Matching Dyeing and Properties of Silk Fabrics with Natural Edible Pigments

The silk fabrics were matching dyed with three natural edible pigments(red rice red,ginger yellow and gardenia blue).By investigating the dyeing rates and lifting properties of these pigments,it was observed that their compatibilities were excellent in the dyeing process:dye dosage 2.5%(omf),mordant alum dosage 2.0%(omf),dyeing temperature 80℃and dyeing time 40 min.The silk fabrics dyed with secondary colors exhibited vibrant and vivid color owing to the remarkable lightness and chroma of ginger yellow.However,gardenia blue exhibited multiple absorption peaks in the visible light range,resulting in significantly lower lightness and chroma for the silk fabrics dyed with tertiary colors,thus making it suitable only for matte-colored fabrics with low chroma levels.In addition,the silk fabrics dyed with these three pigments had a color fastness that exceeded grade 3 in resistance to perspiration,soap washing and light exposure,indicating acceptable wearing properties.The dyeing process described in this research exhibited a wide range of potential applications in matching dyeing of protein-based textiles with natural colorants.

EFFECT OF ELASTOMER ON WRINKLE RECOVERY OF SILK AND SILK/WOOL BLEND FABRICS

An investigation is described in which various polyfunctional elastomers( cationic methylaminopolysiloxane,nonic concentrated glyoxal resin and anionicpolyurethane etc. ) were applied on silk,wool and silk/ wool blend fabrics forimprovement wrinkle recovery.A study on this paper describes wrinkle recovery oftreated fabrics by the thermobench method,and ascertains reason which elastomerimproves wrinkle recovery of silk and silk/ wool blend fabrics according as results ofthe DSC,the SEM and the acid or alkali resistance.

Synthesis of Novel Acid Dyes with Coumarin Moiety and Their Utilization for Dyeing Wool and Silk Fabrics

This article describes the synthesis of some novel coumarin compounds to use as acid dyes by using compounds 1 - 4 as starting materials, which were prepared by interaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, diethylmalonate, 4-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride and 4-sulfobenzenediazonium chloride, respectively. Compound 1 reacted with bromine and 2-cyanoacetohydrazide to give phenacyl bromide derivative 5 and 2-cyanoacetohydrazone derivative 6, respectively. Coupling of compound 6 with equimolar amount of 2-sulfo-4-((4-sulfophenyl) diazenyl)benzenediazonium chloride gave coumarin acid dye 8. Phenacyl bromide derivative 5 re-acted with potassium cyanide in refluxing ethanol to produce compound 7, which on coupling with equimolar amount of 8-hydroxy-6-sulfonaphthalene-2-diazonium chloride and 8-hydroxy-3,6-disulfonaphthalene-1-diazonium chloride gave coumarin acid dyes 9 and 10, respectively. Interaction of compound 2 with 2-amino-5-((4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonic acid, benzene-1,4-diamine and 3,3’-dimethoxy-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine in refluxing ethanol afforded compounds 11, 12 and 14, respectively. Diazonium sulphate of compounds 12 and 14 coupling with 4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid gave compounds 13 and 15, respectively. Cyclocondensation of compound 3 with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, diethyl malonate and malononitrile afforded derivatives of 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-one 16, ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate 17 and 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carbonitrile 18, respectively. Reaction of sodium benzenesulfonate derivative 4 with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate and hydrazine hydrate gave compounds 19 and 20, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, UV/ VIS, IR, 1H NMR and Ms spectral data. The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for dyeing of wool and silk fabrics has been investigated. The dyed fabric shows good light fastness, very good rubbing, perspiration, washing and excellent sublimation fastness. These dyes have been color shade from blue to violet with very good depth and levelness on fabrics. The dye bath exhaustion and fixation on fabric has been found to be very good.

Research of Dyeing Thermodynamics and Supramolecular Structure of Luteolin on Wool Fabric

Natural dyestuff of luteolin was isolated and used to dye wool fabric in this paper. Ethanol extraction and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) were used to extract and purify the luteolin from the peanut shell, and the structure of the isolated luteolin was characterized with FTIR techniques. The interaction between dyestuff and fiber was preliminarily discussed through thermodynamic study and supramolecular structure simulation to explain the intrinsic reasons why the color fastness was low when luteolin was applied to dyeing wool fabric. The extraction condition and purification parameter were as follows: 65% ethanol, ratio of material to liquid 1:20, 80°C, 3 h, chloroform-methanol-water (4/3/2, V/V), 800 rmp/min, 2.0 Mkpa, 0.5 mL/ min and 280 nm. The results of dyeing thermodynamics showed that the sorption isotherm of luteolin on wool fabric was consistent with Nernst model and similar to the disperse dyestuff. With molecular simulation, luteolin and glycin composed 8 stable complexes whose Laplacian values all were greater than 0, which suggested typical hydrogen bonds existing. The complex with three hydrogen bonds was proved the most stable. Both studies on thermodynamics and supramolecular simulation revealed that luteolin on wool fabric mainly depended on the weak hydrogen bonds interaction that determined the low dyefastness.

Comparison of Low Stress Mechanical Properties of Light Weight Wool and Wool Blend Fabrics using the KES-F and FAST Instruments

This study compares the test results of the FAST (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing) with those of the KES - F (Kawabata Evaluation Systems for Fabrics) for a range of nineteen light weight wool and wool blend fabrics in terms of the low - stress mechanical properties of bending, shear, and tensile deformation. It is found that there are very significant correlations between the corresponding parameters for extensibility and shear rigidity obtained from the test results of the two systems. The correlation between the values of bending rigidity obtained from the two systems is only moderate. Furthermore, for the fabrics tested in this study, the values of bending rigidity, shear rigidity, and extensibility measured using the KES - F instruments are higher than those of the corresponding parameters measured using the FAST instruments. The linear regression equation is given for each pair of corresponding parameter.

ESR signals from silk fabrics irradiated by UV-rays

ESR studies were done on UV-ray irradiated silk fabric samples at room temperature. Different types of UV lamps were used and similar ESR signals were observed. The results indicate that UV-rays can produce free radicals for graft-copolymerization of monomer onto silk fibers without external additives or co additives, Also, radicals in silk fabrics irradiated by UV-rays are purer than that irradiated by γ-rays. The study suggests that UV-lights may be a better tool to improve properties of silk fabrics by grafting monomers onto the polymer chains.

Robust Waterborne Polyurethane/Wool Keratin/Silk Sericin Freeze-Drying Composite Membrane for Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption

Wool keratin(WK)and silk sericin(SS)have the ability to interact with metal ions.In order to take advantage of this potential,a novel environmentally friendly waterborne polyurethane(WPU)/WK/SS membrane named as WPU&WK&SS membrane with crosslinked structure was constructed by freeze-drying via self-assembly style.Surface morphology and chemical structure characterization were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).In addition,the adsorption experiments of Cu2+and Cr6+were performed to evaluate the adsorption of WPU&WK&SS membrane,including adsorption kinetics,adsorption isotherm models and various factors affecting adsorption.Further investigation indicates that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+and Cr6+can reach 54.21 mg·g-1and 85.21 mg·g-1,respectively,which are higher than most of the reported adsorbents.Through adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic analysis,it is find that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model are more suitable for the static adsorption of Cu2+and Cr6+by WPU&WK&SS membrane.

Mechanical Properties of Small-diameter Superfine Silk Powder/Polyurethane Vascular Graft Reinforced by Tubular Knitted Fabric

In this paper,a kind of composite microtube,which is made from superfine silk powder and polyurethane,reinforced by polyster and spandex tubular fabrics,was examined.The cross-section of composite microtubes were microporous,and micropores were uniform distributed,the inner surface was relatively smooth.The results showed that the wall thickness of composite microtubes increased,which led to the strength,the breaking work and the initial modulus incresead;that the spandex content increased brought about the initial modulus and the breaking work decreased,but the breaking extension and the breaking load were firstly increased and then decreased;and all the mechanical properties decreased as the SFSP content increased.

The Relationship between the Mechanical Properties of Pure Silk Fabrics and Dress Performance

In this paper, the relationship between mechanical properties of 30 pieces of pure silk fabrics and the dress performance has been analyzed. With the methods of multifactor linear step regression and discrimination analysis, the judgment and prediction model of the performance have been established.

Sterilization of mycete attached on the unearthed silk fabrics by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet

The sterilization of the simulated unearthed silk fabrics using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet（APPJ） system employing Ar/O2 or He/O2 plasma to inactivate the mycete attached on the silk fabrics is reported. The effects of the APPJ characteristics（particularly the gas type and discharge power） on the fabric strength, physical-chemical structures,and sterilizing efficiency were investigated. Experimental results showed that the Ar/O2 APPJ plasma can inactivate the mycete completely within 4.0 min under a discharge power of 50.0 W. Such an APPJ treatment had negligible impact on the mechanical strength of the fabric and the surface chemical characteristics. Moreover, the Ar ions, O and OH radicals were shown to play important roles on the sterilization of the mycete attached on the unearthed silk fabrics.

Effect of Commercial Synthappret BAP Treatment on the Tailorability of Light-Weight Worsted Wool Fabrics

By means of measurement with the FAST instruments, the effect of commercial Synthappret BAP treatment on the tailorability of light-weight wool worsted fabrics has been investigated. It was found that the commercial Synthappret BAP treatment unproved the tailorability of the light-weight wool fabrics mainly by increasing the bending stiffness of the light-weight wool fabrics.

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF A NEW ANTIFELTING RESIN FOR WOOL FABRICS

In this paper,a new resin called Resin M for imparting antifelting properties to wool fabricshas been studied.Resin M may be used by aqueous oxidative/polymer technique.It is provedthat Oxidant A/Resin M treatment can satisfy the machine washable requirement formulated byI.W.S..Resin M is a good agent for antifelting treatment of wool fabrics with proper pretreatment.Oxidant A/Resin M treatment has little influence on dyeing and moisture adsorption properties ofwool fibers.The pilling resistance of the treated fabrics is higher than that of the untreated ones.The strength and the handle of the treated fabrics have little been changed.According to thescanning electron microscope observations,it is recommended that the polymer encapsulation ofindividual fiber also plays an important role in the felting resistance of the treated fabrics though itis well known that the shrink resistance of the treated fabrics is believed to be due to the binding offibers.

WRINKLE RECOVERY OF WOOL AND WOOL/SILK BLENDS

The wrinking properties of light-weight woven fabrics mabe from wool and a range ofwool/silk blends have been assessed using the“Thermobench”test method.The effects ofageing/annealing,and of interyarn and interfibre friction,have been compared for the vani-ous fabrics.The results of attemps to improve wrinkle recovery by chemical modification arepresented,and possible directions for future work are considered.

MONITOR AND CONTROL OF THE DEGUMMING PROCESS FOR SILK FABRICS

In the paper the monitor and control methods of silk fabrics degumming process havebeen discussed which arethe pH value of degumming bath, the degumming loss percentage and the supplemen-tary amounts of degumming assistants etc.The investigation was shown that method is exact to measure the PH value of degum-ming bath by the heat resistant 305-2 type lithium glass electrode and the 232 type calomelelectrode through the saturated polassium chloride salt bridge at the degumming tempera-ture, the method can be avoided the errors in the conventional measurements.From the theoretical calculate of the alkaline expense, including the absorbed alkali ofraw silk fabric, G1;the alkali carried away by fabric, G2;the consumptive alkali by belach-ing agent, G3 etc. According to practical produce, the empirical formula has been estab-lished for determination of the addittional amounts of degumming assistants, G, at the con-tinuous produce:G=1.28(G1+G2+G3)(g/kg fabric)

The effect of atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma treatment on the dyeing properties of silk fabric

In this study,the effects of plasma treatment parameters on surface morphology,chemical constituent,dycabiliiy and color fastness of silk fabric were investigated.Atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma generated with different applied voltages(0 kV to 45 kV)was used to treat the surface of silk fabrics.C I Natural Yellow 3 was used to dye untreated and plasma-treated silk fabrics.The physical analysis based on scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of silk fabrics was affected by plasma treatment.The chemical analysis was investigated with x-ray photi>elcctron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that the content of C Is decreased with the increasing applied voltage,the content of N Is and O Is increased with the increasing applied voltage.The increasing K/S values represented that the dyeability of silk fabrics was improved after plasma treatment.The color fastness to dry and wet rubbing was decreased after plasma treatment.

Sub-Millimeter-Wave Transmission of Silk Fabric

Millimeter wave technology is one of the technologies developed rapidly in recent years. The research was mainly to study the transmission of millimeter wave through textile material named silk fabric. We observed the phenomenon of sub-millimeter-wave transmission and reflection of the silk fabric, and concluded that with the number of silk fabric layers increasing, effect of scattering and absorption of the millimeter wave enhanced. The conclusion could be further employed in millimeter wave and THz imaging, dangerous goods inspection and other security application.

Prickle of Light-Weight Worsted Woven Wool Fabrics

Using the forearm test, the prickle of 26 commercially available light-weight worsted woven wool fabrics and 7 other fiber fabrics were studied under (24±1)℃ temperature and (65±5)% RH conditions. The surface fiber diameter of part of the wool fabrics was measured using a microscope. It was found that most of the light-weight worsted woven wool fabrics gave a prickle sensation under the above conditions. The prickle sensation was significantly correlated with the mean fiber diameter of the surface hairiness. It was also found that the prickle of the light-weight worsted woven wool fabrics was significantly correlated with the number of surface fibers which were coarser than 26 μm diameter.

The Antimicrobial Activity of Wool Fabrics Treated with Crosslinking Agents and Polyhexamethylene Biguanide

In this study,we used citric acid(CA)as a crosslinking agent,mixed with polyhexamethylene biguanide,to perform a pad-dry-cure treatment on wool fabrics to study its antimicrobial effects and physical properties.

The Recognition of Silk Fabric Defects Based on Biorthogonal Wavelet Analysis and SOM Neural Network

A feasible approach for the recognition of silk fabric defects based on wavelet transform and SOM neural network is proposed in this paper, the indispensable processes of which are defect images denoising and enhancement, image edge detection, feature extraction and defects identification. Both geometrical and textmal feature parmnete~ are extracted from the edge image and the enhanced defect image, and utilize SOM neural network to recognize the common defects which silk fabrics have, including warplacking, weft-lacking, double weft, loom bars, oil-stains. Experimental resets show the advantages with high identification correctness and high inspection speed.

An Experimental Investigation to Examine the Wicking Properties of Silk Fabrics

In this research, the wicking characteristics of fabrics were used as an essential and effective indicator to investigate the satisfaction of heat and moisture. Due to the popularization of silk fabrics recently it has become an interesting topic to know about the wicking behavior of silk fabrics in water. The absorptive capability of the silk textile makes clothing comfortable even for a hotter environment. Silk fabrics are comfortable in the summer, and warm in the winter. Silk fabric can usually contain about 11 percent of its weight in moisture but the range varies from 10% to as much as 30%. In this paper, the wicking behavior of silk fabric in both warp and weft directions was investigated in terms of wicking height, wicking rate, mass increase distribution per centimeter of wicking height, the velocity of wicking height, and durability of wicking height after removal of the wicking liquid reservoir. The experimental results show that the wicking height in both the warp and weft directions had a good correlation with the time. The wicking rate was comparable in both weft and warp directions, but at the start of the wicking phase, weft direction wicking was quicker than warp direction. The mass increase in fabric per centimeter of wicking height was inversely proportional to wicking height. The mass of moisture carried in the fabric did not significantly differ in the direction of the weft and warp.