A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

The Evaluation and Analysis of the Government’s Entity Responsibilities of Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Development

During the past 40 years of reform and opening-up,the chinese government,on the basis of adhering to the constitutional principle of equality between men and women,has proposed and resolutely implemented the basic state policy of equality between men and women,and constantly explored and implemented ways and measures to promote gender equality and the women’s all-round development.in enacting laws,formulating policies,drawing up plans and deploying work,the chinese government has taken into account the practical differences between the genders and the special interests of women,promoted women’s equal exercising of their democratic rights,equal participation in economic and social development and equal enjoyment of the fruits of reform and development,and provided stronger systematic and institutional guarantees for women’s development.

Protection of Rights Ensures Women's Development--An interview with Liu Qunying,chair of Fujian Women's Federation

Editor's note: Following is the interview with Liu Qunying, chair of the Women's Federation of Fuijian Province, about how women's rights and interests are protected in this southeastern province.

The Issue of Women＇s Social Organization to Participate in the Community Endowment Services

With the transformation of society and the deepening of reform, the government＇s emphasis on public service level gradually increased, arises at the historic moment of women in social organization to participate in social management and service ofgrassroots women play an important role on the stage. Women social organizations in jiangsu province to grow faster, quantity stability has increased year by year, widely participate in social services, in the ease of social contradictions, providing public services, safeguard women＇s rights has played a unique role. But at the same time also face the system is not sound, management is not standard, and all kinds of resources are scarce, etc. Women social organizations must through the standardization of the management and operation, actively integrating the resource of inside and outside the organization improve the survival and development environment, so as to promote their own development and perfection, a greater extent play a positive role in social and public services.

新时代妇女事业发展的重要成就与未来展望

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记始终高度重视妇女工作,围绕妇女事业发展发表了系列重要论述、作出了系列重要指示,指引我国妇女事业顶层设计更加完善、妇女发展水平全方位提升、妇女“半边天”作用更加彰显、妇联桥梁纽带作用更加有效。在推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的新征程上,要坚定不移走中国特色妇女发展道路,努力通过加强政治引领、搭建有效平台、完善制度机制、深入实施改革等扎实推进妇女事业高质量发展。

Maternal Mortality Correlates by Nation

Background: This study reports the results of a secondary analysis of data provided by the World Health Organization to determine the correlates of maternal mortality among all reporting nations worldwide. Historically, maternal mortality ratios have declined in nations that provided a system for access to skilled care for the majority of its women. Currently, maternal mortality ratios are associated with access to skilled care as well as economic indicators, literacy, education, access to contraceptives, transportation and HIV prevalence. Methods: Descriptive statistics, bi-variate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses are reported using maternal mortality ratios as the dependent variable. In addition, an examination of countries that are exceptions to the regression is also reported. Results: Strong positive Pearson two-tailed correlations were found between MMR and infant mortality rate (0.866), total fertility rate (0.854), poverty rate (0.756), and adolescent fertility rate (0.710). Strong negative correlations were found between MMR and percentage of births attended by a skilled attendant (-0.786), percentage of women using contraceptives (-0.786), and adult literacy rate (-0.710). Eighty-one percent of the variation in MMR can be explained by differences in IMR, percent of births attended by a skilled provider, percent of women using contraceptive, total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, adult literacy rate and poverty. Discussion: Examination of the correlates of maternal mortality gives direction to the effort to achieve the WHO’s Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by two-thirds from 1995-2015.

川西高原水资源水生态保护与乡村女性生计发展探究

水资源保护与乡村女性生计协同发展,既是绿水青山就是金山银山的价值实现,也是乡村生态屏障功能的内在需求。通过文献梳理发现,发展中国家和传统乡村社会,乡村女性生计活动与水资源的关联度强,家庭用水的取水职责大多由女性承担,取水距离及便捷性关乎女性生计发展与生计质量。川西高原乡村女性同样对水资源和水环境高度依存,依托水资源保护和水环境修复而提升女性生计水平,是一举两得的双赢选择。建议从水生态产品价值实现、水资源水环境保护、资源水转化为资本水及设立围绕水资源保护的生态公益岗位等方面来拓展女性生计空间,提升女性生计发展水平,实现水资源保护与女性生计的协同发展。

Historic Milestone for Global Women's Development——the UN Fourth World Conference on Women

The UN Fourth World Conference On Women (FWCW) was held from September4 to 15 1995, in Beijing. It was another United Nations grand gathering discussing women’s issues after the Nairobi Conference which was held ten years ago. About 17,600 participants from 197 countries and regions engaged in meaningful discussions on women’s issues. At the end of the conference, delegates reached unanimity after removing 438 different points, and adopted the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action.

The Historic Milestone for Global Women's Development——the UN FWCW in Retrospect

JUST as the Secretary-General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali said in his written statement on the afternoon of September 4 in the main meeting hall of the Beijing International Convention Center, "The recognition of

The Development of Women's Education in China

Ⅰ THE long-standing Chinese traditionalculture embodies numerous excellencieswhich have survived the test of time andbeen carried on generation by generation.However, there is no need for reticence inobserving that some obsolete elements have alsosurvived which fetter people’s mind and hindersocial progress. For a long time, distorted gendervalues such as "Man is superior to woman","Three-obedience and four virtues" and"Husband sets the guide for wife", hadcontributed to the weakness and inferioritycomplex in local women’s mentality. Not untilthe democratic movement of contemporaryChina was the progress of women’s liberationwitnessed. The values fettering women’s mindswere shaken and the spiritual shackles shattered.Women’s roles in China’s social developmenthave become prominent.

China and Sweden Compare Women's Development

DENIS Malmbery, director of the Center for Feminist Research of Uppsala University, Mona Eliasson, an associate professor with the university, and Anita Dahlbery, director of the Center for Women’s Studies of Stockholm University, traveled to Beijing from Sweden to attend a Workshop for "Promoting Women’s Employment and Participation in High-level Management." Previously, Ms. Yan Ying led a Chinese women’s delegation to visit Sweden. The Swedish delegation stated that Sweden is a developed country that has had nearly 200 years

上海妇幼保健系统党员和业务骨干“双培养”工作现状与对策建议

目的调查当前上海市妇幼保健机构党员和业务骨干“双培养”工作现状,对本系统人才队伍建设提出对策建议,为打造一支政治过硬、业务精湛、作风优良的妇幼健康人才队伍打好基础。方法通过召开1场人才工作专题会,发放17张机构调查表和321份调查问卷,到3个区妇幼保健院(所)实地调研,收集17家机构工作总结等方式,了解2020—2022年上海市、区两级17家妇幼保健机构党员和业务骨干“双培养”工作情况。结果上海妇幼保健系统党员和业务骨干“双培养”工作在机制建设、思想引领和培养方式上已经取得一定成效,但在受访者中,仍有39.75%对该项工作不了解;57%的非党员业务骨干不愿意或不确定是否入党;82名非业务骨干党员认为自身与业务骨干在工作格局(27.27%)、管理能力(24.43%)、业务能力(14.2%)和人际沟通能力(11.93%)等方面存在差距。结论本市妇幼保健系统要进一步加强党员和业务骨干“双培养”工作的推进力度:一要立足“党管”、立足“精准”、立足“长远”;二要加强对业务骨干思想引领和文化引领;三要实现党员工作格局、职业素养和综合实力三方面超越,从而不断提升人才素质,夯实妇幼事业的人才基础。

从2008年北京奥运会评析女子自由体操的发展特点及面临的挑战

主要通过对2008年北京奥运会女子自由体操单项决赛的观察统计与调查分析,论述了当前世界女子自由体操的发展特点。在与外国优秀选手的对比中找出了我国运动员的优势及存在问题,为我国教练员、运动员和有关部门制订2012年伦敦奥运会战略规划和进行科学训练提供参考依据。

觉醒中的迷茫:当前女大学生发展障碍实证研究

对我国65所大学334名女大学生的调查显示:女大学生发展障碍明显,限制女大学生发展的主要障碍来自心理、生理、情感、经济、社会性别歧视以及学校女性教育的缺失。针对当前女大学生发展面临的内部障碍和外部障碍,应采取有效措施,促进女性自身的觉醒,普及女性教育,为女性发展建立和谐的社会环境。

社会性别观念与妇女地位的关系探讨

社会性别观念是人们对男女两性关系及其存在方式的一种基本认识和看法,具有落后与先进、传统与现代之分。一定的性别观念反映了一定时期和一定地域妇女地位的高低程度,同时也折射出传统的性别分工模式和性别角色定位在当代的延续或改变状况。从第三次全国妇女地位调查中山西地区的调查结果看,人们的性别意识较之十年前有了明显的改观,女性的自信心和独立意识普遍增强,她们相对于男性更具有现代性别意识,但对"男主外、女主内"认同度的上升表明传统的性别观念仍有相当的市场。因此,要构建先进的性别文化和制度,一方面要将性别意识纳入国家决策的主流,另一方面通过妇女学学科建设和学校教育将性别平等的理念向青年一代广泛传播。

基于场所依恋的乡村社区妇女参与民族旅游问题研究——以新疆布尔津县禾木村为例

以新疆布尔津县禾木村为例,通过测量图瓦妇女的社区旅游参与程度、场所依恋及旅游开发态度,并构建结构方程研究三者间关系。结果表明,禾木村图瓦妇女社区民族旅游参与和地方依恋之间存在显著关系,场所依赖对场所认同有着显著的正向影响,场所依恋对社区妇女的旅游开发态度有显著影响。

生态女性主义文学批评概述

生态女性主义文学批评以女权主义运动为背景,从自然、环境、性别的多重视角进行文学研究,对现代社会中的自然压迫和性别压迫进行文化反思和批判,从而唤醒人们的生态意识和男女平等意识。生态女性主义批评的开放性和交叉性为文学研究注入了生机和活力,其文学实践将帮助人们改造自然观和妇女观,最终实现现代社会的可持续发展。

从女子篮球规则的演变看美国女性体育观念的发展

篮球运动作为美国最主要的体育项目之一,在美国女性体育的发展史上占有着极其重要的地位。文章采用文献资料法通过对美国女子篮球规则后的演变规律和方向的疏理,进一步剖析影响其演变的社会背景和社会动因,得出如下结论:女子篮球规则的演变受到女权运动和女性体育观念发展的影响,其修改方向和演变轨迹都是女性体育观念发展线索的展现和成果沉淀;今后美国女子篮球规则的演变必将更多的受到体育项目自身规律以及体育商业化发展的影响。