Exploration of Oral History in Ethnomusicological Research

Oral history,which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews,is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research.Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014,the academic community has launched a series of discussions and elaborations on its concepts,methods,norms,meanings,and other dimensions,and a series of academic achievements have been born.In this paper,we will combine relevant theses to explain how music oral history as contemporary history can achieve“intertextuality”in ethnomusicological research,emphasize its humanistic attributes,and summarize our reflections on the basis of existing academic experiences.

The Taxonomic History and Original Literatures Arrangements of Living <i>Cephalotaxus</i>(Cephalotaxaceae)

Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of Taxus (Taxaceae). Since after the genus name Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was firstly cited (from inedited and unpublished Flora Japonica) by Endlicher in 1842, most taxonomist thought which is the earliest time of the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was set. However, the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was formally effective and valid published by Sieb. & Zucc. in Flora Japonica in 1870 so that there exists some confusions in chronological order. Originally as a genus, Cephalotaxus was included in family Taxaceae and Neger (1907) separated Cephalotaxus from Taxaceae and set family Cephalotaxaceae. Later, Fu (1984) divided Cephalotaxus up into two sections of Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Pectinatae L. K. Fu and Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Cephalotaxus L. K. Fu on the bases of C. oliveri Masters differ significantly from other taxa of Cephalotaxus in morphological characteristics. Although the plum yews was a little genus of conifers, up to now, about 77 taxa have still been published by taxonomist in different countries or regions. Among them, C. tardiva Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. umbraculifera Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. sumatrana Miq. (1856) and C. celebica Warb. (1900) have been combined to Taxus, and C. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (1903) has been combined to Amentotaxus. And at the same time, those taxa existing in Cephalotaxus courently which were accepted by most taxonomist in different countries was also cited in acticle. Lastly, the paper thought presently there still exists many debates about binary classification of Cephalotaxus and the nomenclature of this genus still particularly confusing. Based on some controversial problems, we also point out some taxonomically researching directions at creating some order out of the chaos.

Ancient Myths and the Construction of Regional Literary History——The General History of Sichuan Literature

The literary study of ancient mythology is a rational and necessary prerequisite for the study of the general history of Sichuan literature in the Pre-Qin period, though it can go beyond the study of literature. Compared with other Chinese regional literatures such as Jing-Chu literature, the insufficiency of the literalization of the early Ba-Shu myth, to some extent, devalues the Ba-Shu literature in the Pre-Qin period and affects its consistence. When dealing with the influence of ancient mythology on the development of Chinese regional literature, including Sichuan literature, we need to analyze the inherent impact of regional mythology on the developing literature using a three-step process: restoring and summarizing the mythological pedigree, uncovering the “conceptual structure” of the mythology, and explaining the impact of the mythology on the developing literature. This paper uses this three-step process to construct the general history of Sichuan literature.

“Literature”in the 19th-Century Sinological Works:The History of a Concept

In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.

The Dialogue between Literature and History in Yeats’ Poetry — A Case Study of “Easter, 1916”

Yeats’ realistic poetry is often imprinted with the mark of its era. By means of the poetic language, Yeats expressed his profound reflection on the historic events of the time. In so doing, a dialogue has comes into existence between literature and history. This paper attempts to consider in detail how the dialogue between literature and history operates in Yeats’ realistic poem “Easter, 1916,” as a case study, under the scrutiny of the new historicist approach. Through the textual analysis of this poetic work, this paper discusses the dialogic relationship of the poem and history by elaborating on how this poetic work becomes historicized and how this historic event becomes textualized. Within this dialogue, the reciprocal relation of this poem and the contemporary society is brought under further examination. This paper argues that this poem harbors subversive force which can be articulated by the poetic text in this dialogue between literature and history. However, this subversive force will be eventually contained by the British power structure that has pervaded and dominated the Irish society. By the uprising and revolution of the Irish people, Ireland would attain to the goal of political de-Anglicization by becoming a sovereign state and with the advent of this political independence Irish literature could also achieve an independent status. However, this paper concludes that Yeats has realized the suppressed beauty of this independence because Irish literature would still have to be composed in the English language which, however, remains to be the product of the British power structure.

Political History of Books:A Case Study of Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts

This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between books and political processes during the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties. Both Fu Chang and Xun Chuo were employed as high-ranking officials, with a background of being from the Central Plain, by the regime of the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le. Their purpose for writing the two books was to provide guidance for the regime's institutional establishment. The collapse of Shi Le's regime led to the flow of people and their possessions to the south. During these movements, the two books along with other materials and records were brought to Jiankang and then contributed to the institutional and cultural development in the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty. As historical facts and references for political reformation, these books revealed the duality of institutional writings. The collection and dispersion of books after the Disaster of Yongjia, as well as the social and cultural changes, should be placed in a wider political process for further examination.

Discussion on Chinese Ancient Literature Translation Based on the English Translation of the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.

The History of Czech Literature in China

During a century-long time span,a remarkable array of Czech literary works had been introduced to China,marked by selections of different writers,genres,and themes.This study attempts to discuss what Czech literary works have been translated in China since its beginning in 1921.Besides the selection of texts for introduction,attention has also been given to the formats of their publication,the adoption of introduction approach,choice of intermediate languages,the numbers of different versions,and the frequency of their publication,as well as the textual and paratextual features of the end Chinese products.

Deep Expansion of the Object Scope of Contemporary Female Literature Research --On. the ＂Marginalized＂ Female Creation in Late Qing Dynasty and Republican Period

If we take Chinese modern literary history( female) as the"center",in which the female creation is very limited,a large amount of female compositions in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period were "marginalized",even in the "hidden "state. These "marginalized"female writings,not only are in a large number,but also constitute the foundation of Chinese modern female literature creation,the significance and value cannot be ignored. To seek the strategy and approach for the research on the "marginalized"female creation in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period,helps to deeply discuss the possibility to expand the object scope of female literature research,to find a newgrowing point of female literature research,and form conversation between female literary history writing and current theory and practice of the"R ewriting Literary History".

On Chinese Image of American Literature in the 20^(th) Century

Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.

On the Historical and Cultural Elements Implied in The Last of the Mohicans from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication

The last of the Mohicans was written by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in 1826,who is considered as the first long novelist of America.The work has no concentrate plots but the white people and the Indians'friendship,communication,and wars.The Last of the Mohicans was set in the mid-18th century when the French colonists and English colonists were fighting for Indian lands.English colonized America and were at loggerheads with France.It belongs to the frontier literature and creates a precedent for the American Frontier Fiction.The American western fiction has the most native feature.With the rise of multiculturalism trend at present,it is the best way for understanding the American local culture and history to study the American western fiction which is bred during the course of the frontier-running and Westward Movement.Cooper is a novelist who depicted the real and pure American life.Based on the frontier theme,he created Leatherstocking Tales,which is a series of five novels,are his masterpieces representing his style.Among them,The Last of the Mohicans prominently reflects the Indian culture.This thesis mainly explores the historical and cultural elements embodied in The Last of the Mohicans from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.

Continuities of Historical Crises and Discourses of Europe From the “Neo-Latin Past” to the 21st Century

Europe and the EU have been facing many crises and challenges in recent years.From Brexit and rising nationalism to economic problems and unanimous refugee policies,most of them remain unsolved.Instead of moving forward with the European integration project,Europe seems to regress in many instances.Considering this turmoil,it seems all the more important to historicize the affirmative discourse of Europe and to expand the knowledge of the European unification process with novel insights into its history.Only if a broad understanding of its roots and developments prevails,the conflicts of the present can be better evaluated and addressed.Particularly one set of so far neglected sources from Europe’s past serves as guiding light in that respect:the early modern Europe literature written in the Latin language.Between 1400 and 1800,Latin enjoyed a similar status in promoting scientific discoveries,negotiating political affairs and generally communicating on an international level as modern-day English.By offering a brief glance at some historically influential Latin texts from the early modern discourse of Europe,this article will show that the early modern European crises strikingly resemble Europe’s current crises despite the difference in political,social,and economic circumstances.The discourse of Europe has from the beginning been a stable discourse,characterized by the same recurring questions for centuries.When used as reference point for the crises of the 21st century,the prospects for the European integration look better than presumed.

Feminine Writings:Between Representations of Past and Present Femininity

The writers of this study are the Countess de Ségur,Louisa May Alcott and Maria Clarice Marinho Villac,from France,the United States and Brazil,respectively.It’s possible to identify a connection in their life trajectories―aristocratic and bourgeois families―and the ability to write their books.These publications address a specific audience,composed of children and young people,especially females.The representation of femininity in the narratives is related to the representation of family and religiosity,since it is up to the family to guide the girls in moral terms and this question is quite highlighted by religion.Analyzing the representation of femininity is due to the fact that the main books of female writers bring female protagonists,who exhibit a rebellious and mischievous behavior,which is observed and guided by adults.The representations of femininity is still valued and legitimized.For this reason,the narratives continue to be published and adapted to other languages,bringing to light these representations that remain until the 21st century in new clothing and updated vocabulary.Some adaptations for the Portuguese will also be analyzed,trying to identify longevity the works of these writers and their meaning in some epochs.

Chinese Tradition in the World Literature:Review of Zhang Longxi's A Historyof ChineseLiterature

This essay reviews Zhang Longxi's A History of Chinese Literature.The book covers Chinese literature from its very beginning to modern times.It emphasizes texts'literary and aesthetic qualities when evaluating and historicizing literature.The book demonstrates the importance of canons in literary history,using Chinese tradition as an example.Therefore,it also brings the Chinese tradition into the broader framework of world literature.Reading Zhang's concise historical overview of Chinese literature,we can better understand the interplay between literary tradition and the individual talent.Zhang Longxi has skillfully combined the writing of a history of literature with literary criticism in this book.Zhang's successful attempt informs literary scholars of possible paradigms of compiling literary history in a post-cultural-studies theoretical context.