Trade-offs between wood production and forest grouse habitats in two regions with distinctive landscapes

Background:Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations,causing alterations to habitat quality.At the regional level,common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are negotiated between various stakeholders.Analysing potential trade-offs between forest grouse habitats and wood production in the region could support resource-smart decision making.Methods:In this paper,we compiled trade-off curves represented as production possibility frontiers demonstrating the relationship between forest grouse habitat area and wood removal,using a Finnish forestry dynamics model and the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory.For the modelling of forest grouse habitats,a landscape-level occurrence model based on nationwide wildlife triangle census data was used.Five alternative forest scenarios in terms of wood removal were compiled for two study areas in Finland representing two different landscape structures.Results and conclusions:Results showed that impacts on forest grouse habitats were case-specific.In the southern study area,increasing the roundwood harvesting rate affected grouse habitats more strongly as forests were already fragmented for other land uses and became more spruce-dominated over time.If the maximum sustainable removal rate was implemented,predicted grouse habitat area was 55%less than in a no-removal scenario.In the eastern study area,a more heavily forested region,the decrease was far lower at 22%.Scenario results were also compared to levels of recorded(business as usual)wood removal and that envisaged by valid regional forestry programmes,and their sustainability in terms of grouse habitat area was discussed.The production possibility frontiers calculated in this study support the evaluation of the loss of suitable habitat caused by different wood harvesting rates,or vice versa,the economic cost of increasing habitat areas.

Estimation of the embodied carbon in China's wood products trade using input–output methodology

This study calculates the embodied carbon in imports,exports,net exports,and the processing trade of China's wood product sector between 2001 and 2016 using a non-competitive input-output(I-O)model.The results demonstrate that embodied carbon showed a decreasing trend between 2001 and 2016.Embodied carbon was lowest in wood furniture imports and highest in paper and paperboard imports.The embodied carbon in sawnwood and veneer sheet exports was the lowest and paper and paperboard exports was the highest.The embodied carbon in the processing trade of paper and paperboard was the highest.To reduce the embodied carbon in China's wood products,the government should promote technological transformation and upgrading and encourage the implementation of green technology innovation.

Republic of Congo’ Wood Products Exported to China: Insight of the Characteristics, Trends, and Perspectives for Sustainable Trade

Wood products trade sector remains crucial for many countries’ economies. This is also for the Republic of Congo (RC) where wood is the second most exported natural resource. In this study, we aimed to determine the predominant wood products exported from the RC to China from 2007 to 2019, analyze the trends related to this trade, compare the quantities of wood products exported to China and other destinations, and determine the perspectives for the sustainable trade. The descriptive study using graphs and tables, non-parametric technique Kruskal-Wallis, pairwise comparisons, and SWOT analysis made up the methodological basis for this study. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software supported data processing. The results showed that logs were mainly exported to China, 92.585% of the three major wood products quantity (Logs, Wet sawnwood, and Dried sawnwood). Volume distributions between products categories differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). Besides, a significant volume (69.32%) was exported to China compared to the other destinations, and volume distributions between different destinations differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). The SWOT analysis describes weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and potential threats related to RC’ wood products trade sector. The prospects for sustainable trade in wood products between the RC and China lie in establishing a good governance in the timber sector, supporting the emergence of domestic operators, and improving the business climate.

OPTIMIZATION OF WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE PROCESS BY PERT

In this paper we use the method of Program Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)to analyze an actual example,Square stool manufacture line in Harbin Longjiang WoodProducts Factory,treated it by computer,and come to the conclusion as follows:1.PERT can helpus to see the full activity in all process clearly which is not easy to see clearly at the noisy and com-plex manufacture line.2.It shows the critical production efficiently.3.It can help us tochoose the best one from many wood product models.PERT would be helping us to establish a ra-tional and complete wood products manufacture managementsystem.

Romanian legal management rules limit wood production in Norway spruce and beech forests

Background： The quantitative impact of forest management on forests＇ wood resource was evaluated for Picea and Fagus mixed forests. The effects on the productivity of tendering operations, thinnings and rotation length have seldom been directly quantified on landscape scale. Methods： Two sites of similar fertility but subject to contrasted forest management were studied with detailed inventories： one in Germany, the other in Romania, and compared with the respective national forest inventories. In Romania, regulations impose very long rotations, low thinnings and a period of no-cut before harvest. In contrast, tending and thinnings are frequent and intense in Germany. Harvests start much earlier and must avoid clear cutting but maintain a permanent forest cover with natural regeneration. While Germany has an average annual wood increment representative for Central Europe, Romania represents the average for Eastern Europe. Results： The lack of tending and thinning in the Romanian site resulted in twice as many trees per hectare as in the German site for the same age. The productivity in Romanian production forests was 20 % lower than in Germany despite a similar fertility. The results were supported by the data from the national forest inventory of each country, which confirmed that the same differential exists at country scale. Furthermore, provided the difference in rotation length, two crops are harvested in Germany when only one is harvested in Romania. The losses of production due to a lower level of management in Romania where estimated to reach 12.8 million m3.y-1 in regular mountain production forests, and to 15 million m3.y-1 if managed protection forest is included. Conclusions： The productivity of Picea and Fagus mountain forests in Romania is severely depressed by the lack of tending and thinning, by overly long rotations and the existence of a 25-years no-cut period prior to harvest. The average standing volume in Germany was 50 % lower than in Romania, but the higher harvesting rate resulted in more than doubling wood production. Considering the mitigation effects of climate change by forests, it emerges that the increase in standing volume of forests in Romania is smaller than the additional harvest in Germany which serves fossil fuel substitution.

Incorporating carbon sink of harvested wood products into ecological footprint accounting:model and case study

Ecological footprint(EF)accounting system is widely used in assessing environmental sustainability at various spatial scales.To improve the EF performance,a new EF calculation framework was established in this study,in which HWP is considered as carbon sinks and the model was then applied to the Yangtze River basin of China.Results showed that(1)carbon sink in the basin is about 2.99 Tg per year and it varies substantially across subbasins,which has a nonlinear relationship with net primary productivity;(2)available biocapacity calculated in the whole basin increases from 0.5068 to 0.5759 national ha(nha)per capita when incorporating the carbon sinks.In a few subbasins,the added biocapacity is even larger than the biocapacity estimated from the conventional approach;(3)the EF of the basin is 5.598 nha per capita and it is much larger than its biological carrying capacity(BC),indicating that ecological deficit is ubiquitous across the basin.If carbon sinks are considered,the ecological deficit would decrease by 3.2–14.3%for different regions in the basin.It is necessary to incorporate HWP and other potential terrestrial carbon sinks in the EF accounting,and more efforts are needed in improving carbon sink accuracy.

Solid Wood Products from Eucalypts Plantations

To improve and diversify the use of tropical plantation timbers in Southern China, with support from International Tropical Timber Organizations (ITTO), a research project was started in 2002 focusing on development of processing and manufacturing technologies to promote production of value-added wood products from eucalypts plantations. This project will also facilitate the formulation of forest management strategy in China to supplement the diminishing supply of timber from the natural forests. The sp...

木塑复合材料在家具中的应用

木塑材料作为一种复合型材质具有较强的可塑性、较小的污染性,相较于塑料及实木材质优势明显,在家具制造领域的实用性逐渐增强。本文主要分析了木塑复合材料在家具中应用的原则与优势、设计方法以及应用实例,为木塑材料家具产品开发提供更多的思路与建议。

木竹产品碳足迹评价研究进展

气候变化是全球治理的一个重要方面,评估人类活动引起的温室气体排放量是应对气候变化的基础性工作,受到世界各国政府、科研机构和企业广泛关注。随着我国“碳达峰”“碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的提出以及相关政策的落地实施,碳足迹作为温室气体排放测度指标,其重要性日益凸显。开展木竹产品碳足迹评价是我国木竹加工企业落实国家“双碳”目标的核心工作,对木竹产业低碳高质量发展亦具有重要意义。本文全面分析锯材、改性材、人造板及其制品、结构用集成材和胶合木等主要木竹产品碳足迹评价的研究现状,以及碳足迹评价方法的研究进展。目前,生命周期评价法是国际主流的碳足迹评价方法,依据的标准主要为ISO/TS 14067、GHG Protocol和PAS 2050;在木竹产品中储存的生物碳及其延迟碳排放效应的评估方法,以及计入产品碳足迹评价结果的形式等方面尚未形成国际共识;因不同国家木竹加工技术水平和能源结构有所不同,同一类别产品碳足迹差异显著。此外,不同科研人员采用的评价标准和研究假设等各异,导致同一产品碳足迹评价结果可比性不强。未来应:1)研制木竹产品延迟碳排放效应的评估方法,科学量化木竹产品对应对气候变化的积极贡献;2)制定适于木竹产品碳足迹评价国际统一的产品种类规则,进一步增强碳足迹核算结果的可比性,推动木竹产品碳足迹评价结果国际互认;3)建立木竹产品全生命周期回溯跟踪体系,助力木竹产品全生命周期碳足迹评价工作的顺利开展;4)构建契合我国木竹产业特点全国统一的碳排放因子数据库,为准确计量木竹产品碳足迹提供数据支撑。

全球木质林产品贸易竞争与互补网络结构分析

运用社会网络分析方法,构建2009—2019年74个木质林产品贸易经济体之间的竞争性网络与互补性网络,从网络密度、节点中心性以及贸易板块的角度,研究各经济体之间的竞争性与互补性。结果表明:①2009—2019年竞争性网络和互补性网络联系的密切程度下降,但互补性网络密切程度大于竞争性网络,主要经济体之间仍存在较大合作空间。②中国在贸易网络中连通性增强。竞争性网络中,中国节点度排名提升速度较快,与其他经济体竞争激烈;互补性网络中,中国节点入度增加较快,贸易潜力较大。③木质林产品贸易已形成三大竞争群体,其中,中国与其他经济体之间的竞争关系不断加剧,中国所在板块2009—2019年内部互补关系逐渐减弱,白俄罗斯、丹麦等经济体组成的板块是中国重要的潜在贸易伙伴。

木雕工艺品设计产品化教学模式研究

本文针对木雕工艺品设计产品化教学模式进行深入研究,旨在探讨如何将传统木雕技艺与现代产品设计相结合,实现木雕工艺品的创新与发展。本文探讨木雕工艺品设计产品化教学模式,包括课程设置、实践教学、校企合作、评价体系、知识产权的保护5个方面,提出一系列具有针对性的教学策略。本文的研究成果对推动木雕工艺品设计的创新发展、提高木雕技艺的传承与保护水平具有重要意义。同时,对其他传统手工艺品的产品化教学模式研究也具有一定的借鉴意义。

家居木制品数字化制造过程数据采集技术应用案例研究

在“中国智能制造2025”背景下,家居木制品行业生产模式正逐步向智能化、数字化方向迈进。数据作为数字化制造的基础和前提,如何进行高效、准确地采集是首先要解决的问题。本文在论述数据驱动内涵、数据的类型和数据采集的手段等相关理论的基础上,以S家具木制品公司数字化生产车间为研究对象,对其数字化制造过程数据采集技术应用进行深入研究,以期为数据采集技术在家居木制品行业中向着新一代制造的智能化、信息化、网络化和数字化的深度融合的应用推广探路,也为家居木制品制造企业数字化制造与管理的发展提供参考。

整木生产进度跟踪二维码扫描系统的设计与应用

生产进度跟踪是整木定制家具企业生产管理的重要内容。实现对生产环节各个节点进度的精确把控,通过对M家具公司的生产车间流程的调查研究,总结出整木生产进度管理具有信息化程度低、同项目齐套管理难度大、采购进度难跟踪的难点。以M家具公司作为案例进行研究,以二维码扫描技术为基础,按照“批次-订单-部件”的结构,制定了整木生产进度跟踪二维码扫描系统的技术方案,并以此为基础,设计出管理系统的功能框架。将二维码扫描系统投入使用后,通过经验总结的方法,制定各个生产环节的标准操作流程。新系统的使用,降低车间工作的透明度,能够获得生产信息的及时反馈,大大降低了生产进度管理的难度,是企业在信息化道路上迈出的重要一步。

江苏省荷斯坦牛日产奶量Wood模型DHI分析

利用Wood泌乳曲线模型对江苏省12个奶牛场2017~2019年荷斯坦牛398449条DHI日产奶量记录数据作曲线拟合,分析牧场规模、胎次、产犊季节、产犊间隔和305 d产奶量等因素对泌乳曲线相关参数影响。测定日产奶量泌乳曲线为标准泌乳曲线,高峰产奶量为39.08 kg,高峰产奶日为88.20 d,泌乳持久力为2.85,平均拟合度为0.9920;规模在1000头以下牧场荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线拟合度最大(0.9939),规模为1000~2000头牧场拟合度最小(0.9916);1~5胎奶牛泌乳曲线拟合度随胎次增加逐渐降低;冬季产犊拟合度最高(0.9923),夏秋两季产犊拟合度最低(0.9919);产犊间隔为366~400 d时拟合度最大(0.9923),300~365 d时拟合度最小(0.9920);305 d产奶量在11001~13000 kg拟合度最高(0.9955),305 d产奶量在3000~5000 kg拟合度最低(0.9864)。Wood模型适合江苏省荷斯坦牛日产奶量变化曲线拟合分析,牧场规模、胎次、产犊季节、产犊间隔、305 d产奶量等因素对Wood泌乳曲线模型参数均有影响。

Yield models for predicting aboveground ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands of northern Spain

Background: Predictive models shed light on aboveground fungal yield dynamics and can assist decision-making in forestry by integrating this valuable non-wood forest product into forest management planning. However, the currently existing models are based on rather local data and, thus, there is a lack of predictive tools to monitor mushroom yields on larger scales.Results: This work presents the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and related ecosystem services in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, using a long-term dataset suitable to account for the combined effect of meteorological conditions and stand structure.Models were fitted for the following groups of fungi separately: all ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, edible mushrooms and marketed mushrooms. Our results show the influence of the weather variables(mainly precipitation) on mushroom yields as well as the relevance of the basal area of the forest stand that follows a right-skewed unimodal curve with maximum predicted yields at stand basal areas of 30–40 m2·ha-1.Conclusion: These models are the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, being of the highest resolution developed to date and enable predictions of mushrooms productivity by taking into account weather conditions and forests’ location, composition and structure.

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

This paper introduces the general condition of forestry resources of China and the demand and supply of timber and forest products. The market for timber and forest producls has borne dual pressure because of the population explosion and growth of the domestic economy. A major contemporary strategy for sustainable forestry includes the promotion of the Forest Products Industry (FPI), the substitution of other materials for timber,and the encouragement of imports of timber and forest products. The author analyzes the effect of these policies on the market for timber and forest products. In addition, the difficulties encountered by most mid-to large -scale state- owned forest enterprises during the transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy are examined. Finally, the author points out the countermeasures and means for reform of these old forest enterprises with a view toward future prosperity of the market for timber and forest products.

Progress in the technology of energy conversion from woody biomass in Indonesia

Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests （i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people）, woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, traditional markets as well as skimmed coconut oil and straws from rice cultivation. Four kinds of energy-conversion technologies have been empirically tested in Indonesia. First, gasification of rubber wood from unproductive rubber trees to generate heat energy for the drying of fermented chocolate seeds. Secondly, energy conversion from organic vegetable waste by implementing thermophylic fermentation methods that produce biogas as a fuel and for generating electricity and also concurrently generate organic by-products called hygen compost. Thirdly, gasification of charcoal and wood sawdust for electricity generation. Finally, environment-friendly energy conversion by carbonizing small-diameter logs, sawdust, wood slabs and coconut shells into charcoal. This yielded charcoal integrated with wood vinegar production through condensation of smoke/vapors emitted during carbonization, thereby mitigating the impact of air pollution. Among the four experimental technologies that of integrated charcoal and wood vinegar production had been spectacularly developed and favored by rural communities. This technology brought added value to the process and product due to the wood vinegar, useful as bio-pesticide, plant-growth hormone and organic fertilizer. Such integrated and environment-friendly production, therefore, should be sustained, because Indonesia occupies a significant and worldwide position as charcoal-producing and marketing country. The technology of integrated wood vinegar-charcoal production hence deserves its dissemination throughout Indonesia, particularly to the charcoal industry that still produces charcoal without condensing the generated vapor/smoke, hence polluting the air.

小提琴制造对木材树种、性质与加工质量的要求

针对小提琴的基本结构单元(琴首、琴颈、琴身、琴弓和配件),从木材树种、构造、声学性质、尺寸规格等因素概述小提琴制造对木材原料的要求,从备料、木材干燥、加工精度等环节总结加工质量的要求。结合国内木材资源与木材加工技术的现状,分析现阶段我国小提琴制造存在的主要问题,包括:优质原材料日益减少、科学方法与专用分析设备应用不足、乐器用木材改性新技术研发较为缺乏、专业技术人员短缺。针对现存问题,提出推进国内优质林木资源培育、研究科学评价方法、加强木材优化技术开发与人才储备等建议。