Variations and determinants of tissue carbon concentration of 32 sympatric temperate tree species

Plant carbon(C)concentration is a fundamental trait for estimating C storage and nutrient utilization.However,the mechanisms of C concentration variations among different tree tissues and across species remains poorly understood.In this study,we explored the variations and determinants of C concentration of nine tissues from 216 individuals of 32 tree species,with particular attention on the effect of wood porosity(i.e.,non-porous wood,diffuse-porous wood,and ring-porous wood).The inter-tissue pattern of C concentration diverged across the three porosity types;metabolically active tissues(foliage and fine roots,except for the foliage of ring-porous species)generally had higher C levels compared with inactive wood.The poor inter-correlations between tissue C concentrations indicated a necessity of measuring tissue-and specific-C concentrations.Carbon concentration for almost all tissues generally decreased from non-porous,to diffuse-porous and to ring-porous.Tissue C was often positively correlated with tissue(foliage and wood)density and tree size,while negatively correlated with growth rate,depending on wood porosity.Our results highlight the mediating effect of type of wood porosity on the variation in tissue C among temperate species.The variations among tissues were more important than that among species.These findings provided insights on tissue C concentration variability of temperate forest species.

Tree-ring δ^(15)N of Qinghai spruce in the central Qilian Mountains of China:Is pre-treatment of wood samples necessary?

A knowledge of the tree-ring stable nitrogen isotope ratio(δ^(15)N)can deepen our understanding of forest ecosystem dynamics by indicating the long-term availability,cycling and sources of nitrogen(N).However,the radial mobility of N blurs the interannual variations in the long-term N records.Previous studies of the chemical extraction of tree rings before analysis had produced inconsistent results and it is still unclear whether it is necessary to pre-treat wood samples from specific tree species to remove soluble N compounds before determining theδ^(15)N values.We compared the effects of pre-treatment with organic solvents and hot ultrapure water on the N concentration andδ^(15)N of tree rings from endemic Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)growing in the interior of the central Qilian Mountains,China,during the last 60 a.We assessed the effects of different preparation protocols on the removal of the labile N compounds and investigated the need to pre-treat wood samples before determining theδ^(15)N values of tree rings.Increasing trends of the tree-ring N concentration were consistently observed in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples.The total N removed by extraction with organic solvents was about 17.60%,with a significantly higher amount in the sapwood section(P<0.01).Theδ^(15)N values of tree rings decreased consistently from 1960 to 2019 in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples.Extraction with organic solvents increased theδ^(15)N values markedly by about 5.2‰and reduced the variations in theδ^(15)N series.However,extraction with hot ultrapure water had little effect,with only a slight decrease in theδ^(15)N values of about 0.5‰.Our results showed that the radial pattern in the inter-ring movement of N in Qinghai spruce was not minimized by extraction with either organic solvents or hot ultrapure water.It is unnecessary to conduct hot ultrapure water extraction for the wood samples from Qinghai spruce because of its negligible effect on the removal of the labile N.Theδ^(15)N variation trend of tree rings in the unextracted wood samples was not influenced by the heartwood-sapwood transition zone.We suggest that theδ^(15)N values of the unextracted wood samples of the climate-sensitive Qinghai spruce could be used to explore the ecophysiological dynamics while focusing on the long-term variations.

THE EFFECT OF WOOD SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF TREES ON WOOD COLOR IN WORKING OPERATION

The multinomial wood surface roughness parameters and wood color parameters of 5 kinds of species of trees were measured in working operation by the stylus surface roughness meter and colorimeter, and the measurement results were compared. The results indicated: The variations of wood surface roughness had the effect on the wood color of some kinds of species of trees on working operation, with the surface roughness decreasing, the brightness and luminance exponent increased, the hue angle increased lightly, but the variation of color saturation was different to the different wood color hue of species of trees.

Tree growth performance and estimation of wood quality in plantation trials for Maesopsis eminii and Shorea spp.

Plantations of tropical species axe becoming an increasingly important source of wood. However, it is important that research trials focus not only on tree growth performance, but also on wood quality. The aims of this study were to assess the growth performance of six commercially and ecologically important tree species from separate plantation trials in Indonesia and to determine the relationships between tree growth and wood quality in terms of the dynamic modulus of elasticity （MOE） and wood density. Forty-eight 7-year Maesopsis eminii Engl. and thirty-five 9-year specimens （7 each of 5 Shorea spp.） were selected from two trials. The MOE, based on acoustic velocity, was indirectly measured to evaluate wood stiffness. Tree-growth performance was evaluated, and correlations between growth traits and acoustic velocity as well as density and wood stiffness properties were estimated. The growth performance of M. eminii in terms of tree volume was significantly different in three different cate- gories of growth （i.e. fast, medium, slow）. Of the five Shorea spp. studied, Shorea leprosula Miq. had the highest growth rate, as expected since it is known to be a fastgrowing Shorea species. Indirect measurement of wood quality by means of non-destructive ultrasonic methods showed a weak negative correlation between tree volume and acoustic velocity and dynamic MOE. Although each fast-growing tree could reach a merchantable size faster than other varieties or species, wood traits of various species tested were not significantly different based on tree growth rate performance. The findings from this study could be used to improve selection criteria in future breeding trials; indirect measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be used in mass pre-selection of genetic materials, to choose the most-promising material for in-depth evaluation.

Removing harvest residues from hardwood stands affects tree growth, wood density and stem wood nutrient concentration in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus spp.)

Background:Higher exportation of harvest residues from forests due to increased demand for woody biomass,has reportedly diminished soil mineral resources and may lead to degraded tree nutrition as well as growth.However,as nutrients become less available in the soil,the remobilization of nutrients in biomass tissues(plant internal cycling)helps sustain tree nutrition.Our study aims to quantify the impact of Removing Harvest Residues and Litter(RHRL)during five years on tree growth,wood density,and stem wood nutrient concentrations in young beech and oak forest stands.Result:Our study found that,RHRL significantly decreased tree growth ring width by 14%,and wood density by 3%,in beech trees,in near bark rings.RHRL also significantly reduced nutrient concentration in near bark and near pith areas of both studied species.Mg,Na and S were found lower by 44%,76%,and 56%,respectively,in near bark area of beech trees.In near bark area of oak trees,K,Ca,Mg,Na,S,and Fe were lower by 20%,25%,41%,48%,41%,and 16%,respectively.K and Mg concentrations decreased more strongly in near pith area compared to near bark area suggesting internal translocation of these two elements.Conclusion:In beech trees,wood density proved to be an important factor while quantifying the effect of removing harvest residuals on tree growth and biomass.Soil nutrient loss intensified the remobilization of nutrients con-tained in older tree rings(close to the pith)towards newly formed rings(close to bark).In our study,in beech trees,K was found to be the most recycled major nutrient.These results demonstrate the potential of such analysis for providing valuable insight into the effect of RHRL in premature stands on the physiological adaptive strategies of trees and an indication of soil fertility status.

Effect of Tree Species and Dosage of Rhizomorph Wood on Asexual Propagation of Wild Gastrodia elata. Bl. f. glauca S. Chow in Ganzi

The effects of the tree species and the dosages of Armillariella mellea rhizomoph wood on asexual propagation of wild Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow were studied in Ganzi prefecture. The results showed that tree species had a very significant effect on asexual reproduction yield of wild Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow. The drying rate and yield of Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow cultured by close grained woods such as Quercus spinosa David ex Fr. was extremely significant higher than that cultured by coarse grained wood such as Betula platyphylla Suk. The dosage had a very significant effect on the yield of wild Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow whereas it had no influence on the drying rate.

Developing allometric equations to estimate forest biomass for tree species categories based on phylogenetic relationships

The development of allometric biomass models is important process in biomass estimation because the reliability of forest biomass and carbon estimations largely depends on the accuracy and precision of such models.National Forest Inventories(NFI)are detailed assessments of forest resources at national and regional levels that provide valuable data for forest biomass estimation.However,the lack of biomass allometric equations for each tree species in the NFI currently hampers the estimation of national-scale forest biomass.The main objective of this study was to develop allometric biomass regression equations for each tree species in the NFI of China based on limited biomass observations.These equations optimally grouped NFI and biomass observation species according to their phylogenetic relationships.Significant phylogenetic signals demonstrated phylogenetic conservation of the crown-to-stem biomass ratio.Based on phylogenetic relationships,we grouped and matched NFI and biomass observation species into 22 categories.Allometric biomass regression models were developed for each of these 22 species categories,and the models performed successfully(R^(2)=0.97,root mean square error(RMSE)=12.9​t·ha^(–1),relative RMSE=11.5%).Furthermore,we found that phylogeny-based models performed more effectively than wood density-based models.The results suggest that grouping species based on their phylogenetic relationships is a reliable approach for the development and selection of accurate allometric equations.

Improving tree health assessment accuracy at low temperatures:considering the effect of trunk ice content on electrical resistance and stress wave tomography

Accurate decay detection and health assessment of trees at low temperatures is an important issue for forest management and ecology in cold areas.Low temperature ice formation on tree health assessment is unknown.Because electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography are two widely used methods for the detection of tree decay,this study investigated the effect of ice content on trunk electrical resistance and stress wave velocity to improve tree health assessment accuracy.Moisture content,trunk electrical resistance and stress wave velocity using time domain reflectometry were carried out on Larix gmelinii and Populus simonii.Ice content is based on moisture content data.The ice content of both species showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing.This was opposite with ambient temperatures.With the decrease of temperatures,daily average ice content increased,but the range narrowed gradually and both electrical resistance and stress wave velocity increased.Both increased rapidly near 0℃,mainly caused by ice formation(phase change and freezing of free water)in live trees.In addition,both are positively correlated with ice content.The results suggest that ice content should be considered for improving the accuracy of tree decay detection and health evaluation using electric resistance tomography and stress wave velocity methods under low temperatures.

木材分子考古研究进展

木材考古学研究是推动木质文物自然和历史信息挖掘、保护和修复的重要基础。近年来,随着古DNA捕获和测序技术的快速发展,从木质遗存中可获取古DNA信息,在木材解剖学基础上,创新开展以古DNA为核心的木材分子考古研究已成为木材考古学的前沿热点。本文首先对木材分子考古研究进行概述,从古DNA的保存和降解、获取以及数据处理和序列分析3方面归纳木材古DNA的研究进展,并指出古DNA因高度降解、含量极低和化学损伤特征导致其难于提取和信息解译的难题。然后总结木材分子考古在解读先民认知与利用森林资源方式、复原历史时期地域性森林植被类型和物种多样性以及重建古代树木应对气候和生境变化的微进化反应等方面的主要应用。最后提出该研究领域未来应优先开展的工作:1)建立考古木材标本库及其DNA信息数据库;2)研究不同时空维度下木材古DNA损伤及变化规律;3)构建稳定高效的木材古DNA提取及序列信息解译技术体系。通过进一步加强木材分子考古等多学科交叉研究,推动新理论、新方法、新技术在木材学和考古学领域的应用,为木质文物的用材树种识别、保护利用以及重建历史时期森林植被、环境气候与人类活动的耦合关系提供重要科学依据。

原木端面裂纹检测的智能方法

原木在干燥过程中端面会出现开裂,影响原木质量。为了自动、准确、高效地检测原木的端面裂纹信息,本文提出了一种基于深度学习的原木端面裂纹定量检测方法。分别使用FCN、U-Net、U-Net++三种语义分割网络对原木端面中的裂纹区域及端面区域进行分割。通过识别不同的开裂类型,将分割出的整体裂纹划分成单独裂纹,并利用Hough变换圆检测算法检测出轮裂。通过分割出的裂纹图像和端面图像定义开裂占比、开裂区域面积、端面区域面积,通过裂纹的骨架线长度和裂纹轮廓内的最大内接圆直径描述裂纹的长度和最大宽度。最后分别对裂纹划分前和裂纹划分后进行计算并输出可视化图片。结果表明:U-Net++模型对裂纹的检测效果更优,研究结果可为原木质量评估提供数据支持。

南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量无人机遥感估测

以南方典型红壤侵蚀区长汀县河田镇为例,结合无人机与激光雷达产生的点云数据优势,通过局部最大值和分水岭算法反演单木树高(H)和冠层半径(R_(c)),拟合以H和R_(c)为变量组合的异速生长方程,得到以新冠层参数为底的马尾松立木生物量模型。结果表明:提取树高的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.93和0.49 m;计算冠层半径的R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.64 m;估算立木生物量的R^(2)和RMSE分别为0.89和3.37 kg。本研究通过无人机遥感影像定量参数并构建的异速生长方程中,以组合(H+R_(c))为底的异速生长方程估测马尾松林立木生物量的精度较高,可以有效估测马尾松林立木生物量,可为南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量准确估测提供参考。

Analysis on the Growth Condition of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide good basic research data for Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in southern Anhui,so as to improve local ecological,economic and social benefits.[Methods]A 22-year-old near-mature C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,Xiuning County,Huangshan City,Anhui Province was investigated and analyzed by sample plot survey.[Results]The average DBH value of the C.lanceolata plantation at the lower slope was the largest,24.7%and 19.2%higher than those at the upper and middle slopes,respectively.The average single plant wood volume at the lower slope was 47.6%and 49.1%higher than those in the upper and middle slopes,respectively.However,the average tree heights at various slope positions showed little difference.Meanwhile,all the indexes showed the phenomenon of semi-shady slope>sunny slope>shady slope under different slope directions.Among them,the effect of slope position on DBH was extremely significant,but the effect of slope direction on DBH was not significant,and slope position,slope direction and the interaction of slope direction and slope position had no significant effects on the tree height of the C.lanceolata plantation.In addition,slope direction and slope position had extremely significant effects on single plant wood volume.From the overall growth situation of the C.lanceolata plantation in Lingnan Forest Farm,the slope position factor had greater effects on various indexes of forest growth than the slope direction factor,mainly manifested in that the lower slope was better than the middle slope,and the middle slope position was better than the upper slope,while although slope direction had some effect on the growth of the C.lanceolata plantation,the influence degree was not as significant as that of slope position.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference for the adjustment and optimization,development and renewal of C.lanceolata plantation structure in the later period in this area,as well as some data support for other theoretical research on economic forests.

北京公园树木腐朽病的发生现状调查研究

为进一步做好园林树木腐朽病害的防治,2019—2023年,通过现场随机踏查的方法,调查北京主要公园树木腐朽病的发生和危害情况,对腐朽菌进行鉴定分类,统计染病树木和主要病原菌。结果显示:山桃Prunus davidiana、碧桃Prunus persica‘Duplex’、柳树Salix matsudana、槐树Sophora japonica、桑树Morus alba、西府海棠Malus×micromalus、紫叶李Prunus cerasifera‘Atropurpurea’、樱花Cerasus spp.、丁香Syringa spp.等树木发病率较高,且部分植株发病较重,共发现腐朽菌44种;其中,多孔菌目有21种,占总数的47.7%,是本次调查中发现最多的腐朽菌类群;能侵染活立木的病原腐朽菌有30种,它们的寄主范围广,多数种类对树木的危害程度较高。染病树木上的病原菌主要有白囊耙齿菌Irpex lacteus、裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune、毛栓孔菌Trametes hirsuta、刺槐范氏孔菌Vanderbylia robiniophila、粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus、硬毛粗盖孔菌Funalia trogii、一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor、梨生多年卧孔菌Perenniporia pyricola、东亚木层孔菌Phellinus orientoasiaticus、树舌灵芝Ganoderma applanatum。结合腐朽病发生发展特点及公园树木的日常养护管理活动,分析调查区域内树木腐朽病发生原因,为园林树木腐朽病害的防治提出措施建议。

微观视角下防火树种特征研究动态

树种微观构造特征决定了木材的物理和化学性能,在阻火性上宏观表现为不易被点燃,掌握树种解剖构造特征,对于研究植被的生态适应性、调控生物群落的结构组成、木材种类鉴定、木材加工利用,尤其针对林木防火机理等方面具有重要意义。以防火树种为研究对象,非防火树种作为参照,对防火林带与木材解剖微观技术应用、防火木材构造特征、叶片微观特征、树根微观特征四个方面研究动态进行综述,并对今后的研究方向进行展望,旨在为我国森林防火工程建设响应生态文明防火提供科学依据。

森林结构复杂度对单木分割精度的影响——以田横岛为例

单木分割对于森林资源调查具有重要的意义,不同结构复杂度的森林单木分割算法的选择以及分割参数的选取对分割精度有着很大的影响。以山东田横岛为研究区,基于无人机正射影像与激光雷达数据,首先提取海岛森林典型植被二维与三维特征,然后利用随机森林算法对不同树种的树木进行分类,最后基于分类后的点云数据,选取不同结构复杂度的森林样地,对比分析聚类算法、层堆叠算法、分水岭算法在不同复杂度林区的适用性。结果表明:(1)随机森林算法结合单木二维、三维特征可有效对混交林树木进行分类,模型总体的精度为94.51%,Kappa系数为0.9038;(2)聚类算法对结构简单的林区具有更高的分割精度(F=96.41),但依赖于分割参数的选取;面对复杂单木集群,分水岭算法总体得分波动最小(ΔF=14.56),表现出较强的稳定性;(3)混交林预先进行树种分类可有效改善单木分割环境,相比于直接进行单木分割,聚类算法、层堆叠算法、分水岭算法的分割精度均得到不同程度的提升(ΔF_(1)=10.06,ΔF_(2)=9.51,ΔF_(3)=12.6)。

THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DIFFERENT SPECIES WOOD COLOUR

In this paper, the heat tratment of wood samples of 8 tree species with different colour were made at different temperature and time. Using SC-1 Model colorimeter, the colorimetric parameter was measured at quantitative measuring for treatment fore-and-after wood sampIes color. The effect of heat treatment conditions on wood color was analyzed. The results indicated: the temperature and time of heat treatment affected on big extent for wood samples color, in which the heat temperature was more evident than others. The luminance index of wood color parameter was more sensitive to treatment condition, which it reduced with temperature and time increasing, this kind of variation tendency was the same as all wood samples, but the variations extent was more different among the different wood species. After heat treatment the wood color hue and saturation variation direction were different for different wood species.This phenomenon had the relation to the migration and volatilization of color extract in heating process, or the rapid oxidation of lignin and some chemical element in high temperature.

Residual tree damage along skidding trails in beech stands in Greece

We studied the damage caused to unfelled trees during skidding operations in four beech stands of northern and central Greece that were managed under differing harvesting systems.After timber was harvested we recorded and analyzed all damage to a width of 2 m along both sides of the skid trails.The percentage of damaged residual trees was 17–28 %.Higher numbers of saplings were uprooted or destroyed in parts of the stands with high natural regeneration.Most damaged trees suffered 1.33–1.90 wounds that were inflicted up to a height of 1 m above ground level.At all sites mean wound sizes were large,89–1190 cm2,and caused elevated risk of future fungal infection.The damage caused by skidding during timber harvesting can be minimized by better planning the harvest operations,and training forest workers in reduced impact logging.

Patterns of tree buttressing at Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh

We describe patterns of buttress formation and development in eleven tree species at Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh. Forty-five percent of trees of these 11 species had buttresses. Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. showed maximum （87%） buttress formation, whereas Alstonia scholaris （L.） R. Br. did not show any buttress. Buttresses were recorded in 20%-40% of trees of six species and 40%-60% of trees in three species. Mean length and height of buttress varied among the species and ranged from 0.37-4.37 m and 0.71-2.13 m, respectively. Buttress height, mean buttress length, total buttress length, and total length plus length of secondaries increased with DBH （diameter at breast height） and tree height. Buttress number did not increase with DBH or tree height. Under-storey and mid-canopy trees produced less developed buttresses than did emergent trees （p〈0.01）. Wood density showed moderate effects on buttress characters （p〈0.05）, while the slope of the land did not. Canopy category was a primary regulating factor for tree buttressing, suggesting that buttresses are mechanical adaptations of trees to counter physical stresses.

Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass in the tropical woodlands of Ghana, West Africa

Background: Modelling aboveground biomass(AGB) in forest and woodland ecosystems is critical for accurate estimation of carbon stocks. However, scarcity of allometric models for predicting AGB remains an issue that has not been adequately addressed in Africa. In particular, locally developed models for estimating AGB in the tropical woodlands of Ghana have received little attention. In the absence of locally developed allometric models, Ghana will continue to use Tier 1 biomass data through the application of pantropic models. Without local allometric models it is not certain how Ghana would achieve Tier 2 and 3 levels under the United Nations programme for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The objective of this study is to develop a mixedspecies allometric model for use in estimating AGB for the tropical woodlands in Ghana. Destructive sampling was carried out on 745 trees(as part of charcoal production) for the development of allometric equations. Diameter at breast height(dbh, i.e. 1.3 m above ground level), total tree height(H) and wood density(ρ) were used as predictors for the models. Seven models were compared and the best model selected based on model efficiency,bias(%) and corrected Akaike Information Criterion. The best model was validated by comparing its results with those of the pantropic model developed by Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014) using equivalence test and conventional paired t-test.Results: The results revealed that the best model for estimating AGB in the tropical woodlands is AGB =0.0580ρ((dbh)2 H)0.999. The equivalence test showed that this model and the pantropic model developed by Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014) were equivalent within ±10% of their mean predictions(p-values <0.0001 for one-tailed t-tests for both lower and upper bounds at 5% significant level), while the paired t-test revealed that the mean(181.44 ± 18.25 kg) of the model predictions of the best model of this study was significantly(n = 745, mean diff. = 16.50 ± 2.45 kg;S.E. = 1.25 kg;p < 0.001) greater than that(164.94 ± 15.82 kg) of the pantropic model of Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014).Conclusion: The model developed in this study fills a critical gap in estimating AGB in tropical woodlands in Ghana and other West African countries with similar ecological conditions. Despite the equivalence with the pantropic model it remains superior to the model of Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014) for the estimation of AGB in local tropical woodlands. It is a relevant tool for the attainment of Tier 2 and 3 levels for REDD+. The model is recommended for use in the tropical woodlands in Ghana and other West African countries in place of the use of pantropic models.

Effect of Wood Waste on Acoustic and Magnetic Properties of Composite Bricks and Correlation between Sound Velocity and Magnetic Induction in These Bricks

In the present study, kambala (botanical name: Chlorophora excelsa and Chlorophora regia) wood wastes were incorporated into stabilized earth bricks in order to test their acoustic insulation capacity of the walls;leading to better waste management from the timber industry. Two methods have been applied to determine the influence of the wood waste content in the stabilized earth bricks, on the weakening of the level of noise reception coming from the environmental medium, in an apartment built with composite bricks (earth + wood chips + cement). This influence has also been analyzed on the magnetic field induced by these bricks. The results showed that the level of sound reception through these bricks decreases with increasing wood waste content regardless of the method used (from 110 dB to 68 dB, respectively for Φb = 0% and Φb = 8%). The kambala wood waste in cement-stabilized clay bricks induces a magnetic field that increases with the wood waste content;the high contents of the wood chips causing an increase in the magnetic permeability of the composite medium. The correlation between the noise level and the magnetic field of the bricks shows that the noise level declines with increasing magnetic induction of the bricks.