Effect of existence state of asphaltenes on the asphaltenes-wax interaction in wax deposition

Asphaltenes are the most elusive substances in waxy crude oil,especially the complex structures,which leads to significant precipitation and aggregation characteristics of asphaltenes,and affects the asphaltenes-wax interaction.In this study,the concept of the existence state of asphaltenes was introduced to semi-quantitatively investigate the precipitation and aggregation characteristics of asphaltenes.On this basis,the influence of the existence state of asphaltenes on wax deposition was studied by coldfinger device and high-temperature gas chromatography,and the composition and properties of the deposits were analyzed.Four main findings were made:(1)As the asphaltene concentration increases,the existence state of asphaltenes gradually transitions from dispersed state to aggregated state,and the asphaltene concentration of 0.30 wt%in this study is the starting point of the transition.(2)The existence state of asphaltenes in crude oil does affect the process of wax deposition,as shown in the fact that the dispersed asphaltenes promote the occurrence of wax deposition,while the aggregated asphaltenes can inhibit wax deposition.(3)In the presence of the aggregated asphaltenes,that is,when the asphaltene concentration is higher than 0.30 wt%,the shedding phenomenon of deposit layer was observed,and with the increase of aggregated asphaltenes,the deposit layer fell off earlier.(4)With the increase of the dispersed asphaltenes,the wax appearance temperature(WAT)and wax content of the deposits all showed an increasing trend,while with the appearance of the aggregated asphaltenes,the above situation was reversed.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the interaction between the asphaltenes and wax in wax deposition.

Existence for positive steady states of an eco-epidemiological model

An eco-epidemiological model with an epidemic in the predator and with a Holling type Ⅱ function is considered.A system with diffusion under the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is studied.The existence for a positive solution of the corresponding steady state problem is mainly discussed.First,a prior estimates（positive upper and lower bounds） of the positive steady states of the reaction-diffusion system is given by the maximum principle and the Harnack inequation.Then,the non-existence of non-constant positive steady states by using the energy method is given.Finally,the existence of non-constant positive steady states is obtained by using the topological degree.

States of graphene oxide and surface functional groups amid adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions

Water pollution regarding dyes and heavy metal ions is crucial facing the world.How to effectively separate these contaminants from water has been a key issue.Graphene oxide(GO)promises the greenwater world as a long-lasting spotlight adsorbent material and therefore,harnessing GO has been the research hotspot for over a decade.The state of GO as well as its surface functional groups plays an important role in adsorption.And the way of preparation and structural modification matters to the performance of GO.In this review,the significance of the state of existence of stock GO and surface functional groups is explored in terms of preparation,structural modification,and adsorption.Besides,various adsorbates for GO adsorption are also involved,the discussion of which is rarely established elsewhere.

EXISTENCE AND CONCENTRATION BEHAVIOR OF GROUND STATE SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF GENERALIZED QUASILINEAR SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS IN R^N

In this article,we study the generalized quasilinear Schrodinger equation-div(ε^2g^2(u)▽u)+ε^2g(u)g′(u)|▽u|^2+V(x)u=K(x)|u|^p-2u,x∈R^N where A≥3,e>0,4<p<,22*,g∈C 1(R,R+),V∈C(R^N)∩L∞(R^N)has a positive global minimum,and K∈C(R^N)∩L∞(R^N)has a positive global maximum.By using a change of variable,we obtain the existence and concentration behavior of ground state solutions for this problem and establish a phenomenon of exponential decay.

Existing State and Partitioning of Rare Earth on Weathered Ores

The existing state and partitioning of rare earth （RE） on weathered ores in Longnan County（LN）, Xingfeng County（XF） and Ninghua County（NH） were characterized systematically by standard geological analytical methods. It is found that RE in the weathered rare earth ores exist as four phases： （a） water soluble, （b） ion-exchangeable, （c） colloidal sediment （oxides）, （d） minerals, in which mainly as ion exchangeable phase, accounting for nearly 80% of total RE, with about 20% in the form of colloid sediment phase and mineral phase, but very little as aqueous soluble phase. These rare earth partitioning were mainly chosen mid-heavy RE elements, occupying above 60%, but not equal in the four phases. The mid-heavy RE elements were primarily enriched in the ion exchangeable phase up to 40%, while the containment of cerium dioxide is below 2 %. The cerium deficiency occurs in the ion exchangeable phase in weathered ore. It results from that the Ce^3＋ is oxidized into Ce^4＋ and changes into CeO2. For LN ore, the containment of Y is high in weathered ore because Y-minerals are abundant in original rock.

State of rare earth elements in the rare earth deposits of Northwest Guizhou,China

We studied the states of rare earth elements in ore of the Xianglushan rare earth deposit. Rare earth ore samples were tested and examined by scanning electron microscope, electron probe, and chemical leaching. No independent rare earth minerals were detected by scanning electron microscope. Elements detected by the electronic probe for the in situ micro-zone of the sample included: O,Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, K, Na, S, Cl, C, Cu, Cr, V, and Pt.Rare earth elements were not detected by electron probe.(NH_4)_2 SO_4,(NH_4)Cl, NaCl, and H_2 SO_4 were used as reagents in chemical leaching experiments that easily leached out rare earth elements under the action of 10%reagent, indicating that the rare earth elements in ore are mainly in the ionic state rather than present as rare earth minerals.

Distribution and existing state of indium in the Gejiu Tin polymetallic deposit, Yunnan Province, SW China

The Gejiu tin polymetallic deposit, located in the southwest margin of the South China Belt bordering on the Yangtze Block, is hosted in Triassic carbonates. This study shows that there is an indium enrichment in the ores.Indium mainly exists in sphalerite-rich massive sulfide ores with a concentration of 198.3–1570 ppm; the indium concentration in sphalerite ranges from 493.3 up to4781 ppm. The inferred indium reserve in the Gejiu Sn deposit is over 4000 t, indicating that the Gejiu tin deposit is a giant In-bearing Sn-polymetallic deposit, similar to the Dachang and Dulong in southwest China. Sphalerite with a high Fe value(8.05–13.27 wt%) is the predominant indium carrier mineral; meanwhile chalcopyrite plays the secondary indium carrier role. EPMA mapping result shows that indium is likely distributed homogeneously and presented as a substitution for Zn in sphalerite.

A study on the distribution characteristics and existing states of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province,China

The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good correlation between Cd and Zn in the primary ore. With the oxidation and resolution of pyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and etc., many secondary minerals, such as colloform sphalerite and smithsonite, were formed. The distribution of Cd is not symmetrical, and enrichment and dilution were observed in partial area of the oxidation zone in the deposit. Cd, except in external pore space or cracks of secondary minerals as independent minerals, such as greenockite, was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity in the secondary sphalerate and smithsonite in the oxidation zone. The research showed that Cd showed a very strong active transfer ability in the oxidation process, not only indicating that supergene leaching might be the main reason for Cd enrichment in some Pb-Zn deposits, but also reflecting that Cd was easily mobilizeed and transferred to pollute ore areas in the oxidation process. Furthermore, Cd in oxidation ore was more easily mobilized and transferred to induce bad hazards for ore areas with the effect from AMD which was produced from oxidation of sulfides.

EFFECT OF THE EXISTING STATES OF CHROMIUM ION ON THE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DOPED β-C_2S

According to the theory of crystal field, the existing state of chromium ions in β-C_2S was studied with optical spectra and EPR. The energy levels of chromium ions were calculated. Chromium ions exist in form of Cr^(4+) and Cr^(5+) coordinated with distorted octahedra. The reason of fading of β-C_2S hydrate is that the strength of light absorption declines be- cause of the valence change of chromium ions and chroninm dissolves out and loses in water.

General Philosophy of Relationism and Its Application to the Political Theory of State and Society and Implications on Natural Sciences

In the examination and study of the general methodology of science and philosophy,we have discovered a common fundamental problem of the“paradox of the basic element”that creates inconsistencies in social and natural theory and general ontology and epistemology.Our study of the interactions of states as major international actors leads us to the conclusion that the unsolved“paradox of the basic element”of the general systems theory(GST)applied in the neorealist doctrine of international relations generates apparent fundamental theoretical weaknesses that have to be resolved.Therefore,herein we propose a solution to the paradox of the basic element on an ontological level by showing that not the element,but rather the relation is the basic“entity”of the system.Such an approach,where the relationship is the most fundamental category and plays a primary role in the system,transforms the GST into a relationist theory(systemic relationism)that includes the relevant systemic variables both in the system as a whole and in its subsystems(or elements).At the same time,due to the equivalence of the“paradox of the basic element”with the paradox of existence of anything or everything(usually formulated as“Why everything[that is]exists”[and not just nothing]),our relationist approach proves to be a good methodological tool for resolving this fundamental question of the general ontology.In addition,this new approach seems to resolve even the basic problem of natural philosophy formulated as the origin of natural force(F).The relationism formulated in our study provides an answer for the existence of anything(E)in relation to nothingness(N),and then through equivalence of basic relation and interaction explains natural force(s)(F)studied in physics.The basic relation in form of irreducible and inseparable{E,N}system or{E}<->{N},(where E—everything,N—nothingness),represents in the physical world a basic irreducible interaction,e.g.,a category of force defined in physics(as intensity of interaction).Thus,by applying the same relationist methodology for understanding the physics of force,we provide a fundamental answer related to the origin of force(in the universe).However,besides natural and social applications,in the present article,we discuss how relationism can be used to resolve controversies in the mainstream political theories of state and to provide new original explanation of the origin of state and causes of social development and change.One of our basic conclusions related to the genesis of state is that this supreme institution was historically(systemically)created as a result of struggle for the monopoly of force when the legal idea of titulus(a title of leader/ruler that could be subject of inheritance)emerged.Rulers(i.e.,first kings,as successor of primitive tribal chiefs)developed and established legitimacy and appropriate binding rules or laws related to that supreme title to justify their special status(titulus).

再议量子理论的表述形式与诠释

量子力学建立至今已达百年,关于量子力学仍存留许多困惑与争议。我们注意到可能的原因是状态矢量表示理念的不一致,以及混淆了不同的波函数概率诠释。我们认识到,坚持把状态矢量表示为无量纲的对象,认清波函数的薛定谔、玻恩和狄拉克各自诠释的不同以及薛定谔、玻恩的概率诠释可以经由狄拉克完备性关系联系起来,认识到概率行为出现在无量纲的态矢/波函数与决定性的状态方程之外,则可以消除不少关于量子力学的误解。

俄罗斯心理语言学范式的发展状况

俄罗斯心理语言学具有其一套独特的学术体系或思想特质,同时也有其别具一格的学科体系。本文即是从后一种视角出发,将半个多世纪以来的俄罗斯心理语言学发展状况置于世界心理语言学发展格局中予以比照,具体审视该学科在世界第三代心理语言学中的特殊地位及其科学体系的完备性和研究领域的前沿性等,并就存在的主要问题或不足提出批评。

黔西北普底地区富锂黏土岩地球化学特征及成因

黔西北普底地区二叠系梁山组直接不整合于寒武系娄山关组之上,梁山组黏土岩中有锂的超常富集现象,研究其富集机制可为黏土岩中锂资源开发与评价提供更为丰富的信息。采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)分析、LA-ICP-MS面扫分析、矿物自动定量分析系统(AMICS)、X衍射和扫描电镜等手段,结合U-Pb年代学研究,对黏土岩中富集的锂开展元素地球化学、物质来源及赋存状态研究。研究结果表明:富锂黏土岩产于中二叠统梁山组中下部,锂矿化体产状受下伏基底娄山关组白云岩岩溶不整合面控制。富锂黏土岩中Li, Ga, V,Nb, Zr和F等元素相对富集,Ba和Sr等元素相对贫化。富锂黏土岩富集轻稀土元素,轻稀土元素以La、Ce和Nd为主,重稀土元素以Y为主。富锂黏土岩以淡水陆相沉积为主,具有陆相、海陆过渡相和海相多相沉积特征,沉积环境以氧化环境为主,形成于热带-亚热带温湿气候。富锂黏土岩锆石年龄谱约具有2.5 Ga、1.4 Ga、980 Ma、780 Ma和530 Ma 5个峰值,其中主要峰约为980、780和530 Ma。初步认为研究区梁山组富锂黏土岩具有多重物源,寒武系娄山关组不纯白云岩可能为主要物源,黏土岩中的Li主要赋存于高岭石中。

考虑实测信息的既有规则建筑状态识别与抗震性能快速评估

城市既有建筑(群)的地震安全性评价面临高效分析、快速评估、定量判定的多重技术发展需求。考虑长期服役过程中的结构性能演化现象,既有建筑安全性评价需要结构本身和当地地震动等一系列实测数据与信息,以标定结构真实服役状态,保证结构抗震性能评估结果的准确性,并兼顾结构抗震性能分析的时效性。本文基于等效非线性单自由度模型,结合作者近年来在数据驱动型状态评估指标方面的研究成果,提出了以既有建筑实测模态频率和阻尼比映射结构宏观服役状态,结合当地实测地震动数据集,快速评估该目标建筑抗震安全性的方法。阐述了基于动力测试和HAZUS技术手册的既有结构等效非线性单自由度模型的建立过程,提出了两类结构状态评价指标,结合多元工程性能参数,建立了等效模型变形状态与不同抗震性能水准之间的直接联系。以四川省珙县当地一栋高层规则框架结构和2019至2022年间10次实测地震动为例,对该建筑在当地近期实际地震动作用下的抗震安全性进行评估。

Boussinesq方程稳态解的存在性与正则性

研究二维Boussinesq方程稳态解的存在性与正则性.首先,利用弱连续算子锐角原理得到方程弱解存在性的条件.其次,利用ADN理论、线性椭圆理论和迭代方法证明方程强解的存在性.最后,利用Sard-Smale定理得到解的有限性,并通过ADN理论和线性椭圆方程理论研究方程古典解的存在性.

煤及燃煤产物中稀土元素的分布赋存特征研究进展

稀土元素因其特殊的性质被广泛用于永磁、冶金、储氢材料等领域,消费量逐年递增。我国是稀土元素储量大国,至2020年我国稀土元素矿产量在世界占比逐年下降,近几年有所回升,但仍需要寻找和开发其他可作为稀土元素供应源的材料。煤作为一种有机矿产,形成过程中可富集稀土元素。深入认识煤中稀土元素含量及赋存状态对后续研究其燃烧产物中稀土元素赋存和提取回收具有重要意义。国内外学者分时代、地区、煤级研究煤中稀土元素含量,对煤及其燃烧产物中的稀土元素赋存状态研究进行总结,并初步认识到我国煤及其燃烧产物中的稀土元素分布赋存特征。目前研究表明,中国煤中的平均稀土元素含量是世界煤中的平均稀土元素含量的两倍;晚二叠世时期煤中稀土元素相对富集;煤中稀土元素主要以硅酸盐态存在。稀土元素性质稳定,经过燃烧后可在燃煤产物中明显富集,主要富集在非磁性的细飞灰颗粒中。对于煤中稀土元素含量的统计应综合考虑样品来源矿区的覆盖率、样品处理方式、微量元素测试方式等因素,以提高统计数据的代表性和准确性。综合直接观测、表征测试方法、逐级化学提取法及数理统计方法以推测得到较为可靠的赋存状态。我国煤炭消费量可观,能源供应以火力发电为主,燃煤产物产量巨大,煤中稀土元素至燃煤产物中可得到几十倍的富集,探明电厂燃煤产物中稀土元素富集分布规律,结合其提取的难易程度提出对应的回收工艺,以实现对燃煤产物资源化利用。

某富锂黏土岩工艺矿物学分析与锂浸出探索

通过对黔西北某地区富锂黏土岩的工艺矿物学分析,查明富锂黏土岩的物质组成、嵌布特征、锂的赋存状态,为锂矿开发利用评价提供理论依据。工艺矿物学研究表明,该地区富锂黏土岩成分为高岭石(49.06%)、水铝石(29.78%)、勃姆石(10.33%)、伊利石(6.56%)、锐钛矿(3.31%)及少量赤铁矿(0.97%)等。富锂黏土岩主要化学组成为Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)、TiO_(2)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、K 2 O、MgO等,其中Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)含量相对较高,分别占48.95%和30.06%。Li_(2)O在各粒级分布比较平均,没有明显的富集现象。主要矿物的单体解离度较低,连生情况较复杂,高岭石、水铝石、伊利石、锐钛矿、赤铁矿Tolerance=5%时(即解离程度95%以上)单体解离度分别为8.91%、1.82%、1.87%、1.82%及3.13%。该矿石进行空白焙烧—硫酸浸出的最优条件为磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占90%,600℃焙烧1.5 h,焙烧渣进行浸出试验,硫酸浓度为15%,浸出液固比为4,浸出温度90℃,浸出时间1 h,此时锂的浸出率为85.15%。研究区的锂不是以离子吸附态赋存在黏土矿物中的,而是以类质同象替代形式赋存在黏土矿物中。

察尔汗盐湖老卤锂富集多级精控盐田工艺扩大实验

这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。针对察尔汗盐湖老卤中锂离子的浓缩富集,采用蒸发结晶、分步分离的方法完成了老卤锂富集多级精控盐田工艺扩大实验,研究了锂、硼在蒸发过程中的富集规律,使锂离子浓度达到1 g/L以上,并获得了高品质的水氯镁石。对盐田蒸发过程进行了物料衡算,得到了各析盐阶段的实际成卤量和锂收率,以及日晒盐田的生产能力和各级盐田面积分配比例等,能够为今后实现察尔汗盐湖提钾老卤的综合开发利用提供可靠的数据支持。

汉语哲学经典诠释的“存有论转向”——从古典汉语的“存”“在”起论

经由汉语哲学经典的深层考察,旨在豁显以“道”为中心的诠释学,这正与我们古典汉语所用“存”“在”两个字,或者“存在”一词,有深切的关系,而此中隐含着一“存有论的转向”。首先,对一百多年来的中国哲学研究所采用的“逆向格义”做出深层反思,指出如何取得交谈对话的主体性,是迫切而必要的。其次,汉语哲学的特性不同于西方哲学之以“话语”为中心,是以“存在”为本位。经由汉字语文学的考察到经典诠释学的深层发掘,确定了汉语哲学“存在”的特性。经由这样的“存在的回归”,从“存有的执定”,到“存有的开显”,进而上溯到“存有的根源”,如此便构成了“存有三态论”。明显地,究其根源来说,“存在与价值的和合性”是优先于“思维与存在的一致性”的,《易经》的生生哲学正好与此呼应。最后,须知“存在”就是“生成”,“生成”与人的“参赞化育”息息相关。“存在”就其首出性来说,并不是作为认知的对象,而是作为与价值、实践和合为一的生命总体。这在古典汉语及典籍里,表现得格外分明,我们唯有唤醒古汉语的语感,感其意味、体其意韵、明其意义,才能如实地揭露“存在的”本怀。

新疆某铜镍矿工艺矿物学研究

以新疆某铜镍矿为研究对象,对该矿石的化学组成进行探究,重点关注矿物的嵌布特征,以及铜、镍的存在状态和嵌布粒度等方面展开了深入的研究。结果表明,该矿石主要含有铜和镍两种重要有价元素,铜的品位为0.96%,镍的品位为0.55%。铜主要以黄铜矿的形式存在于矿石中,少量铜分布在蓝辉铜矿和铜蓝矿中,偶尔还可见到一些孔雀石和赤铜矿;而镍则主要存在于镍黄铁矿中,其次是紫硫镍矿。此外,其他金属矿物主要包括褐铁矿,而非金属矿物则主要是以蛇纹石为主(其中部分含有镍)。