Role of self-help groups on socioeconomic development and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)among rural women in Cooch Behar District,India

This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.

A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

The Evaluation and Analysis of the Government’s Entity Responsibilities of Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Development

During the past 40 years of reform and opening-up,the chinese government,on the basis of adhering to the constitutional principle of equality between men and women,has proposed and resolutely implemented the basic state policy of equality between men and women,and constantly explored and implemented ways and measures to promote gender equality and the women’s all-round development.in enacting laws,formulating policies,drawing up plans and deploying work,the chinese government has taken into account the practical differences between the genders and the special interests of women,promoted women’s equal exercising of their democratic rights,equal participation in economic and social development and equal enjoyment of the fruits of reform and development,and provided stronger systematic and institutional guarantees for women’s development.

“Women Hold up Half the Sky”: Engendering the Right to Development

Societal institutions and structures shape particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women.It is not enough to simply extend a fixed bundle of socio-economic rights to women and men alike, but to infuse such rights with substantive equality. Based on discussing the link between the right to development and socio-economic rights, I discuss how gender inequality shapes particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women, which impede the exercise of their right to development. I examine a potential approach for engendering the right to development which synthesises socio-economic rights and substantive equality to capabilities. Finally, I evaluate the extent to which CEDAW represents this optimal synthesis, albeit with some important limitations.

Gender Equality:Now a Basic State Strategy——On the Salient Features of the National Program on the Development of Chinese Women(2011-2020)

The National Program on the Development of Chinese Women （2011-2020）, herein- after referred to as the ＂NewProgram,＂ was published in August 2011. This is an important document designed to ensure implementation of the basic state strategy of gender equal- ity and the all-round development of Chinese women. The New Program is a part of China＇s policy program for the protection of human rights. It sets 57 major targets to be attained over the decade. The targets cover seven fields, namely, health, education, economy,

Blood Lead Dynamics of Lead-Exposed Pregnant Women and Its Effects on Fetus Development

The dynamics of blood lead (Pb-B) and blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP-B) of women in early pregnancy and parturient women with lead exposure and the effects on fetus development were investigated. Pb-B of lead-exposed women was high: 0.984 μmol/L (20.38 μg/dl) and ZPP was 84.52μg/dl. Cord blood Pb-B was 0.896 μmol/L(18.56μg/dl)and cord blood ZPP was 69.24μg/dl. In the control group, Pb-B was 0.261μmol/L(5.41μg/dl), ZPP-B, 37.59 μg/dl, cord blood, Pb-B 0.34 μmol/L (7.93 μg/dl), and cord ZPP-B 49.0μg/dl. There was a significant correlation between blood lead and blood ZPP, maternal Pb-B and cord Pb-B, maternal Pb-B and cord ZPP-B. The significance of the consistency of high level Pb-B and the effects on fetus development is discussed.

Explore the Factors Hindering Women's Development from Various Dimensions

The objective of this paper is to pave the way for better development of women's roles in current society.As known to all,in all fields,politics,business or science,rarely there're women who make it to the top.Subjectively,women themselves are to blame for their lack of confidence and perseverance.It's the internal and also significant reason.Objectively,gender discrimination should shoulder a substantial measure of responsibility.This point constitutes the external reason which cannot be overlooked.

Women Empowerment in Household Economic Development:Lessons From Poverty Reduction for Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam

This paper reviews the poverty reduction process in Vietnam and experiences of decision-making empowerment in household economic activities for ethnic minority women in their efforts to reduce poverty.The study analyses data from the Gender Equality Survey,covering 950 households in matrilineal ethnic groups(in the South of Vietnam)in 2018 and life stories of women from Hmong,Tay,Khmer,and Xo Dang ethnicities.The analysis reveals a strong engagement of ethnic minority women(both matrilineal and patriarchal groups)in household economic decisions.They have overcome various cultural barriers to take initiatives in accessing to bank credit,which has been used for developing household livelihood.Thanks to their own efforts and supports from the Women’s Union,many ethnic minority households have escaped from poverty,ended food shortage,and started commercial production.As a result,ethnic minority women have been increasingly active in both their family and community.

Decision Tree Algorithm in Identifying Specific Interventions for Gender and Development Issues

The State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines have established a model of Gender and Development (GAD) tools. They have different activities but lack of organized data sources with particular data needed for gender analysis like the sex-disaggregated data. GAD data is very important in gender analysis to enable the GAD Focal Point System to have the basis for gender issues and concerns. In this paper, the authors present information technology-based solution where the GAD Focal Point System has basis for gender analysis and proposed undertakings using a classification system like decision tree algorithm. The approach is better for discovering relevant solutions in improving university programs and activities to achieve the goal of gender equality.

Urbanization and the Development of Gender in the Arabic Dialects

This article makes the claim that the difference between typologically Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural, is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabic went through in the seventh century in the conquered territories. Contact induced linguistic processes of koineization and structural simplification in the newly established urban centers in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the Arab conquests helped enhance the gender development that was already in effect before the Arab conquests. By comparing Bedouin and urban dialects to Classical Arabic, the article establishes that the three varieties were in a process of development in gender. Classical Arabic stopped at a particular stage, and Bedouin and urban dialects continued. Comparing Central Asian dialects to urban dialects of Egypt, they can see that at least to the eighth century, gender was a common feature of peninsular dialects. The article concludes by stating that the urban dialects developed further to lose all gender distinction in the plural because of the leveling and borrowing processes of the koineization in the urban centers in their formative period.

Socio-Economic Implications of Recurrent Flooding on Women Development in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta Area of Nigeria

The main purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic implications of re-current flooding on women development in southern Ijaw Local Government Area. Generally, flooding may result in socio-economic, ecological and health problems. This study assumes that on flood days the movement of customers and sellers tends to be hindered, thus resulting in the retardation of transactions and the reduction of daily income earned. The study compared the situation of female traders with that of male traders. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. Primary data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire. A total of 83 questionnaires were randomly distributed to members of four communities, which were selected through stratified random sampling procedures. Also 33 randomly selected women and men respectively, engaged in marketing activities from open and locked-up shops, were sampled to observe the level of their personal income (in Naira), from customers patronage during 3 flood days and 3 non-flood days. Other data and information were obtained through Key Informants Interview (KII), and observations. Hypotheses I and II were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical model. Null hypothesis I (H0), which states that “There is no statistically significant difference in the income earned by men and women traders from marketing activities on flood days and non-flood days in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State”, is accepted (F-value: 3.8723939, P-value: 2.494E-05), whereas null hypothesis II (H0), which states that “There is no statistically significant difference in the income earned by women traders from marketing activities on flood and non-flood days in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, is rejected (F-value: 2.524902, P-value: 0.030069). Thus while there is no significant difference in the earnings of male and female traders on flood and non-flood days, there are significant differences in sales earning among women traders on those days. Factors affecting trading income on flood and non-flood days include accessibility to business premises by customers, ability of male marketers to afford non-easily flooded business premises;and women traders with limited resources often have less suitably drained premises. Reduced total household income can detrimentally affect food affordability, availability, household nutrition, family health and wellbeing. Recommendations highlighting the roles of communities, government and stakeholders in flood management are proffered.

Wages and Salaries of Czech Men and Women at the Beginning of the Third Millennium and the Impact of the Economical Recession on Their Development

This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.

Micro Credit is a Tool for Women Entrepreneurship Development

As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by women. The micro finance institutions help the poor people in effective ways in order to generate income to enhance their standard of living in the rural areas. This study focuses on women entrepreneurship development through micro credit programme under post war development in Jaffna District selecting four rural areas which are Kopay, Chavakachcheri, Varani and Kodikamam. The main objective of this study is to identify the linkage with micro credit programmes and entrepreneurship development. Further it has an objective to identify the impact of micro credit on entrepreneurship development. The information has been gathered by primary data which has been distributed through the close ended questionnaire to the rural women in the above selected areas and seventy seven （77） responded out of 100. The relation between the micro credit programmes and women entrepreneurship development is examined using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS）. It is concluded that the Entrepreneurship development has a significant relationship （p〈0.05） with the microcredit programme and its impact on entrepreneurship development is crucial. It is suggested that the microcredit facilities are essential in women entrepreneurship development under post war development.

Development of Women's Rights in China Through A Hundred Years:From a Strong Sense of Political Responsibility to Increasingly Better Legal Protection

The founding of the Communist party of China,especially the founding of pRC and the establishment of the socialist system,opened a new chapter in the development of the Chinese women’s cause.The Communist party of China(CpC)and the Chinese government have a strong political will and a sense of political responsibility in realizing gender equality and protecting women’s rights.over the past 100 years,under the leadership of the CpC,the status of Chinese women has been fundamentally changed in the political and legal sense,and a historic breakthrough has been achieved.The development of the Chinese women’s cause has overcome many difficulties.In particular,after the launch of the reform and opening-up,on the basis of economic development,social progress,and continuous promotion of the rule of law,a set of legal protection systems for comprehensive protection of women’s rights have gradually been formed.The concept of social gender has provided new perspectives and approaches for China’s legal studies,and the process of gender mainstreaming in China has continued to deepen.China follows the socialist path of women’s cause with Chinese characteristics and continues to strengthen the legal protection of women’s rights in China,thereby making important contributions to the development of women in the world.

Development Issues in India's North East:Gender Dimensions

The economy of India's North Eastern Region (NER),severely disrupted by the partition of India in 1947,is characterized by a relatively stagnant primary sector,slow industrial growth,and a bloated service sector. The recently released North Eastern Region Vision 2020 report (2008) provides a magisterial overview of development efforts in the NER,and a roadmap for the region's future. Crucial to this vision is the opening-out of the region to trade and commerce with its natural and historical partners in South East and East Asia through the enhancing of connectivity and the improvement of infrastructure both within the NER itself,and across its international borders. This thrust is in consonance with India's 'Look East Policy' (LEP),enunciated in the early 1990s,and expressed in the country's increasing involvement in multilateral forums of sub-regional cooperation such as SAARC,BIMSTEC,ASEAN,the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation Scheme and the Track Two Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum (BCIM),formerly known as the 'Kunming Initiative'. Comprehensive though it is,the Vision 2020 document is relatively inexplicit regarding the gender dimensions of processes of economic liberalization and globalization in India's multi-ethnic North East. Beginning with a review of the Vision 2020 development road-map,this article surveys some recent studies in changing gender relations in the NER,focusing in particular on the traditional and contemporary roles of women in trading activities. It is suggested that similar and comparative case studies in the wider region of the BCIM countries might contribute constructively to gender-sensitive policy design,as well as to theoretical debates on the dilemmas of gender and development.