Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand manag...Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies.Methods: Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was model ed using the Pipe Qual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool Opti For Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings.Results: The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate(4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant.Conclusions: A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density.展开更多
In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach h...In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach has been a significant means of achieving economic growth to Joensuu, an East Finnish university town of almost 73,500 inhabitants that is located near the Finland-Russia border and approximately 430 kilometers from Finland's capital city, Helsinki. Over 70% of the world's high-tech forest harvesters are made in Eastern Finland for energy wood harvesting of renewable forests. Annually, over 1,000 harvesters are manufactured in John Deere's machine factory in Joensuu. The amount comprises one third of the total amount of known annual harvester manufacture. A harvester costs from 300,000 euros to 400,000 euros. Therefore, the collaborators, regard the activities as significant green business turnover to the region and Joensuu is now a globally recognized brand among wood procurement professionals. Additionally, the Joensuu region is the Finnish center of the Nordic forest machine cluster and education. In this paper, the author will present two examples of fruitful development projects for energy wood harvesting in sustainable energy production.展开更多
基金partly supported by GSForest in Finland and National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31170586)
文摘Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies.Methods: Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was model ed using the Pipe Qual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool Opti For Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings.Results: The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate(4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant.Conclusions: A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density.
文摘In this literature review, the Academia, a forest machine industry collaboration is considered, which has been a cornerstone of innovation for sustainable energy production in the Finnish forest sector. The approach has been a significant means of achieving economic growth to Joensuu, an East Finnish university town of almost 73,500 inhabitants that is located near the Finland-Russia border and approximately 430 kilometers from Finland's capital city, Helsinki. Over 70% of the world's high-tech forest harvesters are made in Eastern Finland for energy wood harvesting of renewable forests. Annually, over 1,000 harvesters are manufactured in John Deere's machine factory in Joensuu. The amount comprises one third of the total amount of known annual harvester manufacture. A harvester costs from 300,000 euros to 400,000 euros. Therefore, the collaborators, regard the activities as significant green business turnover to the region and Joensuu is now a globally recognized brand among wood procurement professionals. Additionally, the Joensuu region is the Finnish center of the Nordic forest machine cluster and education. In this paper, the author will present two examples of fruitful development projects for energy wood harvesting in sustainable energy production.