As defined in a decree issued in the spring of 583,the three heads or sanzhang system,designed to be implemented chiefly in the old Northern Qi area in Shandong,basically followed the Northern Qi version of 564,with s...As defined in a decree issued in the spring of 583,the three heads or sanzhang system,designed to be implemented chiefly in the old Northern Qi area in Shandong,basically followed the Northern Qi version of 564,with slight modifications.With the setting up of a system of xiang heads(xiangzheng乡正)who would hear disputes among the common people,as recommended in Su Wei’s memorial of the same year,the judicial position of xiangzheng coexisted with the administrative positions of the three-heads(or two-heads)system.The xiangli(乡里)system announced in the edict of 589 targeted the territory previously under the Chen dynasty;it was basically a continuation of the xiangli system of rural control originally based on a Han dynasty model and followed since then in the south under the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.With the reform of the bureaucratic system in 607,the xiangli system centered on xiangzheng and lizhang became the basic system of rural administration under the Sui dynasty.In the course of its design and creation,the system had to take into account the institutions already existing in the target area and the question of feasibility.Thus“inconsistency”or“regional variation”was built into the system.However,in actual practice there was a tendency toward convergence that led to uniformity of implementation.In Chinese history,the coexistence of regional variation and uniformity was a marked feature of the formation and implementation of different systems.展开更多
【目的】研究不同材料、不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装对库尔勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü‘Korla Xiangli’)采后生理和贮藏品质的影响,为生产应用提供技术参考。【方法】分别将商业成熟的库尔勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm...【目的】研究不同材料、不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装对库尔勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü‘Korla Xiangli’)采后生理和贮藏品质的影响,为生产应用提供技术参考。【方法】分别将商业成熟的库尔勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口处理形成自发气调环境,于温度(0±0.3)℃、相对湿度90%—95%条件下贮藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口为对照。定期监测不同包装袋内O2、CO2和乙烯浓度,在库尔勒香梨商业销售高峰期(冷藏180 d和240 d)测定各处理果实L值、h值、叶绿素荧光参数、相对电导率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸等理化指标,并计算贮藏不同时期各处理失重率、果柄保鲜指数、果心褐变指数和感官分值等。【结果】采用扎口处理的不同厚度保鲜袋内气体成分在第30天时达到平衡,气调能力水平由高到低依次为0.05 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PVC袋>0.02 mm PE袋。两年试验筛选出库尔勒香梨适合自发气调包装袋为0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋,各项指标测定结果表明,采用上述包装进行自发气调处理能够降低失重率,减缓果皮L值、相对电导率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛和果心褐变指数的升高,抑制果皮h值、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降,提高果柄保鲜指数,对果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸等品质具有一定的维持效果。冷藏180 d时,扎口处理的库尔勒香梨果皮L值、h值与对照之间差异显著(P<0.05),对果柄保鲜指数、果心褐变指数和失重率的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05),但冷藏至240 d时,上述指标在不同包装处理与对照间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口处理均维持了库尔勒香梨感官分值,而0.05 mm PE袋扎口处理显著降低了果实感官分值,加重了果心褐变。【结论】库尔勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋或0.04 mm PVC袋扎口自发气调包装,袋内O2和CO2浓度起主要作用,维持在O2:14.5%—17.0%,CO2:2.5%—3.0%时,起到较好的保鲜效果,乙烯浓度对其保鲜效果影响较小。展开更多
文摘As defined in a decree issued in the spring of 583,the three heads or sanzhang system,designed to be implemented chiefly in the old Northern Qi area in Shandong,basically followed the Northern Qi version of 564,with slight modifications.With the setting up of a system of xiang heads(xiangzheng乡正)who would hear disputes among the common people,as recommended in Su Wei’s memorial of the same year,the judicial position of xiangzheng coexisted with the administrative positions of the three-heads(or two-heads)system.The xiangli(乡里)system announced in the edict of 589 targeted the territory previously under the Chen dynasty;it was basically a continuation of the xiangli system of rural control originally based on a Han dynasty model and followed since then in the south under the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.With the reform of the bureaucratic system in 607,the xiangli system centered on xiangzheng and lizhang became the basic system of rural administration under the Sui dynasty.In the course of its design and creation,the system had to take into account the institutions already existing in the target area and the question of feasibility.Thus“inconsistency”or“regional variation”was built into the system.However,in actual practice there was a tendency toward convergence that led to uniformity of implementation.In Chinese history,the coexistence of regional variation and uniformity was a marked feature of the formation and implementation of different systems.
文摘【目的】研究不同材料、不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装对库尔勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü‘Korla Xiangli’)采后生理和贮藏品质的影响,为生产应用提供技术参考。【方法】分别将商业成熟的库尔勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口处理形成自发气调环境,于温度(0±0.3)℃、相对湿度90%—95%条件下贮藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口为对照。定期监测不同包装袋内O2、CO2和乙烯浓度,在库尔勒香梨商业销售高峰期(冷藏180 d和240 d)测定各处理果实L值、h值、叶绿素荧光参数、相对电导率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸等理化指标,并计算贮藏不同时期各处理失重率、果柄保鲜指数、果心褐变指数和感官分值等。【结果】采用扎口处理的不同厚度保鲜袋内气体成分在第30天时达到平衡,气调能力水平由高到低依次为0.05 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PVC袋>0.02 mm PE袋。两年试验筛选出库尔勒香梨适合自发气调包装袋为0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋,各项指标测定结果表明,采用上述包装进行自发气调处理能够降低失重率,减缓果皮L值、相对电导率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛和果心褐变指数的升高,抑制果皮h值、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降,提高果柄保鲜指数,对果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸等品质具有一定的维持效果。冷藏180 d时,扎口处理的库尔勒香梨果皮L值、h值与对照之间差异显著(P<0.05),对果柄保鲜指数、果心褐变指数和失重率的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05),但冷藏至240 d时,上述指标在不同包装处理与对照间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口处理均维持了库尔勒香梨感官分值,而0.05 mm PE袋扎口处理显著降低了果实感官分值,加重了果心褐变。【结论】库尔勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋或0.04 mm PVC袋扎口自发气调包装,袋内O2和CO2浓度起主要作用,维持在O2:14.5%—17.0%,CO2:2.5%—3.0%时,起到较好的保鲜效果,乙烯浓度对其保鲜效果影响较小。
