Common Mechanism of Lignification of Compression Wood in Conifers and Buxus

Woody plants develop a specialized secondary xylem known as reaction wood to enable formation of an ideal shape. Reaction wood in coniferous species is known as compression wood, and that of woody angiosperms as tension wood. However, the genus Buxus which is classified as an angiosperm, forms compression-wood-like reaction wood. We investigated the mechanism of lignification in coniferous compression wood and Buxus reaction wood: 1) Several lignin synthesis genes were upregulated in differentiating reaction wood of Buxus microphylla;2) B. microphylla possesses a specific laccase gene that is expressed specifically in differentiating reaction wood (BmLac4);3) laccase activity localization was closely related to lignification of reaction wood, and laccase activity was high in the secondary wall middle layer;4) in reaction wood cell walls, galactan was present in the outer portion of the secondary wall middle layer, and the level of xylan was reduced. These findings suggest that lignification in B. microphylla reaction wood is identical to that of coniferous compression wood. These may represent general mechanisms of increasing lignin content in various reaction woods.

Application study of image segmentation methods on pattern recognition in the course of wood across-compression

Image segmentation is one of important steps on pattern recognition study in the course of wood across-compression. By comparing and studying processing methods in finding cell space and cell wall, this paper puts forward some image segmentation methods that are suitable for study of cell images of wood crossgrained compression. The method of spline function fitting was used for linking edges of cell, which perfects the study of pattern recognition in the course of wood across-compression.

Fixation and Creep of Compressed Wood of Chinese Fir Irradiated with Gamma Rays

In order to discuss the mechanisms of permanent fixation of wood compression set , compressed wood of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was irradiated by gamma rays from 60 Co. The irradiation doses were 0 (for match specim ens), 10 3, 5×10 3, 10 4, 5×10 4, 10 5, 5×10 5, 10 6, 5×10 6 Gy, res pectively. Then the weight loss, the equilibrium moisture content (EMC), the rec overy of wood compression set after adsorption (RSA) and the recovery after imme rsion in water (RSW), as well as the creep behaviour under a dry specimen condit ion and under an adsorption and subsequent desorption condition were measured an d discussed. This research proves that the doses of gamma irradiation have great effect on weight loss, EMC, RSA, RSW of irradiated compressed wood of Chinese f ir. The weight loss and the EMC increase, the RSA and the RSW fall drastically w hen the irradiation doses exceed 10 6 Gy. Both the instantaneous compliance and the creep compliance of the irradiated specimens under the two measurement cond itions show the general trend of increase with the increase of gamma irradiation doses. It can be deduced that decomposition or decrystallization reactions happ en in the wood cell wall at high gamma irradiation doses, especially at doses of around 5×10 6 Gy. In addition, this research proves that decomposition of mai n components of cell wall of compressed wood will lead to fixation of compressio n set of wood to a certain degree.

Same Recovery Level of Compressed Chinese Fir Wood Can Be Obtained Through Different Heating Fixation Pathways

The recovery of compression set (RS) of wood after dry heating or steam treatment mainly depends on the temperature and time of treatment. For quantitative elucidation, a graph of intermediate RS was built with temperature (T) and time (t) as coordinates. In this graph (abbreviated as T-t planum), a series of curves of RS were created. This leads to a conclusion that same RS can be obtained by numerous different pathways. Further research on pathway equivalency based on T-t planum indicates that a low RS of 10% can be achieved definitely by different combinations of time and temperature. However, the fixation mechanism varies at different temperatures. On the equivalent pathways of higher recovery, the influence of temperature must be taken into consideration. The actual routes must be somewhat modified to achieve an expected result. This makes it possible for us to work out a best fixation pathway among all the possibilities, to eliminate the impact of heat on the mechanical properties of wood.

Deformation fixation, mechanical properties and chemical analysis of compressed Populus cathayana wood pretreated by glycerin

In order to find an effective and environmentally friendly method to fix compressive deformation of wood, we determined or measured the recovery ratio, surface hardness, modulus of elasticity （MOE） and the modulus of rupture （MOR） of poplar （Populus cathayana Rehd.） samples pretreated by 40-60% glycerin solutions and then compressed at 160℃ for 10-120 min. We analyzed the data statistically by using two-factor analysis of variance. The chemical compositions of thermal treated wood were also analyzed and compared with untreated control samples. The results showed that the compressive deformation of wood can be properly fixed by glycerin pretreatment. The recovery ratio of compressed wood decreased with prolonging compression time and increasing concent-ration of the glycerin solution. However, the mechanical properties of compressed wood decreased after a long time of compression. The optimal fixation of compressive deformation is to pretreat the wood by a solution of 50% glycerin and compression at 160℃ for 60 min. The analysis of chemical composition showed that glycerin displayed an accelerating effect on degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin during heat-treatment, which explains the main reason of the effect of acceleration of glycerin on deformation fixation of compressed wood.

Factors of affecting the spring back of compressed Paulownia wood

in order to increase its hardness and gravity as well as dimension stability, the technology of hotcompressing on P8ulownla wood was studied. The main factors of affecting the spring back of the compressedPaulownis samples were discussed. It was discovered that every factor in the experiment had obvious effects onwood hardness and dimension stability of compressed wood. When the MC (Moisture Content) of experimentalspecimens was 13.89%, it was useful to spray water on the surface of samples before hot pressing. The best reSult was the recovery of compression set could decrease from 90.69O/O of untreated wood to 45.51 % of soakingspecimens into PF (Phenol Formaldehyde) water solution. The hot pressing time was 8 min at 190℃.

Changes of Chemical Composition and Crystalline of Compressed Chinese Fir Wood in Heating Fixation

The changes in relative crystalline, chemical composition and internal structure of compressed Chinese fir wood after different heating fixations were found strictly related to fixation conditions. The compressed wood powders were fixed either by heating at different temperatures all resulting in a 10% recovery, or by incubating at 180 °C for different periods with subsequent recovery levels. Both X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption of those samples have been measured. Relative crystalline increases at early stage of heating fixation, and then decreased gradually. Hemicellulose and lignin decomposition were induced by the fixation process, especially at 180 °C, and lignin was degraded actively. Furthermore, absorbed water was lost after heating, but cellulose did not change markedly. Although different fixation pathways can result in the same recovery level, the major chemical reactions un- derlying them vary, which is consistent with the difference of fixation mechanisms.

Soft measurement of wood defects based on LDA feature fusion and compressed sensor images

We proposed a detection method for wood defects based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the use of compressed sensor images. Wood surface images were captured, using a camera Oscar F810C IRF camera, and then the image segmentation was performed, and the defect features were extracted from wood board images. To reduce the processing time, LDA algorithm was used to integrate these features and reduce their dimensions. Features after fusion were used to construct a data dictionary and a compressed sensor was designed to recognize the wood defects types. Of the three major defect types, 50 images live knots, dead knots, and cracks were used to test the effects of this method. The average time for feature fusion and classification was 0.446 ms with the classification accuracy of 94%.

Impact of pH Water and Mineralogical Microstructure of Soil Mixed with Wood Waste on the Compressive Strength of Composite Bricks;and Bricks Resistance Modeling

This study includes the manufacture of cement stabilized clay bricks with embedded mahogany chips. The impact of this waste and its interaction with water in the bricks was evaluated on the mechanical properties. The compressive strength tests using a universal press were carried out on bricks with and without adding wood chips. The results obtained show that the incorporation of wood chips into the bricks decreases the compressive strength. This reduction in compressive strength led us to conduct an analysis of clay and water as intrinsic factors, before and after incorporation of untreated wood waste. Thus, a mineralogical analysis of the clay with and without mahogany chips was made using an X-ray diffractometer, using an anticathode of cobalt with the line Κα, of wavelength λ = 1789&#197. After quantification of the mineral constituents, it is noted that the concentration of SiO2 decreases considerably in the clay with addition of wood chips, resulting in the reduction of the compressive strength in these composite materials (from Rc = 9.26 MPa at 0% of chips to 3.55 MPa at 8%). A mathematical model following the interpolations of Lagrange was then proposed. The analysis of the water resulting from the impregnation of dry wood chips in the water, shows that the water becomes strongly acid (pH = 4.3 at the 7th day of immersion), thus contributing to the reduction of resistance. This analysis of intrinsic factors will allow future studies to take into account the treatment of wood waste by different processes in order to increase the mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties of composite bricks with the same contents, thus generating massive support for the use of its composite materials.

Modeling Wood and Fly Ash Behaviour as Partial Replacement for Cement on Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete

Wood and fly ash were observed to have significant qualities that could improve the strength of self compacting concrete.The material was applied to increase the compressive strength of concrete strength.This material could be the demanding material for partial replacement for ce­ment.The study observed the behaviour of the material from experts that applied these material through experimental investigation,but the study monitored the behaviour of this material by applied modeling and simula­tion to determine other effect that could influence the behaviour of these materials in compressive strength.This was to determine the significant effect on the addictive applied as partial replacement for cement.Lots of experts have done works on fly ash through experiment concept,but the application of predictive concept has not been carried out.The adoption of this concept has expressed other parameters that contributed to the effi­ciency of wood and fly ash as partial replacement for cement on self com­pacting concrete.The study adopting modeling and simulation observed 10 and 20%by weight of cement as it is reflected on its performance in the simulation,from the simulation wood recorded 10%as it was ob­served from the growth rate of this self compacting concrete reflected from the trend.The simulation for model validation was compared with the works of the studies carried out[20].And both values developed best fits correlation.

A Study on Enhancement of Filtration Process with Filter Aids Diatomaceous Earth and Wood Pulp Cellulose

In this paper, a study to enhance the filtration for solid/liquid materials difficult to be filtered, such as highly viscous, highly compactible or gel like materials, is presented. Filter aids diatomaceous earth and wood pulp cellulose are used to enhance the filtration by improving filter cake structure and properties in the filtration of a biological health product and a highly viscous chemical fiber polymer melt product. The property of solid/liquidsystems, filtration at different flow rates, specitic cake resistance, cake wetness, filtration rate, filtrate turbidity for filter aid selection and evaluation, and operation optimization are investigated. The results are successfully applied to industrial process, .and can be used as a reference for similar filtration applications.

Effects of Wood Ash on Properties of Concrete and Flowable Fill

This research investigated the use of wood ash to partially replace cement or sand in conventional concrete, roller compacted concrete (RCC), and flowable fill. The main focus was to determine how the wood ash addition affected the main fresh and hardened properties of these materials. It was found that the wood ash could be successfully incorporated into the conventional concrete. In particular, the wood ash addition not only accelerated the setting, but also improved the early and the 28-day compressive strength of concrete that contained the blast furnace slag. It was also observed that the wood ash could be positively added into RCC to facilitate the compaction and reduce the risk of segregation. In addition, the wood ash can be beneficially introduced into the flowable fill mixtures to facilitate flow, to alleviate bleeding and subsidence, as well as to achieve controlled strength especially when combined with the class C or the class F fly ash.

Influence of pre-treatment in citric acid solution on physical and mechanical properties of thermally compressed oil palm board

Oil palm trunk is an excellent raw material for thermally compressed wood board.However,improvements to dimensional stability during water absorption and reduced thickness swelling has been tied to losses in other mechanical properties,especially as the compression temperature is increased.Toward solving this trade-off,we analyzed the effects of a 48 h pre-soak in citric acid solutions(0,5,15,25,or 35%w/v in distilled water)on the physical and mechanical properties of oil palm board compressed at 140℃.The reference benchmark case was compressed at 200℃without pretreatment.The oil palm board raw materials were obtained from outer,middle and inner parts of trunk.The results showed that the oven-dry density of compressed oil palm board made from different parts of trunk increased with thermal compression(maximum pressure 12.26 MPa for 8 min).The citric acid pretreatment improved water absorption and thickness swelling properties of oil palm board thermally compressed at 140℃,consistent with the citric acid concentration.The carboxyl groups in citric acid cross-link with the hydroxyl groups in the wood.However,no significant difference was found between the benchmark(200℃)and pretreatments with 5 or 15%citric acid.The citric acid altered the wood chemistry during hot compressing at 140℃.Static bending strength,modulus of rupture(MOR),and modulus of elasticity(MOE)slightly decreased with the citric acid pretreatment,matching the effects of high temperature compression at 200℃.

Transcriptome Analysis of Reaction Wood in Gymnosperms by Next-Generation Sequencing

Special xylem tissue called “compression wood” is formed on the lower side of inclined stems when gymnosperms grow on a slope. We investigated the molecular mechanism of compression wood formation. Transcriptome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to the xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa to develop a catalog of general gene expression in differentiating xylem during compression and normal wood formation. The sequencing output generated 234,924,605 reads and 40,602 contigs (mean size = 529 bp). Based on a sequence similarity search with known proteins, 54.2% (22,005) of the contigs showed homology with sequences in the databases. Of these annotated contigs, 19,293 contigs were assigned to Gene Ontology categories. Differential gene expression between the compression and normal wood libraries was analyzed by mapping the reads from each library to the assembled contigs. In total, 2875 contigs were identified as differentially expressed, including 1207 that were up-regulated and 1668 that were down-regulated in compression wood. We selected 30 genes and compared the transcript abundance between compression and normal wood by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to validate the NGS results. We found that 27 of the 30 genes showed the same expression patterns as the original NGS results.

Density and Strength of Mortar Made with the Mixture of Wood Ash, Crushed Gneiss and River Sand as Fine Aggregate

The main purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using wood bottom ash to partially replace natural fine aggregate or crushed gneiss sand in the manufacturing of mortars. The experiment uses wood ash as fine aggregates, which passes through 5 mm sieve, in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight to replace partially river sand and crushed gneiss, and the both sand of the same size as the aggregate respectively. Experimental results show that density of mortar and the compressive strength of mortar decrease globally with the increase in wood ash content. At 56 days, and for all replacements with wood ash, compressive strengths values of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand is greater than 20 MPa, which is not the case for mortar made with crushed gneiss and wood ash. Moreover, for 5% of replacement with wood ash, compressive strengths of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand and the mixture of wood ash and crushed gneiss are respectively 37 MPa and 32 MPa at 56 days. These values satisfied the strength requirements. Hence, 5% replacement of crushed gneiss with wood ash is suggested and could be benefit for mortar. In addition, the replacement of sand by wood ash is preferable with river sand which contains fewer fines than crushed gneiss. The compressive strength of mortar with 25% wood ash + river sand could be suitable.

木塑空心柱轴压力学性能试验与有限元分析

为探究木塑复合材料用作低密度装配式建筑承重柱的可行性,通过材性测试和轴压试验评估共挤出木塑空心柱的轴压力学性能,并利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件模拟探究木塑空心柱壁厚、长细比和内置薄壁圆钢管壁厚对其极限承载力、变形能力和破坏模式的影响。模拟分析结果与试验测试数据高度一致,验证了模拟方法的有效性。试验研究表明,木塑空心柱主要通过局部压溃破坏,并表现出明显的弹塑性阶段。有限元分析结果表明,增加壁厚能提高木塑空心柱的初始刚度和极限承载力,其中8 mm厚度在成本、重量及承载能力方面具有最佳性价比。随着长细比的增加,木塑空心柱的承载力和刚度逐渐降低,破坏模式也从强度破坏转向失稳破坏。内置3 mm薄壁钢管显著增强了木塑空心柱的承载力和延性,其力学性能能够满足建筑对抗压承重构件的要求。

锚杆钢-木组合托盘极限承载力学性能研究

为降低动压冲击对支护系统的破坏,适应大变形巷道的需要;基于球壳结构理论构建锚杆拱形钢托盘承载力学模型,给出钢托盘最大承载力计算式,分析钢托盘各参数尺寸对其承载力的影响关系,研究木托盘压缩实验特征;通过Abaqus软件对钢托盘与组合托盘开展有限元静态力学强度实验,对比分析钢托盘与组合托盘受压状态下的不同特征,分析让压距离对组合托盘承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:对钢托盘承载力的影响顺序为拱高>拱底圆半径>孔口半径,拱高与承载力服从对数增加关系,拱底圆半径、孔口半径与托盘承载力基本成线性增加关系;钢-木组合托盘中木托盘先受力,并经历了压密阶段、弹性变形阶段和塑性变形阶段,木托盘被压缩可降低钢托盘30.03%的承载受力,组合托盘的应力-位移曲线右移,组合托盘的极限承载力增加;钢托盘受压破坏从孔口处开始,基本成圆形向四周扩展,托盘底部四边中间区域与四角区域形成的高应力差是导致托盘四角破坏的主要原因。

木质纤维对充填体力学特性的影响研究

木质纤维材料凭借其强韧性、吸附性、组成元素简单的优势,在土木工程和环境工程领域得到广泛使用。为研究其作为添加剂对充填体力学性能的影响,通过充填体强度测试实验,结合SEM电镜扫描实验、EDS实验、XRD能谱分析实验,观察充填体内部水化反应程度。研究结果表明:在一定添加范围内,木质纤维提高了充填体的抗压强度,且作用效果随着灰砂比、料浆浓度的变化而改变;在应力-变形曲线峰前阶段,纤维充填体具有较高的弹性模量,在峰后阶段,纤维充填体具有较大的残余强度,能够储存的能量较高。充填体在失稳破坏后断裂而不垮,表现出良好的塑性变形;同时,木质纤维的添加利于充填体内部水化反应,内部絮状结构明显增多,增加了充填体的强度。

木屑颗粒堆积参数对液体渗流特性的影响规律

为了探究木屑颗粒堆积参数对液体渗流特性的影响规律,参照达西渗流实验,设计开发了渗流实验系统,选取颗粒床层湿度、渗流速度、床层储水量及透水率作为评价颗粒床层内液体渗流特性的指标,在对各因素进行初步筛选的基础上,实验研究木屑颗粒堆积床层的粒径分布、压缩高度比以及渗透压力(注水量)对液体渗流特性的影响.实验结果表明,相同粒径分布,注水量为1500 mL时,压缩高度比从0.80降到0.50,木屑颗粒床层湿度变化幅值为3.32%;相同粒径分布,压缩高度比为0.50,注水量从1500 mL增加到3000 mL时,木屑颗粒床层湿度变化幅值为2.30%;相同压缩高度比和注水量,全粒径分布、不同级配粒径分布及小粒径分布时木屑颗粒床层最大湿度分别为54.4%、54.0%及53.7%,变化幅值为0.7%.在本文研究范围内,压缩高度比对颗粒床层湿度影响最大,初始注水量次之,颗粒级配影响最小.相同粒径分布,注水量为2000 mL时,压缩高度比从0.80降到0.50,木屑颗粒床层渗流速度变化幅值为18.92×10^(-4) m/s;相同粒径分布,压缩高度比为0.50,注水量从1500 mL增加到3000 mL时,木屑颗粒床层渗流速度变化幅值为1.08×10^(-4) m/s;相同压缩高度比和注水量,全粒径分布、不同级配粒径分布及小粒径分布时木屑颗粒床层最大渗流速度分别为20.7×10^(-4) m/s、15.4×10^(-4) m/s及18.2×10^(-4) m/s,变化幅值为5.3×10^(-4) m/s.在本文研究范围内,压缩高度比对颗粒床层渗流速度影响最大,颗粒级配次之,初始注水量影响最小.综合各类因素考虑,不同粒径级配的木屑颗粒床层,压缩高度比为0.70、注水量为2000 mL时木屑颗粒床层中的液体渗流特性较好,此时,床层湿度为52.5%,平均渗流速度为9.86×10^(-4) m/s,床层储水量为1149 mL,床层透水率为42.56%.相关结果可为后续可压缩性颗粒堆积物的存放以及水基灭火剂开发需要关注的参数提供指导.

压缩率对杨木重组木表面硬度的影响

【目的】以速生人工林杨木为试验材料,利用定向重组技术制备高硬度重组木,揭示压缩率对杨木重组木表面硬度的影响规律,为杨木表面改性及其重组木制备工艺优化提供可靠的方法和科学依据。【方法】利用定向重组技术制备压缩率50%、55%和59%共3种杨木重组木,选取杨木、红榉和俄罗斯柞木为对照样,采用万能力学试验机测定3种木材和3种不同压缩率杨木重组木样品表面的金氏硬度;应用超景深三维显微镜(UDTM)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)观察样品表面的宏观和微观形貌以及样品金氏硬度测试过程中破坏面的宏观和微观形貌;运用压汞法(MIP)测试样品孔隙率;使用激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征酚醛树脂在重组木中的分布情况。【结果】杨木重组木的金氏硬度随压缩率增大而增大,与杨木相比,压缩率59%杨木重组木的金氏硬度增加12.63倍,其硬度高于俄罗斯柞木和红榉。金氏硬度测试过程中的应力-应变曲线显示,压缩率越大,重组木的比例极限应力越大。场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和超景深三维显微镜(UDTM)观察可知,杨木原木的破坏面呈韧性断裂,制备的重组木随压缩率增大其破坏模式逐渐变为脆性断裂。压汞法(MIP)测试样品孔隙率可知,定向重组可显著降低杨木的孔隙率,压缩率越大,重组木的孔隙率越低。激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察可知,随压缩率增大,酚醛树脂沿胶层带分布的宽度和深度逐渐增加,且渗透到导管、木射线和纤维细胞的细胞腔中。通过纳米压痕测试重组木细胞壁力学性能,当重组木压缩率为55%、施胶量为15%时,其细胞壁硬度和弹性模量相较原木分别提高54.65%和20.14%。重组木表面硬度增大主要是因为杨木经定向重组后,其导管和木纤维细胞被压缩密实,孔隙率降低,单位体积内的细胞实质密度增加,细胞之间的结合面积增大,连接更紧密;同时,引入的酚醛树脂不仅将压缩的细胞结构固定,而且通过形成的胶钉可提高细胞之间的连接强度,浸入细胞壁的酚醛树脂还能够增强其硬度和弹性模量,从而赋予重组木表面较高的硬度。【结论】定向重组技术可有效解决速生人工林杨木木材材质软、表面硬度低的问题,且可通过控制压缩率调控重组木硬度,以满足不同应用场景对材料硬度的需求。