1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the Int...1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。展开更多
Over the past decades, there were questions often asked： What is education？ What is it purpose in the world whether it helps an individual or not to understand himself and connect his views with existing beliefs and...Over the past decades, there were questions often asked： What is education？ What is it purpose in the world whether it helps an individual or not to understand himself and connect his views with existing beliefs and critical thinking about education to deal with daily practical challenges enable in a new way. The founder of instrumentalism philosophical school, John Dewey remarks that knowledge is practical instrument that purpose must be to solve all problems that a person encounters during his/her lifetime. According to instrumentalism theoretical concepts, theories are instruments by means of that relationship with surrounding world is established （communication becomes possibleS. Representatives of traditional epistemology make distinct difference between ＂world＂ and ＂mind＂. In accordance with Dewey＇s genetic epistemology mind, constitutes the result of living being-environment relationship as the universe is defined by our mind and the development of a human＇s knowledge is adaptive response to the environment.展开更多
The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive deci...The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.展开更多
In the 70 years since the founding of People’s Republic of China,there has been steady improvement of the laws and regulations that protect women’s employment rights and opportunities,that support women’s career de...In the 70 years since the founding of People’s Republic of China,there has been steady improvement of the laws and regulations that protect women’s employment rights and opportunities,that support women’s career development,that enhance labor protection of women staff and workers,and that ensure women’s access to retirement protections.Under the protection of these laws and policies,women’s employment quality,income and labor protection have been continuously improved over the past 70 years,and the overall economic status of women has improved significantly.At the same time,there are still large gaps in the treatment of men and women in both employment and retirement.展开更多
文摘1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。
文摘Over the past decades, there were questions often asked： What is education？ What is it purpose in the world whether it helps an individual or not to understand himself and connect his views with existing beliefs and critical thinking about education to deal with daily practical challenges enable in a new way. The founder of instrumentalism philosophical school, John Dewey remarks that knowledge is practical instrument that purpose must be to solve all problems that a person encounters during his/her lifetime. According to instrumentalism theoretical concepts, theories are instruments by means of that relationship with surrounding world is established （communication becomes possibleS. Representatives of traditional epistemology make distinct difference between ＂world＂ and ＂mind＂. In accordance with Dewey＇s genetic epistemology mind, constitutes the result of living being-environment relationship as the universe is defined by our mind and the development of a human＇s knowledge is adaptive response to the environment.
基金support for this research was provided by the UK Economic and Social Research Council(Reference:ES/J500161/1).
文摘The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.
文摘In the 70 years since the founding of People’s Republic of China,there has been steady improvement of the laws and regulations that protect women’s employment rights and opportunities,that support women’s career development,that enhance labor protection of women staff and workers,and that ensure women’s access to retirement protections.Under the protection of these laws and policies,women’s employment quality,income and labor protection have been continuously improved over the past 70 years,and the overall economic status of women has improved significantly.At the same time,there are still large gaps in the treatment of men and women in both employment and retirement.
