River width and depth as key factors of diurnal activity energy expenditure allocation for wintering Spot-billed Ducks in the Xin'an River Basin

Rivers are important habitats for wintering waterbirds.However,they are easily influenced by natural and human activities.An important approach for waterbirds to adapt to habitats is adjusting the activity time and energy expenditure allocation of diurnal behavior.The compensatory foraging hypothesis predicts that increased energy expenditure leads to longer foraging time,which in turn increases food intake and helps maintain a constant energy balance.However,it is unclear whether human-disturbed habitats result in increased energy expenditure related to safety or foraging.In this study,the scan sample method was used to observe the diurnal behavior of the wintering Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) in two rivers in the Xin’an River Basin from October 2021 to March 2022.The allocation of time and energy expenditure for activity in both normal and disturbed environments was calculated.The results showed that foraging accounted for the highest percentage of time and energy expenditure.Additionally,foraging decreased in the disturbed environment than that in the normal environment.Resting behavior showed the opposite trend,while other behaviors were similar in both environments.The total diurnal energy expenditure of ducks in the disturbed environment was greater than that in the normal environment,with decreased foraging and resting time percentage and increased behaviors related to immediate safety(swimming and alert) and comfort.These results oppose the compensatory foraging hypothesis in favor of increased security.The optimal diurnal energy expenditure model included river width and water depth,which had a positive relationship;an increase in either of these two factors resulted in an increase in energy expenditure.This study provides a better understanding of energy allocation strategies underlying the superficial time allocation of wintering waterbirds according to environmental conditions.Exploring these changes can help understand the maximum fitness of wintering waterbirds in response to nature and human influences.

Analysis of system trustworthiness based on information flow noninterference theory

The trustworthiness analysis and evaluation are the bases of the trust chain transfer. In this paper the formal method of trustworthiness analysis of a system based on the noninterfer- ence （NI） theory of the information flow is studied. Firstly, existing methods cannot analyze the impact of the system states on the trustworthiness of software during the process of trust chain trans- fer. To solve this problem, the impact of the system state on trust- worthiness of software is investigated, the run-time mutual interfer- ence behavior of software entitles is described and an interference model of the access control automaton of a system is established. Secondly, based on the intransitive noninterference （INI） theory, a formal analytic method of trustworthiness for trust chain transfer is proposed, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of dynamic trustworthiness of software during the trust chain transfer process. Thirdly, a prototype system with dynamic trustworthiness on a plat- form with dual core architecture is constructed and a verification algorithm of the system trustworthiness is provided. Finally, the monitor hypothesis is extended to the dynamic monitor hypothe- sis, a theorem of static judgment rule of system trustworthiness is provided, which is useful to prove dynamic trustworthiness of a system at the beginning of system construction. Compared with previous work in this field, this research proposes not only a formal analytic method for the determination of system trustworthiness, but also a modeling method and an analysis algorithm that are feasible for practical implementation.

Access Request Trustworthiness in Weighted Access Control Framework

Weighted factor is given to access eontrol policies to express the importanceof policy and its effect on access control decision. According to this weighted access controlframework, a trustworthiness model for aceess request is also given. In this model, we give themeasure of trustworthiness factor to access request- by using some idea of uncertainty reasoning ofexpert system, present and prove the parallel propagation formula of request trustworthiness factoramong multiple policies, and get thefinal trustworthiness factor to decide whether authorizing. Inthis model, authorization decision is given according to the calculation of request trustworthinessfactor, which is more understandable, more suitable for real requirement and more powerfulforsecurity enhancement than traditional methods. Meanwhile the finer access control granularity isanother advantage.

Component-Based Software Trustworthiness Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Model

For a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of the trustworthiness of component-based soft- ware system, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is introduced to establish the analysis model. Combine qualitative and quantitative analyses, the impacts to overall trustworthiness by the different types of components are distinguished. Considering the coupling relationship between components, dividing the system into several layers from target layer to scheme layer, evaluating the scheme advantages disadvantages by group decision-making, the trustworthiness of a typical J2EE structured component-based software is assessed. The trustworthiness asses model of the software components provides an effective methods of operation.

Hash Tree Based Trustworthiness Verification Mechanism in Virtual Environment

The trustworthiness of virtual machines is a big security issue in cloud computing. In this paper, we aimed at designing a practical trustworthiness mechanism in virtual environment. With the assist of a third certificate agent, the cloud user generates a trust base and extends it to its VMs. For each service running on the VM, a hash value is generated from all the necessary modules, and these hash values are organized and maintained with a specially designed hash tree whose root is extended from the user's trust base. Before the VM loads a service, the hash tree is verified from the coordinated hash value to check the trustworthiness of the service.

Discussion on the Planning of a Remaining Market in the New Urban Area under the Background of Urbanization: A case study of Xin’an Grand Market of Qingdao

Chinese markets play an important social role in the long history and are important places for currency circulation,human communication and cultural collision.However,with the acceleration of urbanization,market civilization has gradually faded.In this study,the current situation of a remaining market in Qingdao Development Zone was surveyed,and the problems of the market were discussed.Meanwhile,the reasons for the formation and survival of the market were analyzed,and some strategies to transform the market were put forward to find a way out for the development of the same type of markets in China.

芪苈强心胶囊降低慢性心力衰竭急性失代偿患者发生利尿剂抵抗风险的回顾性研究

背景利尿剂抵抗与心力衰竭(HF)患者的病死率增加有关。芪苈强心胶囊是用于治疗HF的中药。目前缺乏其在改善利尿剂抵抗方面作用的临床证据。目的探讨芪苈强心胶囊能否降低慢性HF急性失代偿(ADCHF)患者发生利尿剂抵抗的风险并改善其预后。方法纳入2018年1月—2022年6月在天津大学胸科医院CICU病区住院治疗的HF患者374例为研究对象,根据是否发生利尿剂抵抗将患者分为利尿剂抵抗组(118例)和非利尿剂抵抗组(256例)。收集患者的一般资料和实验室检查结果等。对患者随访12个月,观察因心血管事件再住院或全因死亡情况。绘制各组患者的Kaplan-Meyer生存曲线,生存曲线比较采用Log-rank检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究患者发生利尿剂抵抗风险的影响因素。采用多因素Cox回归分析探究ADCHF患者发生终点事件的影响因素。结果利尿剂抵抗组年龄、体质量、N末端前体脑利钠肽(NT-proBNP)、血尿素氮、血肌酐、血尿酸、国际标准化比值(INR)高于非利尿剂抵抗组,24 h液体摄入量、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、淋巴细胞绝对值、芪苈强心胶囊使用率低于非利尿剂抵抗组。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,使用芪苈强心胶囊(OR=0.363,95%CI=0.186~0.708,P=0.003)、24 h液体摄入量升高(OR=0.286,95%CI=0.177~0.461,P<0.001)是ADCHF患者发生利尿剂抵抗风险的保护因素。体质量增加(OR=1.064,95%CI=1.040~1.088,P<0.001)、血尿酸增高(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.000~1.004,P=0.027)是患者发生利尿剂抵抗风险的危险因素。Log-rank检验结果显示,利尿剂抵抗组无终点事件平均生存时间短于非利尿剂抵抗组(χ^(2)=11.866,P=0.001);未使用芪苈强心胶囊患者无终点事件平均生存时间短于使用芪苈强心胶囊患者(χ^(2)=6.502,P=0.011)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,使用芪苈强心胶囊(HR=0.536,95%CI=0.308~0.933,P=0.027)和使用血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂/血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(HR=0.435,95%CI=0.229~0.826,P=0.011)是患者发生终点事件的保护因素,总胆红素升高(HR=1.019,95%CI=1.008~1.030,P=0.001)、总胆汁酸升高(HR=1.029,95%CI=1.002~1.058,P=0.036)是患者发生终点事件的危险因素。结论在常规抗HF治疗的基础上使用芪苈强心胶囊可以降低ADCHF患者发生利尿剂抵抗的风险,同时降低这类患者1年内因心血管事件再住院或全因死亡的风险。

可信机器学习综述

机器学习技术不断发展,在许多领域都有广泛的应用并展现出超出人类本身的能力。但机器学习方法利用不当或决策存在偏差,反而会损害人们的利益,特别是在一些敏感安全需求高的领域,如金融、医疗等,人们越来越重视机器学习的可信研究。目前,机器学习技术普遍存在一些缺点,如对代表性不足的群体存在偏见、缺乏用户隐私保护、缺乏模型可解释性、容易受到威胁攻击等。这些缺点降低了人们对机器学习方法的信任。尽管研究者已针对这些不足进行了深入探索,但缺乏一个整体的框架与方法系统地提供机器学习的可信分析。因此本文针对机器学习的公平性、可解释性、鲁棒性与隐私4个要素归纳总结了现阶段主流的定义、指标、方法与评估,然后讨论了各要素之间的关系,并结合机器学习全生命周期构建了一个可信机器学习框架。最后,给出了一些目前可信机器学习领域亟待解决的问题与面临的挑战。

迈向信任的算法个性化推荐——“一键关闭”的法律反思

个性化推荐主要面临威胁人类主体自主性、“信息茧房”与“回音室”效应、大数据“杀熟”方面的质疑。“一键关闭”功能因能够实现隐私个人控制、促进信息自由流通和预防价格歧视而被推崇。然而,用户往往缺少隐私自治能力,个性化推荐造成群体极化之前首先具有议程凝聚、促进交往的价值,以关闭个性化推荐来解决价格歧视存在目标和手段的错位。“一键关闭”不仅难以符合规制预期,其自身还存在可操作度低和所承载公共价值模糊的弊端。个性化推荐的治理应以算法向善为方向,通过打造以信任为中心的透明可解释、用户交互友好的算法推荐,发挥个性化推荐的公共价值,增进社会福利。

两晋“碑文似赋”说补证

碑文于两晋之时多为叙述性,近于赋之铺陈,故易受赋影响,常主动借鉴赋之写法。两晋碑文沿袭汉碑传统,在题材、句式、用韵上多与辞赋“同体异用”,且常以赋家笔法叙述碑主家族功勋、描绘历史背景、敷陈碑主德行事业,使得碑文辞采增华,赋化倾向更为明显。“碑文似赋”实与魏晋文学自觉相关,援赋笔破体为文,虽使碑文一改汉魏体制,篇幅增长,但在整体上增强了其文学性、可读性和感染力,强化了其文学张力,使得泛文学观念落到了实处。

个性化推荐算法透明度对用户感知可信度的影响

[目的/意义]人工智能技术的发展与应用在推动人类社会变革的同时,也破坏了人与技术之间的信任。探索算法透明度与用户感知可信度间的关系,有助于破除算法黑箱,重塑技术信任,发展可信赖的人工智能。[方法/过程]文章以微信朋友圈信息流广告为研究平台,招募50位被试开展眼动实验,结合问卷和访谈等方法探究在不同的透明度情境下,用户对个性化推荐广告的感知可信度,进而厘清人与算法间的信任关系,从信任视角提出透明度提升策略。[结果/结论]用户的感知可信度受到透明度程度、透明度内容和结构等因素的影响,未来应当发展合理有效、方便访问、易于理解的算法透明度,以此提高用户信任,推动可信人工智能发展。[局限]研究的样本来源和研究视角单一,后续将扩大实验规模探索不同用户群体的感知可信度差异。

微分形式新安江模型

现有新安江模型数学上是代数方程并限于一阶差分方法求解,不可避免存在数值误差,探索数值求解误差控制新途径,对于提高模型计算精度具有重要意义。基于微分系统框架,识别新安江模型的状态变量和通量,推导其控制方程和本构方程,提出微分形式的新安江模型(ODE-XAJ),并采用四阶显式Runge Kutta法求解。数值实验结果显示,以解析解为基准,ODE-XAJ绝对误差处于或小于10^(-4)mm量级,可实现对解析解的高阶近似;以ODE-XAJ结果为基准,按归一化平均绝对误差评价,现有新安江模型的数值求解误差约为8.7%。典型流域应用结果显示,ODE-XAJ确定性系数提升0.02,洪量相对误差降低4.3%。研究表明,ODE-XAJ理论上分离了模型的数学方程与具体解法,可有效控制数值求解误差,提升模型模拟精度。

可信人工智能发展与法律制度的构建

人工智能的技术发展虽然取得了显著的成就,但还存在技术安全风险、背离传统法律价值等导致其不可信的诸多因素。人工智能技术的发展,须以用户信任为前提。人工智能的信任须建立在技术安全、确定性的法律管控和社会伦理正确引领的基础上。可信人工智能法律制度建构的关键在于,遵循以人为本、人类主导、技术中立等外在准则和透明、安全、可问责等内在准则,捍卫现代法治的传统和宪法确认的公民的基本权利,维护人类福祉。可通过建立和完善测试制度、监督制度和法律责任制度,保障人工智能的可信发展。

基于黄元御“水寒土湿木郁”理论探讨功能性便秘的诊治及其肠道微生态的改变

目的基于黄元御“水寒土湿木郁”理论探讨功能性便秘(Functional constipation,FC)的诊治,采用高通量测序技术探讨肉苁蓉汤对“水寒土湿木郁”型FC患者肠道微生态的影响。方法选取2020年9月—2022年1月期间厦门市中医院肛肠科便秘门诊收治的“水寒土湿木郁”型慢性FC患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各30例。治疗组采用肉苁蓉汤,对照组口服聚乙二醇4000,疗程均为5周。其中肉苁蓉汤组20例,聚乙二醇组18例,分别采集两组患者治疗前后的自然排出的粪便(10.00±5.00)g,立即置于液氮中冷冻,再放入-80℃冰箱中保存,采用MagPure Soil DNA LQ Ki试剂,采用高通量测序技术分析菌群的变化,进行Alpha多样性指数分析,并分别使用Chao、Shannon及Simpson指数计算肠道菌群丰度和菌群多样性;采用LefSe技术分析治疗前后粪便样本中菌群组成中的差异性菌属。结果两组患者疗程结束后水寒土湿木郁证候量化积分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者疗程结束3个月后水寒土湿木郁证候量化积分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。表明肉苁蓉汤组的疗效优于聚乙二醇组。稀释曲线表明测序数据量合理,基本能覆盖样本中所有的细菌种类;治疗后FC患者肠道菌群的Chno1指数高于治疗前,Shannon指数和Simpson指数均低于治疗前,但三者治疗前后的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);门水平上各组肠道菌群中相对分布较高的菌属有Bacteroidota、Cyanobacteria、Campilobacterota、Deferribacterota;属水平上,各组肠道菌群中相对分布较高的菌属有Bacteroidota、Parabacteroides、Eubacterium_eligens_group、Alistipes、Lachnoclostridium。结论肉苁蓉汤治疗“水寒土湿木郁”型便秘可以取得中远期的疗效,可以增加肠道有益菌,改善肠道微生态。

可信学习分析构建:风险桎梏、理论纾解与实践解蔽

可信学习分析技术的发展已成为全球研究者共同关注的焦点。国内外学者已就其内涵意蕴、价值逻辑等开展广泛探讨,但也存在关键问题不明、理论边界不清和实践路径模糊等问题。为此,研究以关键问题提炼和理论框架构建为先导,以实践路径的探索和实施为主线,对可信学习分析技术的教育应用进行分析。在实践问题方面,研究分析了阻碍可信学习分析实现的关键因素,包括数据漂移现象所导致的算法失准、样本分布失衡现象导致的算法偏见以及算法黑盒现象导致的决策结果失信等一系列问题。在理论研究方面,研究结合理论与实践问题分析,建立起面向学习环境、数据治理、建模分析和干预反馈四要素的可信学习分析理论框架。随后,研究依托该理论框架,结合相关研究方法和技术,构建了可信学习分析的实践路径,如结合价值敏感设计的伦理调适等。研究为可信学习分析研究从理论到实践提供系统化的解决思路。

新癀片治疗甲状腺结节微波消融术后颈部肿胀疼痛的效果

目的探讨新癀片治疗甲状腺结节微波消融术(microwave ablation,MWA)后颈部肿胀疼痛的疗效。方法将150例甲状腺结节行MWA后颈部肿胀疼痛患者随机分为治疗组、安慰剂组和对照组,每组50例。治疗组于术后立即口服新癀片,3片,tid,口服3 d;安慰剂组于术后立即口服安慰剂(淀粉药丸),3片,tid,口服3 d;对照组术后未口服药物。比较3组患者术后颈部肿胀、颈部疼痛情况。结果治疗组术后12、24、48、72 h颈部疼痛评分较对照组及安慰剂组显著减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗组术后48、72 h颈部肿胀发生率较对照组及安慰剂组显著减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗组术后72 h颈部疼痛、肿胀持续时间较对照组及安慰剂组显著缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论新癀片能够明显改善甲状腺结节MWA术后颈部肿胀程度,缓解颈部疼痛,从而改善患者术后不适感,是治疗甲状腺结节MWA术后颈部肿胀疼痛的理想药物。

明代《古今医鉴》版本、订补及学术贡献

《古今医鉴》八卷,明代龚信编辑,其子龚廷贤续编,成书于明万历四年(1576),刊刻于万历五年(1577),由周曰校的万卷楼刊刻。此后周庭槐再版刻印,八卷,改书名为《新刊古今医鉴》。周四达又请王肯堂对《古今医鉴》进行校正,以初刻本为底本重新刊刻,名《重刻古今医鉴》,仍为八卷,此本显示出由王肯堂校注修改的痕迹,其成书时间当在初刻本与周庭槐本之后王肯堂十六卷本之前。王肯堂之后又对《古今医鉴》重新进行了全面修订整理,勘误补漏,阐释医理,调整方药,加工润色,并改成十六卷本重新刊印,做出了重要的贡献,明万历十七年(1589)由叶华生刊印完成《王宇泰先生订补古今医鉴》。尚见“姑苏文台沈公本”,是以初刻本为底本刻印的活字本,刻印时间为日本元和年间(1615—1624)。本书对临床各科百余种病证进行阐述,荟萃古今诸家之论,完整保存了确有效验的官府、民间验方及父子二人所创方剂,在诸多方面具有创新,做出了重要的学术贡献。

图像学视角下木心绘画的精神形象

图像学研究的三个层次有助于揭示木心绘画的精神形象。前图像志描述以木心绘画的阶段、意象和氛围为中心,描述其精神形象的表现基础。木心绘画从他出国前的具象风格演变为出国后的纯抽象风格。图像志分析通过木心绘画的主题与肌理来阐述其精神形象的视觉表征。木心画作的命名方式反映其主题从指涉中国古典文化转向探究现代人生终极问题。木心绘画在其单色性氛围所呈现的特有肌理空间中构筑一个贯通传统性与现代性的精神形象世界。图像学阐释可揭示木心绘画内蕴的游离性、道德性和反思性精神形象。

血栓心脉宁片通过调控TGF-β_(1)和Runx2表达抑制血管平滑肌细胞钙化的研究

目的探讨血栓心脉宁片是否可通过调控转化生长因子β_(1)(TGF-β_(1))和Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)表达抑制血管平滑肌细胞的钙化。方法取对数生长期大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,实验分为5组:阴性组细胞加入DMEM培养液培养;钙化组加入β-磷酸甘油(β-GP)作用24 h诱导血管平滑肌细胞钙化;血栓心脉宁低、中、高剂量组先分别加入125 mg/L、250 mg/L、500 mg/L的血栓心脉宁片培养24 h后再给予β-GP作用24 h。采用CCK-8法检测各组细胞活力,酶标仪检测各组细胞中钙含量、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及TGF-β_(1)含量,Western blot法检测细胞中Runx2蛋白表达情况。结果与阴性组比较,钙化组细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05),细胞中钙含量、ALP活性、TGF-β_(1)含量及Runx2蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05);与钙化组比较,血栓心脉宁各组细胞活力均明显提高(P均<0.05),细胞中钙含量、ALP活性、TGF-β_(1)含量及Runx2蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P均<0.05),且各指标均呈浓度依赖性变化。结论血栓心脉宁片可能通过调控TGF-β_(1)和Runx2的表达,抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的钙化。

融合笔迹特征的可信签字图章生成及验证方法

随着电子通信与互联网技术的迅速发展,文件流转和处理正在逐步转向数字化,电子文件的签署方式呈现出更为便捷灵活与多样化的趋势,如在线签字采集、远程签字确认以及电子签名认证等。与此同时,文件的签署和验证过程在真实性、完整性等方面面临着诸多严峻挑战。不法分子以低成本手段截取、复制和伪造签字图像冒名签署文件、篡改和伪造签名文件等案例层出不穷,电子签章系统的应用过程面临成本较高、部署受限、普适性缺乏,以及真实性和一致性校验复杂等方面的困境。为了应对这些潜在的风险和挑战,实现个人文件签署流转过程中的可靠验证,提出了一种融合笔迹特征的可信签字图章生成及验证方法,该方法主要通过可信身份认证平台的人脸识别和身份信息匹配功能,融合签字笔迹特征,对签字笔迹特征唯一绑定并对签名者身份可靠认证,并基于此生成融合笔迹特征、签署文件验证链接和数字签名二维码的签字图章。分析表明:所提方法的签字图章不仅具备身份验证的功能,而且能够实现对文件签署真实性的辨别,二维码中签署文件验证链接可通过在线渠道直接验证签名人的身份、笔迹以及签署文件的真实性和一致性,这为纸质文件验证提供了更为便捷的途径,所提方法在电子文件流转处理和电子与纸质文件真实性验证领域具有广泛的应用前景。