A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

Failure of a “Modern” Education: Mansfield Park as a Case Study

This paper explores the moral anarchy caused by the failed education in Mansfield Park, and demonstrates the insufficiency of mere intellectual education and the absolute necessity of moral education in the formation of a mature and responsible character.

Report on the Educational Process for the Promotion of Health of Women Attended in a Reference Center of Social Assistance

This article discusses one experienced by students and preceptors of Programs Pro-Pet-Health and Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte/Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) in the municipality of experience Santa Cruz/RN, with a view to the relationship between preventive health activities and social assistance. The proposed work of Pro-Pet in the assistance unit sought to unravel the lifestyle of the target audience in order to know the risk factors and suggest the adoption of health measures for disease prevention. Work to guide the educational process for health promotion with socioeconomic and cultural contextualization built on scientific papers surveyed in Lilacs and Scielo data was used. On average, 12 women aged between 35 and 60 years participated in the group. Eight group sessions occurred in the period from March to May 2014. Regarding work methodologies, we used dynamic integration and self-knowledge;dialogued lectures;lectures;reports of experiences;thematic workshops;educational videos;wheels conversation complemented by the use of texts and poems;as well as application of the checklist in conducting health and anthropometry. The experience helped identify the characteristics of the group and plan understandable and meaningful guidance for women, facilitating the understanding of the importance of self-care in preventing disease.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Women＇s speech in variation studies

It is demonstrated by sociolinguistic variation studies that women are more likely than men to use standard speech. This paper reviews the operational methods and analytical means of classic quantitative studies in this field, intending to provide guidance and enlightenment for relevant studies and verifications in the context of Chinese culture.

Facilitators and Constraints:Perceptions of Gender Differences on Women’s Career Advancement

The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

How Vaginal Infections Impact Women’s Everyday Life <br/>—Women’s Lived Experiences of Bacterial Vaginosis and Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Reoccurring symptoms and persistent problems that continue post treatment can be characteristic of the vaginal infections Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). The purpose of this study was to describe women’s life experiences in managing the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis and Candida. Sixteen women were recruited and participated in an interview study when they contacted a Swedish gynecology clinic with vaginal complaints that ranged from and included abnormal discharge, irritation itching along with serious malodor. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used with an individual interview to get a more intimate understanding of the women experiencing these problems. The finding of this study shows that managing the recurrent symptoms of the infections remains to be a challenge for women as it has a clearly negative impact on the quality of their lives. Four themes developed: frustration and mood disorders, intimacy changes in the relationship, exposure, hope and relief. The women had high hopes of eliminating the symptoms within the six-month study period. The treatment program, with its well-developed guidelines and continuity of care within the context of the study greatly improved the quality of life of these women. Women had feelings of frustration and anxiety when nothing could cure their problem while they had also a great hope to get rid of the symptoms with a long striking treatment. Well-developed guidelines and continuity of care can help these women to have an improved quality of life.

多元化授课模式下的孕妇学校对促进自然分娩的作用

目的:探讨多元化的孕妇学校授课模式对促进自然分娩的效果。方法:回顾性选取于2023年6—8月在天津市中心妇产科医院产科门诊建档产检并住院分娩的初产妇。根据是否参加过孕妇学校课程,分为研究组(309例)和对照组(300例)。入院待产时进行问卷调查,比较2组产妇对促进自然分娩相关知识的知晓率和自然分娩意愿,对2组产妇的剖宫产率、社会因素剖宫产率、妊娠期合并症发生率、分娩镇痛应用率、巨大儿发生率及产后出血率进行分析比较;对研究组不同授课模式进行满意度调查,统计并比较孕妇学校不同授课模式的学习人次。结果:研究组各项自然分娩知识正确率和顺产意愿高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。2组产妇剖宫产率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.051),但研究组社会因素剖宫产率、妊娠期合并症比例、巨大儿发生率和产后出血率均低于对照组,分娩镇痛应用率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。研究组5种不同授课模式的平均学习人次比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=83.455,P<0.0001),录播课学习人次最高,平均每节课约596人次,其次为微信视频号直播体验课,平均每节课约280人次。参加过孕妇学校课程的产妇对不同授课模式的满意度比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=104.708,P<0.0001),其中微信视频号直播体验课满意度达100%。结论:多元化授课模式的孕妇学校能吸引孕产妇的关注,提升其孕产期保健意识,起到降低妊娠期合并症、促进自然分娩的作用,微信视频号直播体验课具备满意度高、受众广的特点,值得推广。

线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用

目的 探讨线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用效果。方法 选择2019年1月至2022年8月在该院产检及分娩的584例孕产妇作为研究对象,其中2019年1月至2021年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(308例)为对照组,2021年9月至2022年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(276例)为试验组。对照组采用传统孕妇学校模式进行健康教育,试验组采用线上直播联合回馈教学法进行健康教育。分别对2组孕产妇听课情况、课程满意度、健康教育效果及分娩自我效能进行评价对比。结果 试验组孕产妇在听课次数、分娩自我效能、操作类课程满意度方面优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组孕产妇理论课程满意度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组孕产妇健康教育效果相较于对照组有待提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 线上直播联合回馈教学法能提高孕妇的健康教育参与度及其分娩自我效能,但学习效果及学习满意度仍有待提高。

基于B/S模式的入馆教育自主学习和考试系统的设计与实现

系统的设计基于B/S模式,利用JSP、JDBC、jQuery、CSS等技术实现了入馆教育自主学习和自助考试,优化浏览器端设备自适应,并与Libsys OPAC系统对接,实时修改完成培训和考试的读者借阅权限的功能。实践表明,该系统有助于提高入馆教育效率、提升图书馆服务水平。

实践导向下的高等教育“4S”教学模式研究——以国际金融学为例

在就业压力日益增加的今天,以就业为导向、以实践为导向的教学模式曾一定程度上促进了高等教育的发展。然而由于部分高校在理解上的偏差,使得这种教学模式出现定位治标不治本的现象,导致实践教育与知识教育严重失衡、理论学习与实践操作严重脱节、教师与学生主导地位本末倒置等诸多教学问题。文章以国际金融学为例,以当前教学过程中所存在的一系列问题为切入点,借鉴发达国家的先进教学理念,重构以实践为导向、以专业教师为引导、以学生自主学习为核心、以实验行政等教辅人员为支撑的"4S"教学模式,以期为完善高等教育教学模式提供相应建议。

外求与内铄:严修与近代中国女子教育的发轫

严修是启动清末新式女子教育的重要人物。他在“新政”改革期间结合日本近代女子教育经验,以私学形式创办严氏系列女学,培养了近代华北地区首批知识女性和幼教人才。并在担任直隶和学部官员期间,持续督办女学,扶持女性教育家,推进出台《女学章程》,一定程度上改变了直隶乃至全国女子教育的形势。从教育史的宏观进程来看,作为旧式科举出身的文人,严修在时代变革来临时,能主动吸收国外教育近代化经验并身体力行,由微观而至全局,于民国到来前完成中国女子教育的“起手式”,代表了大变局之下中国教育传统自我转型的努力。

以妇女儿童为主体 发挥妇联网络优势开展HIV/AIDS预防教育与关怀活动

以妇女儿童为主体,发挥妇联网络优势,与联合国儿基会合作通过层层培训及大众传媒,深入开展了艾滋病预防知识宣传培训的社会动员工作,包括培养骨干,将宣传材料翻译成11种少数民族文字,利用各种途径传播相关知识,开展针对辍学女童等不同人群为目标人群的HIV/AIDS预防教育培训。通过以上措施,提高了广大妇女儿童有关预防和控制HIV/AIDS知识。

教育对已婚女性幸福感影响的实证研究——基于CGSS数据的分析

利用2015年中国综合社会调查(CGSS 2015)的问卷数据,选取已婚女性样本研究中国家庭女性的幸福感,主要探究夫妻双方的教育水平(学历)对女性幸福感的影响。通过SPSS统计软件进行logistic回归分析,结果显示:我国已婚女性配偶的教育水平与女性的幸福感显著正相关,配偶学历越高,女性幸福感越高;女性的教育水平对自身的幸福感并无显著影响。研究还把夫妻双方的就业状态作为重要的控制变量加入模型分析其对女性幸福感的影响,结果显示:女性的就业状态影响自身的幸福感;与假设相悖的是,职业女性的幸福感并不高,就业没有提高女性的幸福感;配偶的就业状况对女性幸福感也无显著影响。分析结果还发现:年轻一代已婚女性幸福感较高;中产阶级家庭的已婚女性幸福感最高;子女数量显著影响女性的幸福感,子女数量越多,女性幸福感越低。拥有高学历配偶的女性幸福感比较高,这或许与高学历群体更认同性别平等有关。提高已婚女性幸福感,多渠道减少就业性别歧视、进一步宣传男女平等思想依然至关重要。

The Bitter Butter Knife＂ Puttermesser＇s Problematic Paradise

This paper analyzes how the themes of magical realism and female divinity intersect in the novel The Puttermesser Papers （1997） by Cynthia Ozick. In the ＂Introduction＂, the writer defines magical realism and discusses its connections to Women＇s Studies. The next section, ＂The Bitter Butter Knife＂, discusses the protagonist＇s （Ruth Puttermesser） boring existence and pathetic attempts to connect to her Jewish ancestry. In ＂The Problematic Paradise＂, the author focuses on Puttermesser＇s attempts to take control of her life by creating the first female golem and the ups and downs of paradise. This author argues that the female protagonist of the novel utilizes magical realism as a tool of empowerment over personal oppression.

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.