Spatial Distribution and Inscribed Criteria of Cultural Landscape World Heritage Sites

As an important type of world heritage sites,cultural landscape has always been an important research subject.In order to explore the spatial distribution and evolution mode of cultural landscape all over the world,the paper systematically elaborated the historical context of cultural landscape.The distribution characteristics were analyzed by statistical methods,and the connotation and evolution law represented by cultural landscape in different regions were expounded.The word frequency of regional heritage criteria was analyzed,and the local characteristics of each case were discussed.The research shows that the spatial distribution of global cultural landscape is unbalanced,mainly concentrated in Europe,and the spatial distribution characteristics are closely related to geographical environment,social history,economic development level and many other factors.In terms of inscribed criteria for world heritage sites,most cultural landscapes are mainly based on cultural criteria,but also involve natural criteria.The recognition and protection of cultural landscapes that simultaneously meet multiple criteria will become the focus in the future.

Ecological Risk Assessment of World Heritage Sites Using RS and GIS:A Case Study of Huangshan Mountain, China

Ecological risk assessment(ERA) is an indispensable method for systematic monitoring of World Heritage Sites(WHSs) exposed to various anthropogenic factors and natural disasters. Remote sensing(RS) and geographical information systems(GIS) can eliminate many limitations in traditional ERA methods. In this study, changes in ecological risk at Huangshan Mountain, the first mixed WHS in China, over the period of 1984–2019 were explored using remote sensing images and products by considering both natural disasters and human disturbance. Results show that of the four land cover types in Huangshan Mountain, namely water, forest, building and farmland, the main land cover type is forest. During the 35 yr, lands categorised at low or relatively low ecological risk levels are dominant in Huangshan Mountain, with the lowest and highest ERIs(ecological risk index) in 1990 and 2010, respectively. The areas at the five ecological risk levels have declined as follows: relatively low > low > medium > relatively high > high. Changes in ecological risks are closely related to changes in land cover and natural disasters. Even though major natural disasters may affect the ecological risk level in the whole region, changes in land cover caused by human activities will shift the ecological risk level in some areas. Our attempts can be modified and applied to other sites, and offer policy implications for protection and preservation of WHSs.

Monitoring vegetation dynamics in East Rennell Island World Heritage Site using multi-sensor and multi-temporal remote sensing data

East Rennell of Solomon Island is the first natural site under customary law to be inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.Potential threats due to logging,mining and agriculture led to the site being declared a World Heritage in Danger in 2013.For East Rennell World Heritage Site(ERWHS)to‘shed’its‘Danger’status the management must monitor forest cover both within and outside of ERWHS.We used satellite data from multiple sources to track forest cover changes for the entire East Rennell island since 1998.95%of the island is still covered by undisturbed forests;annual average normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)for the whole island was above 0.91 in 2015.However,vegetation cover in the island has been slowly decreasing,at a rate of–0.0011 NDVI per year between 2000 and 2015.This decrease less pronounced inside ERWHS compared to areas outside.While potential threats due to forest clearing outside ERWHS remain the forest cover change from 2000 to 2015 has been below 15%.We suggest ways in which the Government of Solomon Islands could use our data as well as unmanned air vehicles and field surveys to monitor forest cover change and ensure the future conservation of ERWHS.

Resident Relocation of Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Site Based on Community Participation Theory

Migrant relocation is an important measure for the scenic spot to effectively protect the ecological environment.The problem of migrant relocation of Wulingyuan World Heritage Site is the most serious and difficult problem in the development of Wulingyuan,and it is a very representative case of migrant relocation in tourist attractions of China.Based on the community participation theory,this paper made a detailed analysis of the panel data on the relocation of residents in Wulingyuan World Heritage Site.Combining the first-hand information obtained from the field interviews,starting from the reasons for the relocation,the resettlement plan,and the effects of the relocation,it also analyzed the problems existing in the relocation of residents in Wulingyuan World Heritage Site.Finally,it came up with recommendations in line with the interests of residents from the perspective of community participation.

World Heritage Sites in China and Date of Adoption by UNESCO

Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang (1987, 2004) Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (1987) Mogao Caves (1987) Taishan Mountain (1987) Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian (1987) The Great Wall (1987) Huangshan Mountain (1990) Huanglong Scenic and Historical Interest Area (1992) Jiuzhaiqou Vallev Scenic

A tale of duality:Community perceptions towards the ecotourism impacts on Simien Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

This study aims to analyze how park households perceive the economic,sociocultural,and environmental impacts of ecotourism in Simien Mountain National Park(SMNP),Ethiopia.We combined qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection.A sequentially embedded mixed design that gives priority to quantitative data was used.We also employed a multistage sampling technique to select respondents from three districts or woredas,namely Debark,Janamora,and Beyeda woredas.Finally,397 participants were involved in the study from a random selection of three villages from each district or woreda.Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire,interviews,and focus group discussions.Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods,including means,standard deviations,analysis of variance(ANOVA),and logistic regression models.The findings from a logistic regression analysis revealed that ecotourism participation had a significant relationship with gender(B=1.850,P=0.023),level of education(B=0.238,P=0.032),geographical location(B=0.420,P=0.041),and occupation(B=0.920,P=0.019).This investigation suggested that males and individuals with a higher educational background are more likely to possess optimistic perspectives concerning the impacts of ecotourism.Furthermore,individuals residing in districts relatively near ecotourism destinations,those engaged in tourism-related work,and younger participants were recognized as having optimistic viewpoints regarding the impacts of ecotourism.In conclusion,the study highlighted the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to maximize ecotourism’s benefits and minimize negative effects in SMNP.To achieve this,it is recommended that the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Agency,the Ministry of Tourism,and local government should work together to develop sustainable tourism plans that enhance local livelihoods and park conditions.Efforts should focus on increasing the participation of females and individuals with lower education levels through training and resource provision.

Language-Segmented Study Based on TripAdvisor Reviews Related to Memorable Tourist Experiences

The Memorable Tourist Experience(MTE)is a scientific concept within the studies on tourism that is developed based on several related constructions:Perceived Confidence,Sincerity,Authenticity,and Satisfaction.This work takes this model established by the work of Dr.Babak Taheri in 2018 on Monuments World Heritage of UNESCO,adopting an alternative data collection method to the face-to-face survey.Therefore,this work takes as a source of data the reviews collected in the recommendation platform TripAdvisor,working the same constructions of the MTE,with the collection of similar terms and the relationships between them.In order to highlight the terms,a first step is established with the use of Natural Language Processing(NLP),followed by the use of Machine Learning(ML)techniques to generate the relationships between the constructors defined in the models.The study makes a comparison using the method,in immaterial nature such as a flamenco show in the city of Seville;Flamenco has been declared by UNESCO an intangible World Heritage Site since 2010.The results of the study go in two directions:on the one hand to find similarities in the study of the specific MTE of both monuments with the hypotheses worked in the original model of Taheri.In addition to highlighting possible distinctive elements of each case and,and furthermore within the value contribution of the visit when it is led by an official tour guide,on the other hand,give presence to the model of obtaining data by reviews as a complementary data source of any tourist study.The data collection and analysis from both NLP and ML techniques permit the scientific study and the tourist operators to develop better value propositions to users and understanding of heterogeneous behaviors in the tourism industry.The study of reviews within the MTE allows identifying the stimulus that leads the user to choose an activity and hire it.These studies are extendable to other industries and business models,given the importance that references acquire within the consumer willing to buy.For the scientific community,the use of ML is a solid way to initiate studies on behavioral models,supplement them,and accept or reject hypotheses.When the source of the data is taken from free expressions,such as reviews,the appearance of bias in the behavior is attenuated.

Spatial patterns of plant diversity and communities in Alpine ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains, northwest Yunnan, China

Aims Conduct a quantitative,but rapid,regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across northwest Yunnan(NWY)to provide a broadbased understanding of local and regional patterns of the composition,diversity and health of alpine ecosystems across NWY.Methods A stratified random sampling design was employed to select sites across the different mountain ranges of NWY.Vegetation was sampled by stratifying each site by the three major alpine vegetation community types:meadow,dwarf shrub and scree.Two 50-m transects were randomly located within each community type at each sampling site with 101-m^(2) subplots systematically placed along each transect.Environmental variables were recorded at each transect.Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community assemblages and link community patterns to environmental and habitat variables.Important Findings Forb species richness varied from 19 to 105 species per site(21 sites total)with an average of 59 species per site(60 m^(2) sampled per site).Most species were patchily distributed with narrow distributions and/or small population sizes;over half the species occurred at only one or two sites.Distinct species assemblages were identified in the meadow vegetation that was strongly aggregated by geographic location suggesting the presence of distinct phytogeographic zones of the meadow alpine flora.Elevation and geographic location were the dominant environmental gradients underlying the variations in species composition.Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity averaged only 10%among sites indicating there was little similarity in the alpine flora across the region.The alpine vegetation is highly heterogeneous across the complex landscape of the Hengduan Mountains of NWY.Conservation strategies need to take into account the large geographic differences in the flora to maximize protection of biodiversity.

自然保护地旅游人地关系演进过程研究——以博格达为例

Protected areas have a double mandate of both "protection" and "use." Naturebased tourism is considered an effective tool in terms of environmental conservation. Understanding the causes and consequences of a spatiotemporal succession of tourism construction is an important channel to explore the changes of tourism-environment interaction in the protected area. To analyze the spatio-temporal variations in tourism construction lands, we adopted Mt. Bogda as an example. We systematically quantified the interaction between these changes and environmental variables and explored the evolution process of tourism-environment interaction of the mountainous protected area in the northwest arid region. Our results revealed the following:(1) In the Bogda protected area, the proportion of tourism construction lands first appeared to be increasing, then decreasing dramatically, and finally growing slowly. The spatial expansion of tourism construction lands followed the "core-periphery" pattern, respectively showing shapely infilling, reasonable agglomeration, barycenter shift, and outlying growth from 1990 to 2018 as the stages of concentrating on the core.(2) The higher land-use intensity of tourism construction drove the changes of landscape fragmentation, diversity, stability, primitive, and nature degree in the protected area. The coupling coordination between tourism and the environment in the Bogda area decreased at first, and then slowly increased. Meanwhile, tourism did not cause irreversible damage to the natural environment, and the coupling coordination degree between tourism and the environment was still in the state of balanced development. It expressed the states of original balanced, development exceeds environment and barely balanced, and superiorly balanced. The historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in Bogda reflects the pattern of periodic changes in China’s protected areas to a certain extent.