China’s Industrial Upgrading and Value Chain Restructuring Under the New Development Pattern

Global industrial chains(GICs)have become a hallmark of the world economy underpinning the global production cycle.Since the reform and opening up was introduced in 1978,China has taken an active role in global value chains(GVCs)and become the world’s factory floor.Under the external shocks to GICs,such as US trade frictions with China and the COVID-19 pandemic,China’s traditional comparative advantages in manufacturing which include its labor force and costs are waning.This has manifested in a wave of industrial relocations from China to other countries as well as China’s weakening international competitiveness.We took stock of the concepts and journey of GVCs and elaborated the intrinsic relationship between GVCs and the new development pattern of“dual circulations”.We also analyzed the trends of GVCs,the current status and problems of China’s industrial chains,and China’s market heft,complete industrial chains and the digital economy as new strengths for industrial chain upgrade.In our conclusion,this paper put forth some policy recommendations for China’s industrial chain upgrade in the context of dual circulations.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factor of County-level Industrial Development in Liaoning Province of China

County-level industrial development and structure upgrade is one of the most important issues of revitaliz- ing old industrial base of China. After the cluster analysis on GDP per capita and GDP per area of each county in Liaoning Province, this paper finds the similarity of population size, land use intensity, and economic development of each county. Location quotient reflects the specialization intensity of industries in each county, and it also reflects the spatial differences of county-level industrial development. Economic development level is higher in the southeast than in the northwest of Liaoning, and the industry driving effect on county-level economy is apparent. The main influenc- ing factors include location, industrial foundation and economic system reform, capital input level, knowledge and technology dissemination, conditions of domestic and overseas markets, population and labor force transfer. Industri- alization is an important approach to urbanization for the counties in Liaoning Province. The proportion of agriculture is much higher in the northwest than in the southeast of Liaoning, so it will be take longer time for counties in the northwest of Liaoning to make industrialization, urbanization and modernization.

A Strategic Study of Establishing the Industrial Needs in Pattern Design and Technology in China's Mainland

Pattern design and technology play a very important role in the garment industry. In order to improve the level of pattern making and design of the garment industry, a survey was conducted to investigate the industrial needs in pattern design and technology in China's Mainland. The data were collected from the employers and employees from the garment industry and students in the major of fashion and clothing studies. It indicated that there was a gap between the employer and employee, especially the requirements of the industrial needs and the course contents covered by the tertiary schools. The employers expected to recruit more experienced pattern designers, at the same time, they were not reluctant to hire fresh graduates and spent more resources on the training of employees. The students knew little about their employment situation of the garment industry, spent too little time on the course study and learned too little practical skills in pattern design. They could not make use of the knowledge which prevented them from being employed by the garment industry. Efforts should be taken by both the tertiary schools and the garment industry. The students should be aspirated towards the profession of pattern cutters and the syllabuses of pattern making should be more practical and industrial orientated. The solution might benefit the garment industry a lot in a long run.

Industrial Green Spatial Pattern Evolution of Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

We use the directional slacks-based measure of efficiency and inverse distance weighting method to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of the industrial green total factor productivity of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2003–2013.Results show that both the subprime mortgage crisis and ‘the new normal' had significant negative effects on productivity growth,leading to the different spatial patterns between 2003–2008 and 2009–2013.Before 2008,green poles had gathered around some capital cities and formed a tripartite pattern,which was a typical core-periphery pattern.Due to a combination of the polarization and the diffusion effects,capital cities became the growth poles and ‘core' regions,while surrounding areas became the ‘periphery'.This was mainly caused by the innate advantage of capital cities and ‘the rise of central China' strategy.After 2008,the tripartite pattern changed to a multi-poles pattern where green poles continuously and densely spread in the midstream and downstream areas.This is due to the regional difference in the leading effect of green poles.The leading effect of green poles in midstream and downstream areas has changed from polarization to diffusion,while the polarization effect still leads in the upstream area.

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Industrial Characteristics of Economic and Technological Development Zones and High-tech Industrial Zones in China

Economic and technological development zone and high-tech industrial zone are important types of development zone in China,and there are differences in their connotation and goal setting.In this paper,basic data of national and provincial economic and technological development zones and high-tech industrial zones in China were collected and arranged.Kernel density analysis and other GIS spatial analysis techniques were used to analyze the evolution laws of spatial patterns of economic and technological development zones and high-tech industrial zones in cities from 2006 to 2018.First,the agglomeration intensity was compared by measuring the degree of regional agglomeration and dispersion on the two time nodes.Next,kernel density method was used to explore the evolution of the two in the spatial layout and location,and analyze development commonness and difference of economic and technological development zones and high-tech industrial zones.Finally,the trend and reason of spatial evolution of development zones with different leading industries were explored.Research results show that:①the agglomeration degree of layout of high-tech industrial zones is stronger than that of economic and technological development zones,and there are similarities and differences in distribution trend of spatial patterns of the two types of development zones;②the distribution of labor-intensive,capital-intensive and technology-intensive development zones is concentrated at smaller scales and dispersed at larger ones;③although there are differences between the economic and technological development zones and the high-tech industrial zones in the goal,support,structure and function,management system and so on,their spatial development presents a trend of convergence.In the future,when enhancing urban-rural planning and public administration,governments should combine the trend of industrial transformation and upgrading,and optimize spatial layout of development zones by adjusting industrial structure,layout,transportation and land use.

Research on Chinese Industrial Cluster Patterns ——Take Haier Household Electrical Appliance as an Example

Industrial cluster is an aggregation of the related enterprises and institutions in certain field and in certain place. There are mainly three patterns for industrial clusters： market-oriented cluster, foreign fund oriented cluster and endogenous brand oriented cluster. Many economists have established their own theories about the patterns industrial cluster, but there are few dealing with one big enterprises and its cluster pattern. This paper, taking Haier household electrical appliance as an example, is trying to study one model of Chinese industrial cluster and analyze its characteristics with their effects on economy, as.well as the advantages together with the related suggestions from the authors.

Spatial-temporal Heterogeneity of Industrial Structure Transformation and Carbon Emission Effects in Xuzhou Metropolitan Area

Employing decoupling index and industrial structure characteristic bias index methods, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of industrial structure transformations and their resulting carbon emissions in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area from 2000 to 2014, with a focus on their relationships and driving factors. Our research indicates that carbon emission intensity from industrial structures in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area at first showed an increasing trend, which then decreased. Furthermore, the relationship between emissions and industrial economic growth has been trending toward absolute decoupling. From the perspective of the center-periphery, the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area formed a concentric pattern, where both progress towards low emissions and the level of technological advancement gradually diminished from the center to the periphery. In terms of variation across provinces, the ISCB index in the eastern Henan has decreased the slowest, followed by the southern Shandong and the northern Anhui, with the northern Jiangsu ranking last. During this period, resource-and labor-intensive industries were the primary growth industries in the northern Anhui and the eastern Henan, while labor-intensive industries dominated the southern Shandong and capital-intensive industries dominated the northern Jiangsu. In terms of city types, the spatial pattern for industrial structure indicates that recession resource-based cities had higher carbon emission intensities than mature resource-based cities, followed by non-resource-based cities and regenerative resource-based cities. Generally, the industrial structure in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area has transformed from being resource-intensive to capital-intensive, and has been trending toward technology-intensive as resource availability has been exploited to exhaustion and then been regenerated. Industrial structure has been the leading factor causing heterogeneity of carbon emission intensities between metropolitan cities. Therefore, the key to optimizing the industrial structure and layout of metropolitan areas is to promote industrial structure transformation and improve the system controlling collaborative industrial development between cities.

Environmental risk assessment of industrial byproduct gypsum utilized for flling abandoned mines

In response to the basic policy of green and low-carbon circular development to solve resource,environmental and ecological problems,gypsum is considered to be a flling material for mine backflling.To explore the potential risks of gypsum to the groundwater environment due to the backflling of abandoned mines,a sequential batch leaching experiment was carried out in this paper,which used three types of industrial waste gypsum,namely,phosphorus gypsum(PG),titanium gypsum(TG)and fue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG).COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software was used to simulate and solve the migration process of the leached metal elements in the mine foor when these three gypsum types were used as flling materials to observe the concentration distributions and difusion distances of the metal elements from these three gypsum types in the mine foor.The results show that(1)during repeated contact of the three types of industrial waste gypsum with the leaching medium,the pH levels changed,and the changes in pH afected the leaching patterns for the heavy metal elements in the gypsum.(2)Based on the concentrations of the metal elements that were leached from the three types of gypsum,it can be determined that these three types of gypsum are not classifed as hazardous solid wastes,but they cannot be ruled out with regard to their risk to the groundwater environment when they are used as mine flling materials.(3)When the three types of gypsum are used as flling materials,the concentration distributions of the metal elements and their migration distances all exhibit signifcant changes over time.The concentration distributions,difusion rates and migration distances of the metal elements from the diferent gypsum types are afected by their initial concentrations in the leachate.The maximum migration distances of Zn in the foor from the PG,FGDG and TG are 8.2,8.1 and 7.5 m,respectively.

Impact of Sugar Industrial Treated Effluent on the Growth Factor in Sugarcane—Cuddalore, India

The present study focused on evaluating the impact of application of sugar industry treated wastewater effluent on Sugarcane growth comparing at two experimental farms, one irrigated with the effluent and the other with bore well water, over a period of 11 months (March 2010 to January 2011).The result indicated a significant increase in growth pattern, plant height, shoot diameter, number of leaves and nodes, and biomass of the saplings that was irrigated with the effluents compared to that irrigated with bore well water. The growth parameters showed close relationship with the nutrient contents of treated industrial effluent and bore well water, the former being characterized by relatively higher pH, electrical conductivity (μs/cm), total suspended solids (TSS), sulphate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate, and heavy metals—Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn (mg/l) compared to that of bore well water, indicating profound influence of nutrient rich sugar industry effluent on the plant growth. Higher biomass in sugarcane saplings resulted with irrigation of the effluents compared to that irrigated with the bore well water.

Shift of Driving Force for China's Industrial Growth during 1979-2012——A Trend toward Worsening Efficiency

The driving force for China's industrial growth has shifted from the synergy of efficiency and factor input to the dominance of capital input alone.With the boundary of 2003,the contribution of capital to the growth of China's industrial economy increased from the annual average of 34.07%to 89.28%while the contribution of TFP dived from the annual average of 47.34%to-4.08%.Meanwhile,TFP growth rates dropped from the annual average of 4.6%to-0.05%and marginal capital output ratio went down from0.61 in 2002 to 0.28 in 2012.This indicates that the investment-driven pattern of China's industrial growth has been confronted with severe inefficiency.Further research suggests that the tendency of worsening industrial growth efficiency already became significant prior to the global financial crisis of 2008 and the eruption of the global financial crisis is not the fundamental reason for the worsening of efficiency and only exacerbated its tendency.The current government-led and investment-driven pattern of industrial growth is the root cause of such efficiency deterioration.Therefore,in order to achieve the transition towards innovation- and efficiency-driven growth pattern,the key is to make an appropriate distinction in the relationship between market and government,i.e.,the government must create a perfect institutional system where the market plays a decisive role and take proactive initiative to promote technology innovation and transfer on the basis of respecting market mechanism and the intent of market entities.

基于Design Patterns的大型工控软件研究与实践

针对大型工控软件开发面临的各种难题 ,提出了基于设计模式 (Design Patterns)的工控软件设计的解决方案 .在大型电力系统监控软件设计中 ,采用设计模式进行工控软件框架和工位的设计 ,实现了功能模块的松耦合关系 ,降低了代码的复杂度 ,从而提高了运行效率 ,同时也加快了系统开发、调试的效率 .论证了设计模式在工控软件设计中应用的潜力 ,提出了大型工控软件设计的新思路 .

Distribution patterns and industry planning of commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal plants in China

Medicinal plants are the primary material basis for disease prevention and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).The conservation and sustainable utilization of these medicinal plants is critical for the development of the TCM industry.However,wild medicinal plant resources have sharply declined in recent decades.To ameliorate the shortage of medicinal plant resources,it is essential to explore the development potential of the TCM industry in different geographical regions.For this purpose,we examined the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plants in China,the number of Chinese medicinal material markets,and the number of TCM decoction piece enterprises.Specifically,multispecies superimposition analysis and Thiessen polygons were used to reveal the optimal range for planting bulk medicinal plants and the ideal regions for building Chinese medicinal material markets,respectively.Furthermore,we quantitatively analyzed mismatches between the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plant richness,Chinese medicinal material markets,and TCM decoction piece enterprises.We found that the areas suitable for growing commonly used medicinal plants in China were mainly distributed in Hengduan Mountain,Nanling Mountain,Wuling Mountain,and Daba Mountain areas.The Thiessen polygon network based on Chinese medicinal material market localities showed there are currently fewer markets in southwestern,northwestern,and northeastern China than in central and southern China.TCM decoction piece enterprises are concentrated in a few provinces,such as Hebei and Jiangxi.We found that the distribution of commonly used medicinal plants,Chinese medicinal material markets and TCM decoction piece enterprises are mismatched in Henan,Shaanxi,Hunan,Hubei,Zhejiang,Fujian,Chongqing,and Xizang.We recommend strengthening development of the TCM industry in Henan,Hunan,Zhejiang,Shaanxi,Hubei,Chongqing,Fujian,and Xizang;building more Chinese medicinal material markets in southwestern,northwestern,and northeastern China;and establishing medicinal plant nurseries in resource-rich provinces to better protect and domesticate local medicinal plants.

POPULATION MOVEMENT AND THE CHANGE OF REGIONAL ECONOMY PATTERN

Population movement is an important phenomenon in China in recent years. Its mechanism is: (1) thrust of more people and less land in the eastern region of China; (2) attraction of dual economy in the western region of China; (3) national policy on preferential wages and grains for the western region. Population movement has an important effect on the change of regional division pattern in China: by the medium of the moving people, there forms another regional division pattern, i.e. rural industry system based on rural town industry; (2) there forms another profit mechanism compensated from the western region to the eastern region. It not only wins more profit in the eastern region, but also changes dual economy in the western region. Therefore, We should make choice of a comprehensible and encouraging attitude on population movement; a special government organization for general survey of the moving people should be set up at once.

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area:A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, China

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture （Gannan） as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carded out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan＇s natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.

Distribution Orientation and Driving Mechanism of Geographical Pattern Change of China′s Banking Industry

By analyzing the relationship among government, market driving forces, distribution orientation of banking industry, service opportunity equality and spatial patterns, this paper proposes that it is distribution orientation that lead to the formation and evolution of spatial pattern of banking industry. The difference of the distribution orientation leads to the separation of the spatial pattern of banking industry, and the change of the distribution orientation leads to the change of spatial pattern. The degree of spatial pattern change is subject to the degree of change of distribution orientation, and the scale of bank resources in the regions, which supports the distribution orientation variation. Based on these theoretical frameworks, some indicators were designed to analyze the pattern change of China′s banking industry and its effects since 1995 under the change of the distribution orientation. This paper finds that the orientation of economic benefit maximization driven by market causes the banking industry to concentrate in economically developed regions.The government, which does not follow the orientation of economic benefit maximization, plays a role of stabilizer. Since the bank branches in the regions with the greatest change in bank branch distribution are too few, and regions with the greatest change in bank loan allocation are the regions with lots of loans, the pattern change of the banking industry in physical form is not as notable as that in economic form.

The Key Driver of China’s New Economic Development Pattern:A Major Power’s Flying Geese Paradigm

This paper examines China’s flying geese paradigm that serves as a key driver of a new pattern of the country’s economic development.Our results suggest that such a major power’s flying geese paradigm has taken shape in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008.However,this paradigm has provincial heterogeneity in that industrial relocation varies across provinces.For instance,China’s central and western regions have shown differences while serving as destinations for labor-intensive industries and processing trade.This flying geese paradigm evolves in a slow and nonlinear manner,and may be subject to stagnation and even reversal.

Establish Green Industry System,Improve the Comprehensive Utilization Level of Salt Lake Resources,and Create A New Pattern of Green Sustainable Development in Qaidam Basin

Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province has rich multiple complex resources with salt lakes as the core.These resources form a special condition for the development of green economy,having rare and particular nature.The

REGENERATION OF A DECAYING URBAN INDUSTRIAL AREA DRIVEN BY ENDOGENOUS HOME INDUSTRIES:A CASE STUDY OF MARÉFAVELA,RIO DE JANEIRO

Favelas are low-income urban communities in Brazil,and Maréin Rio de Janeiro has the largest cluster of favelas in the country.The prevailing view of a unique,regulated,and normative city conflicts with the reality of the continued expansion of the favelas,posing challenges for architects and urban planners in developing new strategies for integrating informal areas with the main city.This study focused on a decaying industrial area adjacent to the Maréfavelas and explored a sustainable path for improving both the quality of the built environment and the quality of life of the residents.Effective infrastructure and socioeconomic links between the favelas and the city were proposed.The home production model that emerged from the favelas inspired the use of the abandoned industrial area as a home-industry incubator.The study proposed an urban regeneration strategy involving a bottom-up industry-space process evolving from home industries to group industries,and finally to larger community industries.This strategy can accelerate Maré’s development and integration with the city of Rio de Janeiro.

中国旅游产业链发展格局演变及空间效应研究

产业链现代化是建设现代化产业体系及助推中国式现代化进程的重要抓手,全面揭示旅游产业链发展现状及其影响因素对于提升旅游产业链现代化水平具有实际意义。该文以2001-2019年中国30个省域为研究对象,构建涵盖旅游供需链、企业链、空间链、价值链的旅游产业链发展水平评价指标体系,利用核密度估计、Dagum基尼系数及其分解、探索性空间数据分析等方法对中国旅游产业链发展的时序演变规律、空间差异特征及空间关联格局进行分析,并运用空间杜宾模型探讨影响中国旅游产业链发展的主要因素及其空间效应。研究发现:(1)中国旅游产业链发展水平呈平稳提升态势,表现出由东部地区向中部、东北及西部地区递减的分布态势。(2)中国旅游产业链发展的总体区域差异呈波动缩小趋势,区域间差异是其主要来源,且东部与西部地区旅游产业链发展的区域间差异最大;东部地区旅游产业链发展的区域内差异最大,西部、东北地区次之,中部地区最小。(3)中国旅游产业链发展具有空间相关性和空间集聚特征,供给、需求、创新、政策等层面因素是影响中国旅游产业链发展的主要因素。其中,旅游资源禀赋、旅游人力资本、互联网、产业融合发展与对外开放水平有利于推进本地区旅游产业链发展,旅游需求总量、旅游需求结构与对外开放水平能通过正向空间溢出效应带动邻近地区旅游产业链发展。