Effects of two modification methods on the mechanical properties of wood flour/recycled plastic blends composites: addition of thermoplastic elastomer SEBS-g-MAH and in-situ grafting MAH

The effect of maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene- buty-lene-styrene block copolymer （SEBS-g-MAH） and in-situ grafting MAH on mechanical, dynamic mechanical properties of wood flour/recycled plastic blends composites was investigated. Recycled plastic polypro-pylene （PP）, high-density polyethylene （HDPE） and polystyrene （PS）, were mixed with wood flour in a high speed blender and then extruded by a twin/single screw tandem extruder system to form wood flour/recycled plastic blends composites. Results show that the impact properties of the composites were improved more significantly by using SEBS-g-MAH compatibilizer than by using the mixtures of MAH and DCP via reactive blending in situ. However, contrary results were ob-served on the tensile and flexural properties of the corresponding com-posites. In General, the mechanical properties of composites made from recycled plastic blends were inferior to those made from virgin plastic blends, especially in elongation break. The morphological study verified that the interfacial adhesion or the compatibility of plastic blends with wood flour was improved by adding SEBS-g-MAH or in-situ grafting MAH. A better interfacial bonding between PP, HDPE, PS and wood flour was obtained by in-situ grafting MAH than the addition of SEBS-g-MAH. In-situ grafting MAH can be considered as a potential way of increasing the interfacial compatibility between plastic blends and wood flour. The storage modulus and damping factor of composites were also characterized through dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）.

Reinforcing effects of modified Kevlar~ fiber on the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene composites

Kevlar fiber （KF） is a synthesized product with strong mechanical properties. We used KF as a reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene （WF/PP） composites. KF was pretreated with NaOH to improve its compatibility with the thermoplastic matrix. Maleated polypropylene （MAPP） was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between KF, WF, and PP. Incorporation of KF improved the mechanical properties of WF/PP composites. Treatment of KF with NaOH resulted in further improvement in mechanical strength. Addition of 3% MAPP and 2% hydrolyzed KF （HKF） led to an increment of 93.8% in unnotched impact strength, 17.7% in notched impact strength, 86.8% in flexure strength, 50.8% in flexure modulus, and 94.1% in tensile strength compared to traditional WF/PP composites. Scanning electron microscopy of the cryo-fractured section of WF/PP showed that the HKF surface was rougher than the virgin KF, and the KF was randomly distributed in the composites, which might cause a mechanical interlocking between KF and polypropylene molecules in the composites.

Creep Behaviour of Wood Flour/Poly(vinyl chloride) Composites

The experimental creep data were focused on wood-flour （WF）/poly vinyl chloride （PVC） composites with the variations in additive concentrations of wood flour, silane coupling agent, organomodified montmorillonite （OMMT） and nano-cacium carbonate （nano-CaCO3）. Their effects were analyzed using the Four-element Burger Model incorporating microscopic mechanisms. Total creep strain was low with increasing WF while elastic strain was high and plastic flow strain was low in modeling. Modification of WF with silane was beneficial to creep resistance, so did adding low ratio of OMMT （1.5 wt%） and nano-CaCO3 in composites. Thus, it was effective in reducing creep either by stiffening the PVC matrix using rigid nano-particles or by improving their adhesion with resin. However, superfluous quantity of any additament did not benefit the improvement owing to either earlier destruction of their agglomerates or stress-concentrated cracks in the over-incrassated interface.

Microwave Irradiation Treatment of Wood Flour and Its Application in PVC-Wood Flour Composites

The technique of microwave irradiation induced free radical bulk- polyaddition reactions in porous wood flour was used to modify wood flour. The behaviors of the modified wood flour under microwave irradiation, such as thermal stability and moisture sorption properties, were studied. A kind of semiinterpenetrating polymer network wood four （Semi-IPN-WF） can be formed through polymerization of MMA in the porous wood flour by microwave irradiation, and the thermal decomposition temperature of the semi-IPN-WF is considerably increased. PVC/Semi-IPN-WF composites were prepared by melt mixing in double rolls, which exhibit improved rheological properties, lower water sorption properties and outstanding mechanical performances.

Properties of PEG/thermally modified wood flour/polypropylene (PP) composites

In order to improve the dimensional stability of wood-polymer composites, wood flour pre-treated by polyethylene glycol （PEG） at two different concentrations and then thermally treated at 140℃, was used as raw material to produce wood flour/poly- propylene （PP） composites at a wood content of 40%. The structure of modified wood flour was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of wood flour/PP composites was evaluated. The SEM results indicated the ＂bulking＂ effect of PEG on wood flour, which resulted in reduced water uptake. The combination of PEG and heat treatment further improved the moisture resistance of the composites. However, PEG modification had a negative effect on the flexural modulus of rupture （MOR） and the modulus of elasticity （MOE）; whereas heat treatment partly compensated for this reduc- tion. For dynamic mechanical properties, PEG treatment decreased the storage modulus （E＇）. However, the heat treatment resulted in an increase orE＇ of the wood flour/PP composites, with the temperature of loss factor peaks shifting to a higher temperature.

Preliminary study of viscoelastic properties of MAPP-modified wood flour/polypropylene composites

Viscoelastic properties of maleated polypropylene （MAPP）-modified wood flour/polypropylene composites （WPC） were investigated by both a compression stress relaxation method and dynamic mechanical analyses （DMA）. Three wood to polymer ratios （40：60, 60：40, and 80：20） and five MAPP loading levels （0, 1, 2, 4 and 8%） were used to study their effects on the viscoelastic prop- erties of MAPP-WPC. The results show that： 1） higher wood to polymer ratio corresponds to higher stress relaxation levels for unmodified WPC. The modification with MAPP has an obvious effect on the stress relaxation of MAPP-WPC at higher wood to polymer ratios （60：40 and 80：20）, but almost no effect at the 40：60 wood to polymer ratio. The optimal MAPP loading level for the wood to polymer ratio of 60：40 appears at 1%; 2） the storage modulus reaches its maximum at a MAPP loading level of 1% for wood to polymer ratios of 40：60 and 60：40, while for the 80：20 wood to polymer ratio, a higher storage modulus is observed at higher MAPP loading levels, which is quite consistent with the stress relaxation results. The results suggested that a suitable loading level of MAPP has a positive effect on the viscoelastic properties of WPC at higher wood to polymer ratios. Excessive MAPP loading would have resulted in adverse effects.

Dielectric properties of Simon poplar wood flour/polypropylene composite at oven-dry state

Interfacial compatibility is a crucial factor to the performance of wood-plastic composites （WPCs）. Yet, so far, the coupling mechanisms of WPC have not been completely understood. In order to further clarify the interfacial coupling mechanism, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of Simon poplar wood flour/polypropylene composites without additives at different wood contents were measured at oven-dry state, and parameters and thermodynamic quantities of the relaxation process were also analyzed and calculated. Consequently, an obvious relaxation process based on the reorientation of methanol groups in amorphous region of wood cell wall was observed exactly that its dielectric loss factor peak decreased with the decreasing wood content within the measured range of 50%-100%. With the trend of dielectric relaxation strength, the two changing trends both revealed that the existence of polypropylene could hinder reorientation of methanol groups. Following the decreasing wood contents, the effect of the hindrance on the dielectric properties turned obvious gradually. It elucidated that introduction of polypropylene caused the quantities of hydrogen bonds formed between each methanol group and the groups around it change. The same conclusion could be drawn from the analysis of thermodynamic quantities during the dielectric relaxation progress.

Mechanical properties of wood flour/recycled-thermoplastic-blends composites

The mechanical properties of composites prepared from wood flour and thermoplastic blends were investigated. Thermoplastic mixtures of polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS), virgin or recycled, were mixed with wood flour in a high speed blender and then extruded by a specially designed twin/single screw extruder system to form wood-flour/thermoplastic-blends composites (WTBCs). Comparative studies were made to evaluate the effectiveness of the two modification methods of the thermoplastic blends, the one of the addition of maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS-g-MAH) as compatibilizer and the other of blend grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator by reactive extrusion. The results showed that the impact properties of WTBCs using SEBS-g-MAH as compatilizer were better improved than that of the blend grafting. However, adverse results were observed on the tensile and flexural properties of the corresponding WTBCs. The mechanical properties of WTBCs prepared from recycled plastic blends were poorer to some extent than that from virgin plastic blends in general, especially in elongation break. The morphology of WTBCs breaking section was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results showed that a good interfacial adhesion between wood flour and polymer matrix was observed with both of the two modification methods. However, by blend grafting of adding DCP as initiator and MAH as monomer, a better interfacial bonding between wood and plastic matrix was obtained than that of the addition of SEBS-g-MAH. Blend grafting can be considered as a potential way of increasing the interfacial compatibility of different plastics and between plastic blends and wood.

Dynamic-mechanical analysis and SEM morphology of wood flour/polypropylene composites

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of compatibilizers, including Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene （MA-PP） and maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer （MA-EPDM）, on wood-flour/polypropylene （WF/PP） composites. WF/PP composites were prepared by direct extrusion profiles using a twin-screw/single-screw extruder system. DMA analysis showed that the loss factor of composites decreased and the storage modulus improved in the presence of MA-PP, which indicated much better interfacial adhesion between the PP matrix and wood flour filler than in the absence of compatibilizer. Morphological feature based on SEM observation showed that MA-PP and MA-EPDM improved the dispersion of the wood particles in the plastic matrix. MA-EPDM is a soft segment, although it improved the interfacial adhesion, storage modulus decreases with adding of MA-EPDM. As compatibilizer of wood-flour/polypropylene composites, both DMA analysis and SEM feature proved that MA-PP was superior to MA-EPDM.

Study on Water Resistance of Polydopamine Treatment Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites

This paper aims to investigate the water absorption of wood flour/polypropylene composites and its effects on dimensional stability and crystallization properties. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) makes using polydopamine modified wood flour (WF-D), virgin polypropylene, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MA) and antioxidant, by using hot-pressing moulding. Water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS) and failure of flexural properties of the composites have studied for a range of immersion times. It is found that the WA and TS have increased with WF content and immersion time. The water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs are 0.85% and 0.99%, respectively, after 8 days immersion. With the prolonging of immersion time, the impact strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of WPCs increase first and then decrease. The impact strength decreases from 3.32 kJ/m2 to 2.94 kJ/m2, the retention rate is 88.55%;the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 68.58 Mpa and 3.92 Gpa, respectively. WPCs crystallization and thermal properties decrease slightly. Microstructures of the composites are examined to understand the mechanisms for the wood-plastic interaction which affects the water absorption and thickness swelling. Our work demonstrates that using polydopamine treatment wood flour for preparing WPCs can be an efficient way to improve the water resistance of WPCs.

三重热管理塑木复合板的制备及性能

塑木复合材料因其显著的性能优势,已被广泛应用于各领域。但户外用塑木复合板在夏季的表面温度过高,存在热舒适性差的问题。本文通过熔融共混/模压成型的工艺制备了一种可被动降温的辐射/反射/导热三重热管理功能的塑木复合板,以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体,分别在面层和底层加入二氧化锆(ZrO2)和六方氮化硼(h-BN)以实现热量的三重调控。面层薄膜在太阳波段(0.3~2.3μm)和中红外大气窗口波段(8~13μm)的平均反射率和平均发射率分别达到82.6%和90.6%,加颜料后达到了48.7%的平均反射率和90.6%的平均发射率;底层塑木复合板的面内和垂直导热系数分别为1.89 W/(m·K)和1.71 W/(m·K)。双层复合后的三重热管理功能塑木复合板在户外和室内氙灯模拟测试中可分别达到7.2℃和15℃的温降效果,具有显著的散热优势,可广泛应用于户外塑木复合板的被动降温。

高填充油茶果壳基木塑复合材料的制备及力学性能

以油茶果壳和不同塑料即聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)、低密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯为原料,采用模压成型的方法制备了高填充油茶果壳基木塑复合材料,利用电子万能试验机和悬臂梁冲击试验机测试其力学性能。通过单因素试验分析塑料种类对复合材料力学性能的影响,确定较优塑料种类后进一步优化制备参数。以壳粉含量、增容剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAPE)含量、热压温度、热压时间为设计因素,以弯曲强度、弯曲弹性模量、拉伸强度、冲击强度为力学性能优化目标,设计L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验,研究了高填充油茶果壳基木塑复合材料的制备工艺,利用极差分析和方差分析得到了较优配方和工艺参数组合。研究表明:当添加塑料为PE-HD时,复合材料的弯曲强度最大为34.40 MPa,拉伸强度最大为18.20 MPa,力学性能较优;壳粉含量为65%时,添加7%MAPE的复合材料强度较好,弯曲强度最大为33.66 MPa;优化制备参数组合为壳粉含量55%,MAPE含量5%,热压温度160℃,热压时间10 min。

马尾松、杉木木粉增强PE-HD复合材料的力学和蠕变性能

针对木塑复合材料(WPCs)在长期负载下的蠕变行为导致力学失效的问题,为明确WPCs的力学性能和蠕变特性,采用两步成型挤出法,制备7种马尾松木粉和杉木木粉增强高密度聚乙烯复合材料,分析和比较两种木粉的添加比例对WPCs的弯曲性能、动态力学性能和短期蠕变性能的影响,采用数理模型对WPCs蠕变随时间的变化进行模拟。结果表明,增强木粉中杉木木粉的含量越高,WPCs的弯曲性能越好,但是蠕变性能变差。杉木木粉在增强木粉中的质量分数为83.3%时,WPCs的储能模量最大,马尾松木粉含量逐渐减少时,WPCs的储能模量和损耗角正切值分别增大和减小。提高马尾松木粉的添加量有效地降低了WPCs在10%应力水平下的24 h应变值。Findley模型和ExpAssoc函数拟合WPCs的蠕变行为效果较好,修正后的ExpAssoc模型模拟效果更优,7种WPCs在10%应力水平下的拟合修正系数R2均在0.99以上。

Effects of Natural Weathering on A Wood Fiber/HDPE Composite and Application of Additives

This article discussed the changes in color and chemical components on the surfaces of wood flour(WF)/high density polyethylene(HDPE) composite used outdoor in different orientation.Light stabilizer,antioxidant,and iron oxide red were introduced to reduce the changes when exposed to accelerate ultraviolet aging.The results showed that WF/HDPE composite changed significantly in color after only one month natural weathering in hot summer,especially for those facing to south and east orientation.FTIR test showed CO increased and wood index decreased.Compared to photostabilizer and antioxidant,iron oxide red pigment reduced color change more significantly.However,neither of these additives could obviously prevent flexural properties decreasing.

木粉/HDPE复合材料的力学性能与流动性能

用木粉与高密度聚乙烯 (HDPE)复合制备了能代替木材的复合材料。考察了木粉含量、粒度、界面相容剂用量对复合材料力学性能、流动性的影响。结果表明 ,复合材料的弯曲强度随木粉含量的增加而提高 ,冲击强度随木粉含量的增加而下降 ;弯曲强度随木粉粒度减小显著降低 ,而冲击强度先有所升高而后降低 ;界面相容剂能有效改善材料的性能 ,其较佳用量约为 5 % (质量分数 )

木塑复合材料的界面改性方法

表面有机化改性是提高木质填料(木纤维或木粉)的分散程度和增强其与聚合物基体界面相互作用的重要手段。对于木塑复合材料而言,木质填料与树脂基体的界面粘接程度是有效传递载荷、提高力学性能、降低吸水率和提高尺寸稳定性的关键因素。针对国内外木塑复合材料的研发现状,本文主要概述了木质填料的表面处理方法及其对木塑复合材料性能的影响。

聚磷酸铵-淀粉对木粉/聚苯乙烯复合材料的阻燃作用

利用锥形量热仪分析了聚磷酸铵(APP)-淀粉阻燃体系在木粉/聚苯乙烯复合材料(WF-PS)中的阻燃作用。结果表明,添加APP能有效降低WF-PS的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR),增加成炭量,延长点燃时间(TTI),表现出显著的阻燃作用;APP对WF-PS的有效燃烧热影响不大,说明APP的阻燃作用为凝聚相机理,成炭是该机理的重要方面;添加淀粉作为APP的辅助成炭剂,能够提高阻燃效率并减少APP用量,APP-淀粉是WF-PS复合材料的有效膨胀型阻燃体系。APP-淀粉的添加对WF-PS的力学性质有一定不利影响,但是当APP用量在10%以下、淀粉用量2%以下时,WF-PS可保持良好的力学性能。

木粉粒径和填量对木塑复合材料力学性能影响研究

采用聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂和桉木粉(WF)制得PVC木塑复合材料。研究了木粉粒径和填量对PVC木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内复合材料的拉伸强度随着木粉粒径的减小先升高后降低,随着木粉填量的增加先降低后升高然后趋于平稳;冲击强度随着木粉粒径的减小先升高后降低,随着木粉填量的增加而降低。当木粉粒径为70～80目,木粉填量为20%(质量分数)时,所得复合材料的力学性能最佳。