Environmental load of solid wood floor production from larch grown at different planting densities based on a life cycle assessment

As one of the main structural units in a building,a solid wood floor has significant strategic research value for low-carbon energy saving.Taking the production line of a solid larch wood floor as a case study,we assessed the environmental load during production based upon a life cycle assessment.Using GaBi 6.0 software,we analyzed the associated carbon sequestration during floor production,with the initial planting density serving as the disturbance factor in a modular analysis.The results indicated that the cutting and finishing steps have relatively intense,negative influences on the environment,whereas transportation,ripping,and trimming do not.Additionally,recycling biomass waste has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.When the initial planting density was 3.0×3.0 m,carbon sequestration was relatively high.Although the emissions of freshwater pollutants,volatile organic compounds,and fine particulate matter（matter with a 2.5-μm diameter） were comparatively high,the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was still excellent at this planting density.

Growth and wood properties of a 38-year-old Populus simonii 3 P.nigra plantation established with different densities in semi-arid areas of northeastern China

To characterize the effects of plantation densities on the growth characteristics(diameter at breast level,tree height and volume)and the common wood properties,38-year-old Populus simonii 9 P.nigra clones planted with four levels of spacing(2 m 92 m,3 m 93 m,4 m 94 m,and 5 m 95 m)in a semi-arid area in northeastern China were examined.The results of ANOVA showed significant differences(P\0.01)for all the investigated growth traits and wood properties under different plantation densities,except for the chemical composition of wood.The repeatability and phenotypic variations of all the traits varied from 0.34 to 0.99 and from 13.45 to 59.65%,respectively.Except for wood density,which was significantly negatively correlated with the growth traits,a positive correlation was observed between the growth traits and all the other wood mechanical properties.However,most of the correlations between the growth traits and the chemical composition of the wood were not significant.The path analysis for the wood mechanical characteristics and the growth in the prediction of volume were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.72 for wood density and diameter at breast height,respectively,while those for the chemical composition of wood ranged from 0.001 to 0.336,which showed a low impact on the volume.The highest stand volume(610 m3)per hectare was observed with the 2 m 92 m spacing,which consequently provided a high total price and income,while a high individual volume growth per tree was observed with the 5 m 95 m spacing.The results suggested that for the poplar trees younger than 40 years in a semi-arid area in China,2 m 92 m spacing is suitable for obtaining a high volume per hectare,while 5 m 95 m spacing is best for obtaining a high individual volume per tree.

Demarcation of juvenile and mature woods of planted Chinese fir and its wood quality prediction

According to the dara of trashed length, micro fiber angle, air density, ring width and late wood percentage, with the analysis of optimum method of classification, the boundary line of juvenile wood and maturewood of planted Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was determined as the 14th year. Based on the variationpattern of these parameters, the prediction equations were established. Wood quality prediction can be realizedby these equations. By error analysis between the values of measured data and the values of prediction data, it isfound that the results of wood prediction of planted Chinese fire are satisfactory.

Parameterization of Tree and Shrub Stem Wood Density Adaptions to Multiple Climate and Soil Factor Gradients

Wood density(WD)is an important quality and functional trait of wood.However,despite the relationships between WD and abiotic factors being important to model or predict spatial distributions of functional traits,as well as responses of vegetation to climate changes,in current Earth system models or dynamic global vegetation models(ESMs/DGVMs),WD is often oversimplified,being defined as a globally uniform constant either for all plant functional types(PFTs)or for each individual PFT.Such oversimplifications may lead to simulation biases in the morphology of woody PFTs,as well as ecosystem transition and vegetation-atmosphere interactions.Moreover,existing conclusions about the relationships between WD and abiotic factors drawn from field observations remain mixed,making model parameterization improvements difficult.This study systematically investigated the influences of climate and soil factors on WD across various PFTs.Optimal fitting models for predicting WD within each PFT were then constructed by utilizing our collated global database of 138604 observations.For WDs of tree PFTs,climate emerges as a more influential factor than soil characteristics,whereas for shrub PFTs the effects of climate and soil are of equivalent significance.Across all six PFTs,correlation coefficients between predictions by fitting models and observed WD range from 0.49 to 0.93.The predicted and observed WD exhibit good agreement across climate space.It is expected that the incorporation of our research findings into DGVMs will improve the simulation of tree height and forest fractional coverage,particularly in the central forest areas and forest transition zones.

Analysis on the Growth Condition of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide good basic research data for Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in southern Anhui,so as to improve local ecological,economic and social benefits.[Methods]A 22-year-old near-mature C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,Xiuning County,Huangshan City,Anhui Province was investigated and analyzed by sample plot survey.[Results]The average DBH value of the C.lanceolata plantation at the lower slope was the largest,24.7%and 19.2%higher than those at the upper and middle slopes,respectively.The average single plant wood volume at the lower slope was 47.6%and 49.1%higher than those in the upper and middle slopes,respectively.However,the average tree heights at various slope positions showed little difference.Meanwhile,all the indexes showed the phenomenon of semi-shady slope>sunny slope>shady slope under different slope directions.Among them,the effect of slope position on DBH was extremely significant,but the effect of slope direction on DBH was not significant,and slope position,slope direction and the interaction of slope direction and slope position had no significant effects on the tree height of the C.lanceolata plantation.In addition,slope direction and slope position had extremely significant effects on single plant wood volume.From the overall growth situation of the C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,the slope position factor had greater effects on various indexes of forest growth than the slope direction factor,mainly manifested in that the lower slope was better than the middle slope,and the middle slope position was better than the upper slope,while although slope direction had some effect on the growth of the C.lanceolata plantation,the influence degree was not as significant as that of slope position.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference for the adjustment and optimization,development and renewal of C.lanceolata plantation structure in the later period in this area,as well as some data support for other theoretical research on economic forests.

An Effective Wood DNA Extraction Protocol for Three Economic Important Timber Species of India

Extraction of DNA from fresh tissues is routine in studies of tropical forest species, but DNA extraction from wood is considered as difficult due to its highly degraded nature and adequate quality of genomic DNA extraction is essential for molecular studies. Very few studies have validated the potential for isolating DNA from dried wood (Heartwood and Sapwood). Wood genomic DNA extraction is difficult from mature timber (Teak (Tectona grandis f;verbanaceae), Black Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia f;Fabaceae) Ben Teak (Lagerstroemia lanceolata f;Lytheraceae) tissues due to presence of high quantity of secondary metabolites polyphenols, tannins and terpenoids and protein inhibitors. Mostly in laboratories DNA extraction kits are available but by using kits, DNA yield is very low and it is quite expensive too. We have standardized and validated the DNA extraction through manual protocol which is applicable for Bark, Sapwood and Heartwood samples of tree species which contains huge amount of inflexible tissues and fibers. The quality of the DNA was tested by spectrophotometer, gel electrophoresis and PCR (ISSR and SSR) amplification. An avrage DNA yield for heartwood ranges from 0.186 - 0.166 μg/μL and sapwood was ranges from 0.26 - 0.244 μg/μL. Modification of CTAB method was by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) appx 0.25%, variation in Rnase concentration, proteinase treatment with different concentration and incubation time. In order to evaluate the standardized wood genomic DNA extraction protocol, we compared it with the mature leaf and core samples (heartwood and sapwood) of the same timber species. The outcome was also quantified and proved by means of polymerase chain reaction analysis by using ISSR and SSR microsatellite markers conducted with isolated pure DNAs. This modified protocol made increased yield and purity of wood total genomic DNA and facilitate the important application of forensic timber species effort.

Variability in Wood Density and Wood Fibre Characterization of Woody Species and Their Possible Utility in Northeastern Mexico

Context: Preliminary screening has been undertaken by woody species of Tamaulipan thornscrub for wood density and its utilization northeastern Mexico for different purposes and to find possible relationship of density with wood fibre characteristics. This technique can be used in the selection of species with high wood density for possible utility. Aims: It is to determine the variability in wood density and in fiber cell morphology and its length and among wood species of the Tamaulipan thornscrub, northeastern Mexico. Methods: Wood density and wood fibres are characterized in these woody species following standard methodology. Results: The results reveal large variability in wood density and in fibre cell morphology h. The species have been classified on the basis of wood density and its fibber cell morphology and has been recommended for their possible utilization for different purposes. Conclusions: Species desirable for strong furniture making, paper pulp, soft furniture, fence etc. can be selected on the basis of fibre length to breadth ratios as strong fibres for furniture and fibre cells with broad lumen and thin cell wall use for fabrication of paper pulp and other utilities.

Influence of Different Forest Management Techniques on the Quality of Wood

The issue of accelerated forestry plantation with high-quality wood using the best soils in terms of productivity,fertilizers,and intensive treatment has become quite relevant due to increased demand for forestry products and higher requirements for environmentally friendly use of forest resources.This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of various techniques for treating coniferous plantations,including thinning,fertilization,and herbicide processing,on wood quality key indicators.The paper examined the wood density,correlation of early and late wood zones,and the cell wall thickness for 38-year-old pine trees grown on the sample plots of Siversky leskhoz(Leningrad region,Gatchinskiy district)at different treatment and density control techniques.It has been established that the highest basis density of wood corresponds to the samples grown at the density variant of 1 t/ha and double herbicides treatment,and the lowest basis density value was recorded at the option of 4 t/ha with combined treatment.It has been shown that the increase of width index for early wood is influenced by the lower density of 1 t/ha and one-time herbicide treatment,for late wood–by the lower density of 1 t/ha and repeated treatment with herbicides.The increase in average cell wall thickness for early and late wood is observed when the density increases up to 4 t/ha and double herbicides treatment.The results obtained provide a valuable scientific contribution to general forestry knowledge and have practical value in plantation forestry.

Impact Evaluation of a Project on Alternative Energy ＂Biogas Plants＂ in Sindh, Pakistan

The core purpose of impact study was to collect best practices learnings of project through the reflection of communities or end users. During analysis and interpretation of data, some touch of context is also given to clear the picture of weakness and strengths of project theory in terms of context. The main objective of project under study was to provide alternative energy to the communities living inside forest to reduce wood cutting for domestic purpose. Though there were many short term surveys were conducted during project, such as, average wood consumption at household level, community motivation survey. Instead to all MRDS （Mehran Research ＆ Development Society） felt need to conduct a detailed impact evaluation to see overall impact of project implementation and review on the life of end users or communities. After three years of project exit, MRDS conducted a qualitative impact study of project in the end of 2014. There were three key questions to explore during study： What was the overall impact of project on end users？ What the best practices of project and why？ What are project learnings and how？

植物源活性物质对木材的抑菌防腐效果及机理研究

植物源活性物质具有安全、高效、毒副作用小等优点,主要包括生物碱、酚类、多糖、黄酮、挥发油、萜类化合物等。从植物提取物中分离出的活性物质对木材腐朽菌具有抗菌作用,主要机制包括直接与真菌酶相互作用、破坏细胞壁和细胞膜结构以及抗氧化等。探讨了这些活性物质对木材腐朽菌的抗真菌机理,分析了植物源木材防腐剂存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势,为植物源木材防腐剂的综合利用提供了理论依据。

7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖学研究

黄檀属(Dalbergia L.f.)大部分树种的木材都具有世界高知名度,有关木材解剖学的研究主要为针对乔木树种,而对藤本或攀援植物树种研究甚少。本研究旨在探讨7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材宏观、微观构造,系统地归纳总结,并与乔木树种降香黄檀进行比较分析,为黄檀属植物的木材识别、物种鉴定及其保护、繁育、开发和利用等方面提供科学依据。结果表明:宏观构造均表现为心边材区别不明显,几无光泽;富含树胶时气芳香,显油性。生长轮不明显;管孔明显,常含丰富的树胶,初生木质部的管孔较小且分布稀疏,次生木质部的管孔较大且分布密集;内含韧皮部呈圆形。微观构造显示均为散孔材,单管孔、径列复管孔,管孔排列分散,单穿孔,管间纹孔互列,系附物纹孔,椭圆形至近圆形,弦切面上明显;轴向薄壁组织量较多,叠生,主为傍管带状、环管状;木射线非叠生、较细密。与乔木树种降香黄檀的比较发现,降香黄檀为散孔材至似半环孔材;内含韧皮部无;髓心较小;轴向薄壁组织主要为傍管型以翼状、聚翼状,离管型为极小的带状;管孔密度较小。综上所述,7种黄檀属藤本或攀援植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在较大差异,主要在于:(1)木射线。红果黄檀和滇黔黄檀相同,以同形多列为主,偶见同形单列;斜叶黄檀和两粤黄檀相似,同形单列或多列,而前者为稀异形Ⅲ型;藤黄檀和白沙黄檀相似,以异形单列为主,偶见异形Ⅰ型,而前者极少异形Ⅲ型;弯枝黄檀以异形Ⅱ型为主,其次异形Ⅰ型、异形单列。(2)木射线宽度。藤黄檀和白沙黄檀1~2个细胞;斜叶黄檀、两粤黄檀和弯枝黄檀1~3个细胞;滇黔黄檀1~4个细胞、多数2~3个;红果黄檀1~5个细胞、多数3~4个。(3)髓心内含物。以金黄色为主,但红果黄檀为银白色,斜叶黄檀无或不明显。

五种植物纤维/聚乙烯木塑复合材料紫外老化性能

为探究杨木、稻壳、竹材、稻秆、麦秆五种植物纤维/聚乙烯(PE)木塑复合材料的紫外老化性能,对其进行为期120 d的人工加速紫外老化试验,分析其老化前后表观颜色、质量、力学性能和微观形貌变化。结果表明:人工紫外老化导致五种PE基木塑复合材料色差变化稳定,质量先降低(前30 d)后回增,力学性能下降,出现断面裂缝、翘曲。紫外老化120 d后,五种PE基木塑复合材料弯曲强度和拉伸强度降幅如下:杨木/PE复合材料分别为32.04%和16.31%,稻壳/PE复合材料分别为34.95%和26.41%,竹材/PE复合材料分别为27.57%和21.85%,稻秆/PE复合材料分别为33.06%和27.85%,麦秆/PE复合材料分别为25.57%和23.95%。

精油微胶囊的释香特性及在木质材料中的应用进展

基于微胶囊技术包封木本植物精油,能够充分保留和延缓精油的释香特性,并扩大其应用领域。本文介绍了木本植物精油的生物活性和精油微胶囊化的功能特性,并综述了精油微胶囊在木质材料领域的应用现状。在此基础上,阐述了释香木质材料特征挥发性有机物(VOCs)的检测方法,以期为后续精油微胶囊在木质材料中的应用和推广提供参考。

木醋液改良盐碱土壤的研究进展

盐碱土因碱性高、透气性差透水性差、表面容易板结、养分含量低、含有害盐分等导致植物生长受到限制,但是国家粮食安全战略则要求必须加大力度“向盐碱地要粮”。大量研究证明,适宜浓度木醋液可以有效改善盐碱土理化性状,从而提高盐碱土生产力。文章列举了不同种类木醋液理化性质和成分含量,描述了木醋液施用浓度的范围,总结了木醋液施入盐碱土后,土壤物理、化学、微生物、酶活性以及植物生长情况的变化,以为木醋液应用于盐碱土壤中提供理论参考。

3种木醋液化学成分与抑菌活性研究

用GC-MS联用技术分析玉米芯木醋液(Y)、松塔木醋液(S)和核桃枝木醋液(Z)的化学成分,并对木醋液的体外抑菌活性进行研究。结果表明,3种木醋液主要由酸类、酚类、酮类和醛类物质组成,醇类和酯类等含量较少。其共有化合物有38种,占各木醋液总化合物种类60%左右,且共有化合物的相对含量之和占各木醋液总含量的80%左右。3种木醋液对20种供试植物病原菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用。除柿子炭疽病原菌、棉花枯萎病原菌、葡萄炭疽病原菌和白菜黑斑病原菌外,对其他植物病原菌的抑菌活性依次为:Y>S>Z。Y和S对黄瓜炭疽病原菌和柿子炭疽病原菌抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为77.04%和71.61%。

东莞市风水林药用植物资源调查研究

[目的]调查记载东莞市主要风水林的药用植物种类,探讨其药用价值,为风水林的研究提供新资料。[方法]野外实地调查、采集标本,结合室内文献资料查阅和标本鉴定。[结果]东莞市风水林药用植物共185种,隶属于72科147属;活血化瘀药种类最多,有105种;以叶入药的种类最多,有103种;21种是外来植物;13种是有毒植物。[结论]东莞市风水林药用植物种类较多,值得进一步研究;外来植物占有较大的比重,受到的人为干扰强烈;部分药用植物为有毒植物,需谨慎使用。

木荷人工林生长和木材基本密度

在福建省建瓯市选取1968—1997年间营造的多片木荷纯林和荷杉混交林,系统研究坡位、坡向等生境条件及与杉木混交对木荷人工林生长和木材基本密度的影响。结果表明:坡向和坡位对木荷生长和干形影响显著,但对木材基本密度影响较小。相对于阴坡和中坡,阳坡和下坡的木荷其树冠浓密、树高和冠幅生长量较大,干形略有改善,而阴坡因土壤水湿条件较好有利于木荷胸径的生长。与杉木按适当比例(如荷杉比为1∶3)进行混交,可明显促进木荷胸径、树高和冠幅的生长,并改善了干形。通过比较表明:木荷人工林分叉干发生的几率变化在22.50%～35.75%之间,且以0.5m以下的1叉干为主;对于地处阳坡和下坡的纯林及1∶3荷杉混交林,木荷分叉干发生几率相对较小;相对于坡向,坡位对分叉干形成的影响较大。研究发现:木荷人工林木材基本密度由髓心向树皮呈逐渐下降的趋势,15～20年生时开始明显减小,35～40年间达到最小值。木材基本密度从髓心向树皮下降的速度还随径生长量的增加而加快;年轮宽度呈先变宽后变窄的趋势,5～15年为木荷人工林径生长的速生期。据此应选择土壤水肥、光照条件较好的阳坡和下坡林地营造木荷人工林,同时提倡以适当比例混交经营,加强幼林的抹芽除萌及中龄林的间伐抚育来促进木荷人工林的生长,抑制分叉干的形成,提高中后期的径生长及径向均一性,以实现木荷工艺用材林速生优质的培育目标。

广州市莲塘村风水林群落特征及植物多样性

风水林是极具南方地域特色的植被景观与物种储存库,是接近地带性植被特性的一种群落类型。研究风水林,对丰富和发展环境科学、生态科学、林业科学和园林科学,具有重要意义。本研究在广州市莲塘村村后风水林设立了样带、标准地和样方,对其乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物进行详细调查,结果表明,该区共有植物73种,隶属于33个科57个属。其植物种类丰富,以茜草科、樟科、大戟科、壳斗科、莎草科、桃金娘科植物占优势。该群落具有南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落的典型群落结构,垂直结构分层现象明显,层次清晰。文章对树种丰富度、Shannon-Winner指数、Simpson多样性指数、种间相遇机率以及均匀度等多样性指标的研究表明:该群落具有较大的物种丰富度,植物多样性较高,物种分布均匀,不同种之间相遇几率较大,其生物多样性各项指标远远大于尾叶桉人工纯林。该风水林群落是目前广州市保存较完好的具有典型地带特色的少数自然林之一,它的研究成果对以后生态公益林造林有极大的参考价值。

温度变化对木本植物光合生理生态的影响

不同木本植物对温度变化响应存在一定的差异,针对温度胁迫下当前木本植物光合生理生态研究现状、重点及存在的问题,从温度变化对植物内部因素、光合特性及其他生理过程的影响方面对木本植物对温度变化的光合生理生态响应进行了分析和评述,旨在为今后的研究提供一定的参考,并对木本植物光合生理生态的研究方向进行了展望。

初植密度对小黑杨人工林生长和材质的影响以及材质评价模型的建立

为研究不同初植密度对林木生长和材质的影响,该文以小黑杨为研究对象,分析了3种初植密度下林木生长特征和木材材质的差异,并建立了基于林木特征因子的材质评价模型.结果表明:初植密度对林木生长的影响不同,随着初植密度的减小,胸径、尖削度、径高比明显增大,枝下高降低,而树高受初植密度影响不大;初植密度对木材材质影响也不同,随着初植密度的减小,抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)有降低趋势,而湿心材、边材面积,幼龄材、成熟材面积,以及幼龄材、湿心材比例均明显增大;基本密度不受初植密度的影响.回归分析表明,MOE、MOR、湿心材、幼龄材面积等材质指标可用树木特征因子及初植密度进行较好地预测,而木材密度的预测效果很差.