BACKGROUND Hospital admissions are common among patients with cirrhosis,but patient factors associated with hospitalization have not been well characterized.Given recent data suggesting increased liver transplant wait...BACKGROUND Hospital admissions are common among patients with cirrhosis,but patient factors associated with hospitalization have not been well characterized.Given recent data suggesting increased liver transplant waitlist dropout among women,we hypothesized that women on the liver transplant waitlist would have increased rates of hospitalization compared with men.AIM To evaluate the role of gender on risk of hospitalization for patients on the liver transplant waitlist,in order to help explain gender disparities in waitlist outcomes.METHODS Patients listed for liver transplant at a single center in the United States were prospectively enrolled in the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation Study.Patients included in this retrospective analysis included those enrolled between March 2012 and December 2014 with at least 12 mo of follow up and without hepatocellular carcinoma.The primary and secondary outcomes were hospitalization and total inpatient days within 12 mo,respectively.Logistic and negative binomial regression associated baseline factors with outcomes.RESULTS Of the 392 patients,41%were female,with median(interquartile range)age 58 years(52-63)and model for end-stage liver disease 18(15-22).Within 12 mo,186(47%)patients were hospitalized≥1 time;48%were readmitted,with a median of 8(4-15)inpatient days.More women than men were hospitalized(54%vs 43%;P=0.03).In univariable analysis,female sex was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization[odds ratios(OR)1.6,95%confidence interval(CI)1.0-2.4;P=0.03],which remained significant on adjusted multivariable analysis(OR 1.6,95%CI:1.1-2.6;P=0.03).Female gender was also associated with an increased number of inpatient days within 12 mo in both univariable and multivariable regression.CONCLUSION Women with cirrhosis on the liver transplant waitlist have more hospitalizations and inpatient days in one year compared with men,suggesting that the experience of cirrhosis differs between men and women,despite similar baseline illness severity.Future studies should explore gender-specific vulnerabilities to help explain waitlist disparities.展开更多
The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of fa...The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.展开更多
Although the hospitality industry shows growth, only few women are found in high managerial positions. The hotel sector is dominated by women with an average 55.5% of the workforce, but is managed by men, as women are...Although the hospitality industry shows growth, only few women are found in high managerial positions. The hotel sector is dominated by women with an average 55.5% of the workforce, but is managed by men, as women are mainly found in positions that are stereotypically ascribed to their gender, such as directors of sales, housekeeping, and marketing. Fifteen male and 15 female managers in 5-star hotels in Greece were interviewed to explore their management and leadership styles, as well as any challenges they face in the career ladder in hotel management. The findings of this study suggest that women are equally capable to their male counterparts and they acquire skills that are considered to be more effective in the context of the hospitality industry. They are nurturing, better at communicating with people, they are caring, and they adopt supporting behaviors. This paper proposes that hotels that have women in managerial positions are more successful in facing the increasing competitiveness and adapt to changes more efficiently.展开更多
基金Supported by NIA Grants for Early Medical and Surgical Subspecialists’ Transition to Aging Research(R03AG045072,Lai)NIA Paul B.Beeson Career Development Award in Aging(K23AG048337,Lai)NIDDK National Research Service Award Hepatology Training Grant(T32DK060414,Rubin)
文摘BACKGROUND Hospital admissions are common among patients with cirrhosis,but patient factors associated with hospitalization have not been well characterized.Given recent data suggesting increased liver transplant waitlist dropout among women,we hypothesized that women on the liver transplant waitlist would have increased rates of hospitalization compared with men.AIM To evaluate the role of gender on risk of hospitalization for patients on the liver transplant waitlist,in order to help explain gender disparities in waitlist outcomes.METHODS Patients listed for liver transplant at a single center in the United States were prospectively enrolled in the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation Study.Patients included in this retrospective analysis included those enrolled between March 2012 and December 2014 with at least 12 mo of follow up and without hepatocellular carcinoma.The primary and secondary outcomes were hospitalization and total inpatient days within 12 mo,respectively.Logistic and negative binomial regression associated baseline factors with outcomes.RESULTS Of the 392 patients,41%were female,with median(interquartile range)age 58 years(52-63)and model for end-stage liver disease 18(15-22).Within 12 mo,186(47%)patients were hospitalized≥1 time;48%were readmitted,with a median of 8(4-15)inpatient days.More women than men were hospitalized(54%vs 43%;P=0.03).In univariable analysis,female sex was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization[odds ratios(OR)1.6,95%confidence interval(CI)1.0-2.4;P=0.03],which remained significant on adjusted multivariable analysis(OR 1.6,95%CI:1.1-2.6;P=0.03).Female gender was also associated with an increased number of inpatient days within 12 mo in both univariable and multivariable regression.CONCLUSION Women with cirrhosis on the liver transplant waitlist have more hospitalizations and inpatient days in one year compared with men,suggesting that the experience of cirrhosis differs between men and women,despite similar baseline illness severity.Future studies should explore gender-specific vulnerabilities to help explain waitlist disparities.
文摘The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.
文摘Although the hospitality industry shows growth, only few women are found in high managerial positions. The hotel sector is dominated by women with an average 55.5% of the workforce, but is managed by men, as women are mainly found in positions that are stereotypically ascribed to their gender, such as directors of sales, housekeeping, and marketing. Fifteen male and 15 female managers in 5-star hotels in Greece were interviewed to explore their management and leadership styles, as well as any challenges they face in the career ladder in hotel management. The findings of this study suggest that women are equally capable to their male counterparts and they acquire skills that are considered to be more effective in the context of the hospitality industry. They are nurturing, better at communicating with people, they are caring, and they adopt supporting behaviors. This paper proposes that hotels that have women in managerial positions are more successful in facing the increasing competitiveness and adapt to changes more efficiently.
