in Xinjiang.In addition,it analyzed main problems such as the lag in the construction of authentic medicinal materials bases and insufficient deep processing of related products.Finally,it proposed eight recommendations including cultivating biological species with more medicinal value and creating an advantageous area of characteristic authentic medicinal materials.

Development Strategies of Chaidamu Wolfberry

With the continuous improvement of people s living standards,wolfberry(Lycium chinense Miller)has penetrated into a large number of families.Chaidamu wolfberry,as the main superior product in Northwest China,has brought more economic benefits to Qinghai Province through the cultivation and sale of wolfberry.In recent years,with the aid of the new technology,the yield of Chaidamu wolfberry has increased rapidly,and the market scale has also expanded rapidly with the publicity.In order to help farmers increase their income and ensure economic benefits,it is of great significance to the healthy development of the whole industry of Chaidamu wolfberry and effectively improve people s living standards.This paper combines the actual situation of the wolfberry market and studies its development status.It is expected to provide some ideas for the development of Chaidamu wolfberry.

Exploring the mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of polyphenols in wolfberry based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

To explore the mechanism of hypolipidemic action of wolfberry polyphenols by using network pharmacology and molecular docking.The active ingredients and targets of wolfberry were searched by TCMSP,and the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software was used to construct a“wolfberry component-target”network.The Gene Cards database was used to screen the hyperlipidemic targets and intersect them with the active targets of wolfberry to construct the PPI network using the STRING platform.The gene ontology(GO)function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis of the core targets were carried out on the Metascape platform,and molecular docking of the active ingredients to the core targets was performed using AutoDockTools software.A total of 33 active ingredients and 173 potential targets of wolfberry were screened,including 99 targets related to hyperlipidemia.The results of the analysis of 99 intersecting targets with the components of wolfberry identified the core active ingredients as quercetin,glycitein and atropine.The binding of the major components of wolfberry,including the polyphenolic compounds quercetin and glycitein,as well as atropine to the key targets AKT1,IL6 and TNF may be important mechanisms for the hypolipidemic therapeutic effect.GO functional enrichment analysis involves biological processes,cellular components,and molecular functions.The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis mainly involves the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,fluid shear stress,and TNF signaling pathway.Molecular docking validated the good binding activity of the targets to the active ingredients.The binding of atropine and the polyphenolic compounds quercetin and glycitein to the key targets AKT1,IL6 and TNF may be an important mechanism for the hypolipidemic therapeutic effect of wolfberry.

枸杞营养功能特性及其产品开发现状

我国枸杞主要分布在西北地区,分为红枸杞、黑枸杞和黄枸杞。枸杞作为药食同源食物富含营养成分和活性成分,具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗衰老、免疫调节、抗视疲劳、抗肿瘤、保护神经系统、调节肠道菌群等功能特性。由于枸杞鲜果不易保存和运输,往往被加工成饮料制品、枸杞干果和其他食品,目前市场上80%的枸杞仍以干果销售,而饮料制品成为新型枸杞消费市场的主体产品,其他食品多处于研发阶段。该文综述了枸杞的品种分类、营养功能特性及作用机制、食品制品发展现状,为进一步研究枸杞营养成分与活性成分和食品深加工提供基础,并对枸杞产业未来研究开发进行了展望,以期为枸杞功能特性作用机制的研究和食品开发应用提供理论依据。

雪莲菌发酵提高枸杞原浆甜菜碱含量的工艺优化及品质分析

该研究以混合菌种雪莲菌为发酵菌种,枸杞原浆中甜菜碱含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对雪莲菌发酵枸杞原浆进行工艺优化,并对发酵后的枸杞原浆进行品质分析。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺条件为雪莲菌接种量5%(m/V),发酵时间48 h,发酵温度25℃,此条件下甜菜碱含量为18.95 mg/mL,比未发酵枸杞原浆甜菜碱含量增加2.54倍,总酚含量为2.03 mg/mL、黄酮含量为0.68 mg/mL、总糖含量为11.92 mg/mL。雪莲菌发酵后枸杞原浆中共检测出65种挥发性成分,包括21种醇类、27种酯类、1种醛类、1种酮类、8种酸类、3种烷类、2种酚类和2种烯类,与发酵前相比新增24种,且醇类、酯类和酸类物质较发酵前显著性增加,挥发性成分总含量由8.94 mg/mL增加至39.76 mg/mL,为制备高品质枸杞原浆提供理论依据,为枸杞产业化深加工提供指导。

枸杞SWEET基因家族鉴定及其与可溶性糖含量关系

【目的】糖外排转运蛋白(sugars will eventually be exported transporters,SWEETs)在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用,解析SWEETs基因在枸杞果实发育过程中对糖积累作用,为进一步揭示SWEETs基因在枸杞果实发育过程中的作用提供参考。【方法】用生物信息学方法对枸杞SWEET基因(LbaSWEETs)进行全基因组鉴定,并用已发表的转录数据分析LbaSWEETs在果实发育时期的基因表达情况。【结果】枸杞SWEET基因家族共有37个成员,随机分布于10条染色体上,分别编码152~621个氨基酸,蛋白质分子质量为16.87~69.97 kD,等电点为4.96~9.86。亚细胞定位预测位于叶绿体或质膜,大多数含有7个跨膜螺旋。系统进化分析发现,37个LbaSWEETs蛋白可分为4个亚群,每个亚群的基因结构和保守基序组成相似。启动子元件分析表明:Lba-SWEETs基因启动子富含大量激素响应、逆境胁迫和生长发育响应元件。转录组数据和qRT-PCR分析表明:LbaSWEET9和LbaSWEET29基因表达量随果实成熟呈现显著增加。相关性分析结果表明,LbaSWEET9和LbaSWEET29基因表达量与果糖含量呈显著正相关。【结论】LbaSWEET9和LbaSWEET29基因是果糖积累的关键基因。

枸杞烘干箱温度场优化及仿真

目的:提高枸杞干制品品质。方法:采用标准Realizable k-ε湍流模型进行理论分析,利用Fluent软件仿真运算并结合实验验证,探究烘干室换热温度场分布规律,并对换热参数进行优化。以温度均匀性系数以及温度分布云图为评价标准,分析换热板入口流速、换热板流道宽度、换热板流道高度、换热板间距对烘干箱温度场均匀性的影响。结果:对烘干室结构参数进行优化后,温度云图显示出的高温区面积大且比较集中,两端和中间的温度梯度小。优化后的温度标准偏差比优化前降低了0.64%,模拟值与试验值的整体趋势大体相同,其误差值为2.56%。结论:枸杞烘干温度分布均匀性最佳的工艺条件为热水入口流速0.18 m/s,流道高度22 mm,流道宽度35 mm,换热板间距85 mm。

靖远枸杞产业优势、现状及发展思考

靖远枸杞作为全国名优特新农产品,因其生产环境优越,品质特色明显,人文历史悠久,产业优势明显,成为农民增收、乡村振兴的支柱性产业之一。从靖远枸杞生长环境、品质特色、人文历史等方面进行了阐述,在对其产业优势及产业发展中存在的问题进行全面分析,并提出了发展思路:打造标准化示范基地,推广绿色高效生产技术;建立枸杞良种繁育基地,加大优质新品种推广力度;着力打造枸杞区域特色品牌;组建专家技术团队,加强产业技术支撑;引进现代农机装备,加强研发力度;统筹规划布局,拓宽枸杞产业现代化发展道路。以期为指导靖远枸杞产业发展提供参考。

流动注射法检测枸杞中二氧化硫残留量的方法比较及风险评估

近年来自动化检测设备以及对应方法相继涌现,本研究使用在线蒸馏-流动注射法与国标中酸碱滴定法、离子色谱法对枸杞中二氧化硫残留量进行检测比较。结果表明,三种方法的测定结果并无显著性差异。在线蒸馏-流动注射法RSD在1.5%~2.4%之间,加标回收率在86.1%~92.7%之间,因其具有自动化程度高、检测周期短的优势,更适合大批量样品的快速准确检测。用在线蒸馏-流动注射法对106批次红枸杞中的二氧化硫残留量进行检测分析,并对枸杞中的二氧化硫残留量进行暴露风险评估。结果显示,二氧化硫超标率达21.7%,枸杞中二氧化硫残留尚未对健康构成威胁。

低损伤枸杞采收机的设计

为实现枸杞采摘过程的降本增效,提高枸杞采摘的标准化和规范化,设计研发一种低损伤、高效率的枸杞采收机。对枸杞采收机的动力行走装置、振动采摘装置、倾斜收集装置、两级输送装置、风机清选装置和机架承载装置进行设计。并使用Solid Works软件对低损伤枸杞采收机虚拟样机进行了三维建模,以及计算整机所需功率,确定柴油发电机的功率为24 kW。该机为提高枸杞产业的市场竞争力,解决枸杞采摘行业劳动力短缺的问题提供解决思路,同时也可促进顶生小浆果采收领域的技术创新和发展,为顶生小林果全过程机械化设计提供研究参考,具有非常重要的现实意义和应用价值。

枸杞育种与栽培研究进展与展望

枸杞育种与栽培是枸杞研究的基础性学科,是枸杞产业高质量发展的源头和基础。育种工作实现了优良枸杞种质资源到枸杞良种产业化生产应用的转变,而栽培技术的创新与发展是促进产业提质增效的关键。随着科学技术的进步及枸杞产业的发展,枸杞育种和栽培学科实现了革命性创新和发展。枸杞基因组的解析,推动了枸杞育种技术由传统育种向分子辅助精准育种的转变。枸杞苗木快繁、篱壁栽培、整形修剪、水肥一体化、病虫害绿色防控、专用机械研发、农机农艺融合等栽培技术及装备创新,为枸杞产业转型升级、提质增效提供了高效的技术和装备保障。因此,在综述近年来在枸杞育种与栽培研究方面取得新进展、新成果的基础上,对枸杞育种与栽培学科未来的发展方向进行了展望,旨在为枸杞学科规划及科研工作开展提供参考。

干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响及其口感优化

为研究不同干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响,以桑叶、枸杞为基本原料,通过微波干燥、鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥3种方式分别制备桑叶枸杞固体饮料,并检测干燥后粉体的质构、色泽及营养品质变化。从物理性质来看,真空冷冻干燥的粉体在稳定性、可压性与均一性上表现较好,鼓风干燥的粉体在堆积性和流动性上相对更好。真空冷冻干燥粉体的总糖含量最高,亮度值最大,湿润下沉时间短。结合吸湿特性与微观结构判断,真空冷冻干燥制备的粉体品质优于其他2种干燥方式。为了改善饮料风味,采用响应面试验进行口感优化,结果表明,当木糖醇添加量为27.30%(质量分数,下同)、甜菊糖苷添加量为3.67%、苹果酸添加量为0.11%时,口感最好。

枸杞病虫害绿色防控科技创新进展及发展趋势

枸杞病虫害具有种类多、危害重、发生规律复杂、防控难度大等特点。综述70年来枸杞病虫害从单一的化学农药防治到绿色防控的4个发展阶段,枸杞病虫害防控取得显著成效:建立了宁夏全域枸杞病虫害监测预报技术体系和信息化应用平台,集成建立了枸杞病虫害绿色防控技术体系并在宁夏全域应用。目前,枸杞产业高质量发展与生态保护的重大需求给枸杞病虫害防控带来新的挑战和发展机遇,生态调控成为枸杞病虫害防控科研创新的重大课题,构建以区域生态调控技术为核心,集成信息化监测预警、新型生物农药与天敌产品、农药精准靶向应用等多因子协同增效的枸杞病虫害绿色技术防控体系和治理新模式成为重要的发展目标。

Effect of Different Concentrations of Pesticide-Imidacloprid on the Main Secondary Metabolites of Fruit and Polysaccharide of Chinese Wolfberry

[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.

枸杞粉对白鲢鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

该研究以冷冻白鲢鱼糜为实验原料,向其中添加枸杞粉(wolfberry powder,WP),分析不同添加量[0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%、1.5%(质量分数)]的WP对白鲢鱼糜凝胶持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度值、水分分布、凝胶特性、微观结构、感官评价及气味特征的影响。结果表明,随着WP含量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的持水性、硬度、咀嚼性和凝胶强度都表现出先增大后减小的趋势,当WP的添加量为0.5%时达到最大,分别为78.55%、(2716.77±75.76)g、(2185.15±32.46)g和1087 g·cm;而蒸煮损失率则表现出先减小后增大的趋势,在0.5%的添加量时,蒸煮损失率最小,为7.49%。在鱼糜中加入WP后,可以减少鱼糜凝胶中自由水的比例,增加不易流动水的比例,使鱼糜凝胶保留更多水分,且当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,鱼糜凝胶中只检测到结合水和不易流动水,未检测到自由水。适量WP的添加会增强鱼糜凝胶的网络结构,使其变得更加致密均匀。WP的添加会减小鱼糜凝胶的白度值和色泽评分,但在最适添加量0.5%时,其颜色总体可接受。此外,感官评价和电子鼻分析结果表明,当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,可以显著改善鱼糜凝胶的风味品质。研究结果可为生产高品质的鱼糜产品提供理论依据。

Study on the Preservation of Fresh Chinese Wolfberry Fruit at Room Temperature by Chitosan Coating

[Objective] The aim was to study the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit via chitosan coating. [Method] Using Chinese wolfberry "Ningqi No. 1" as experimental material, the fresh fruits were coated by different concentrations of chitosan(0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.50% and 1.75%) at room temperature to study the changes in weight loss rate, rate of rotten fruits rot, soluble solid content and vitamin C(Vc) content. [Result] Of all the treatments, the fruits coated with 1.25% chitosan showed lowest rate of rotten fruit and weight loss rate, and highest Vc and soluble solid content, presenting the optimal fresh-keeping effect. [Conclusion] Chitosan coating is helpful for the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit at room temperature.

Analysis on Chemical Compositions in Chinese Wolfberry from Different Producing Areas

[Objective] This study aimed to conduct correspondence cluster analysis of the trace elements in Chinese wolfberry from Qinghai and Ningxia regions, and to investigate the relationship among the quality of the wolfberry samples, the composition of trace elements and the sample sources. [Method] The determined contents of trace elements and ratios of zinc to copper （Zn/Cu） of wolfberry from 11 different producing areas of Qinghai and Ningxia regions were adopted to construct the raw measurement data matrix, to analyze the distribution characteristics of the trace ele- ments in wolfberry from Qinghai and Ningxia by using the corresponding cluster analysis method. [Result] The quality of wolfberry samples in 7hongning County, Zhongwei City, Pingluo County, Shizuishan City, Heicheng Town of Ningxia Hui Au-tonomous Region and Hehuang Valley, Golmud City of Qinghai Province is mainly related to the contents of Zn and Mn; Zn/Cu greatly affects the quality of Chinese wolfberry in Dulan County of Qinghai Province; Fe has great effect on the quality of Chinese wolfberry in Yinchuan City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; Cu greatly affects the quality of Chinese wolfberry in Nuomuhong Village of Qinghai Province and a wolfberry research institute in Ningxia. [Conclusion] The relationship between the quality of wolfberry from different producing areas and the trace elements was investigated, which provides theoretical and practical basis for the cultivation, har- vesting, processing, and further development and utilization of Chinese wolfberry resources from different producing areas.

棉蚜对不同品种枸杞的适应性

为了明确棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)对宁夏地区不同主栽枸杞品种的适应性,利用年龄-阶段两性生命表对棉蚜取食不同品种枸杞后生长发育及种群参数进行研究。结果表明,取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜产蚜期、产蚜量和寿命存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’的棉蚜产蚜期、总寿命、成虫寿命和产蚜量分别为8.61 d、15.22 d、9.58 d和11.78头,显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为9.71 d、16.14 d、10.78 d和15头)、‘宁杞7号’(分别为9.71 d、15.87 d、10.52 d和14.21头)和‘宁杞10号’(分别为11.08 d、17.80 d、12.24 d和17.40头)。取食不同枸杞品种的棉蚜净增殖率(R0)、总繁殖率(GRR)、内禀增长率(r)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等参数存在显著差异。其中取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的R0、GRR、r和λ值(分别为7.07、14.13、0.21 d^(-1)和1.24 d^(-1))均显著低于‘宁杞5号’(分别为10.5、16.9、0.26 d^(-1)和1.29 d^(-1))、‘宁杞7号’(分别为11.37、18.47、0.27 d^(-1)和1.30 d^(-1))和‘宁杞10号’(分别为14.5、20.41、0.28 d^(-1)和1.32 d^(-1));取食‘宁杞1号’棉蚜的t值(9.17 d)显著低于‘宁杞10号’(9.5 d),高于‘宁杞7号’(9.01 d)。综上表明,棉蚜取食4个枸杞品种均能正常发育并完成整个世代,但在不同品种枸杞上的适应性不同,在‘宁杞10号’品种上的适应性最好,‘宁杞5号’和‘宁杞7号’次之,‘宁杞1号’的适应性最低。因此,可以考虑利用棉蚜适应性较低的品种作为宁夏地区主栽枸杞对棉蚜进行防控。

基于氮素对枸杞甜菜碱含量及代谢关键酶影响的转录组分析

【目的】探究不同施氮量对枸杞主要次生物质甜菜碱及合成关键酶含量基因水平的影响,为宁夏枸杞品质代栽培提供技术支持。【方法】以‘宁杞1号’为试验材料,运用裂区试验设计,主区为氮肥施用深度A的2个处理(A1:0~20 cm,A2:20~40 cm),副区为氮素施用量B的5个处理(CK:0 kg/666.7 m^(2),B1:15 kg/666.7 m^(2),B2:30 kg/666.7 m^(2),B3:45 kg/666.7 m^(2),B4:60 kg/666.7 m^(2)),通过枸杞生长期间相关指标测定及不同氮素水平枸杞样品高通量下的转录组测序分析,明确氮素对枸杞甜菜碱及代谢关键酶的影响。【结果】随着施氮量的增加,枸杞甜菜碱及其合成相关酶含量基本呈上升趋势,在浓度达45 kg/666.7 m^(2)时,所测定指标含量开始下降。转录组测序共获得98264个基因,其中差异表达基因10081个。GO注释分析表明,注释基因主要富集在光合作用、质外体、单加氧酶活性、叶绿素、四吡咯结合酶活性等过程中;进行KEGG注释后,分析发现差异基因信号通路显著富集在植物激素信号传导、植物病原菌互作以及核糖体中;对与甜菜碱合成相关酶差异基因进行分析,发现其表达量均有不同程度的上调。综合分析所测定指标含量和基因表达水平之间的关系,表明甜菜碱合成相关酶基因的上调,导致枸杞果实内甜菜碱含量发生变化。【结论】甜菜碱合成关键酶是单加氧酶和甜菜碱醛脱氢酶,随着施氮量的适量增加,甜菜碱合成关键酶含量及其相关基因数量上调,致使枸杞果实内甜菜碱含量上升。