Crack mechanism of ground fissures in loess layer of Fenwei Basin, China

The Fenwei Basin, covered by loess, experiences severe ground fissure disasters. These disasters disrupt the continuity of the loess and pose significant threats to engineering construction safety along transportation routes. Nevertheless, the crack characteristics and the influence zone of ground fissures in the loess layer remain inadequately investigated. To effectively prevent and control ground fissure disasters, physical model tests and the PFC(particle flow code) numerical simulation method are used to investigate the crack mechanism of buried ground fissures in the loess layer. The results show that there are two main cracks in the layer profile, which have a Y-shape morphology. As the dip angle of the preset cracks increased from 60° to 90°, the main deformation zone at the surface gradually shifted towards the footwall. The process of crack propagation from depth to surface is divided into five stages. Additionally, the results confirm the accuracy of the width of the rupture zone d2in the footwall calculated by the cantilever beam theory. These findings can offer theoretical guidance for determining the avoidance distance of ground fissures in loess regions, as well as for implementing disaster prevention and corresponding control measures for various stages of buried ground fissure propagation.

Heat transfer and temperature evolution in underground mininginduced overburden fracture and ground fissures: Optimal time window of UAV infrared monitoring

Heat transfer and temperature evolution in overburden fracture and ground fissures are one of the essential topics for the identification of ground fissures via unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) infrared imager. In this study, discrete element software UDEC was employed to investigate the overburden fracture field under different mining conditions. Multiphysics software COMSOL were employed to investigate heat transfer and temperature evolution of overburden fracture and ground fissures under the influence of mining condition, fissure depth, fissure width, and month alternation. The UAV infrared field measurements also provided a calibration for numerical simulation. The results showed that for ground fissures connected to underground goaf(Fissure Ⅰ), the temperature difference increased with larger mining height and shallow buried depth. In addition, Fissure Ⅰ located in the boundary of the goaf have a greater temperature difference and is easier to be identified than fissures located above the mining goaf. For ground fissures having no connection to underground goaf(Fissure Ⅱ), the heat transfer is affected by the internal resistance of the overlying strata fracture when the depth of Fissure Ⅱ is greater than10 m, the temperature of Fissure Ⅱ gradually equals to the ground temperature as the fissures’ depth increases, and the fissures are difficult to be identified. The identification effect is most obvious for fissures larger than 16 cm under the same depth. In spring and summer, UAV infrared identification of mining fissures should be carried out during nighttime. This study provides the basis for the optimal time and season for the UAV infrared identification of different types of mining ground fissures.

Ground fissure development regularity and formation mechanism of shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform in Jiaozi coal mine: a case study

A comprehensive study was undertaken at Jiaozi coal mine to investigate the development regularity of ground fissures in shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform,shedding light on the development type,geographical distribution,dynamic development process,and failure mechanism of these ground fissures by employing field monitoring,numerical simulation,and theoretical analysis.The findings demonstrate that ground fissure development has an obvious feature of subregion,and its geographical distribution is significantly affected by topography.Tensile type,open type,and stepped type are three different categories of ground fissure.Ground fissures emerge dynamically as the panel advances,and they typically develop with a distance of less than periodic weighting step distance in advance of panel advancing position.Ground fissures present the dynamic development feature,temporary fissure has the ability of self-healing.The dynamic development process of ground fissure with closed-distance coal seam repeated mining is expounded,and the development scale is a dynamic development stage of“closure→expansion→stabilized”on the basis of the original development scale.From the perspective of topsoil deformation,the computation model considering two points movement vectors towards two directions of the gob and the ground surface is established,the development criterion considering the critical deformation value of topsoil is obtained.The mechanical model of hinged structure of inclined body is proposed to clarify the ground fissure development,and the interaction between slope activity and ground fissure development is expounded.These research results fulfill the gap of ground fissures about development regularity and formation mechanism,and can contribute to ground fissure prevention and treatment with Karst landform.

Mechanism of formation of sliding ground fissure in loess hilly areas caused by underground mining

Based on a shallow-buried coal seam covered with thick loose layers in hilly loess areas of western China,we developed a mechanical model for a mining slope with slope stability analysis, and studied the mechanism of formation and development of a sliding ground fissure by the circular sliding slice method.Moreover, we established a prediction model of a sliding fissure based on a mechanical mechanism,and verified its reliability on face 52,304, an engineering example, situated at Daliuta coal mine of Shendong mining area in western China. The results show that the stress state of a mining slope is changed by its gravity and additional stress from the shallow-buried coal seam and gully terrain. The mining slope is found to be most unstable when the ratio of the down-sliding to anti-sliding force is the maximum, causing local fractures and sliding fissures. The predicted angles for the sliding fissure of face 52,304 on both sides of the slope are found to be 64.2° and 82.4°, which are in agreement with the experimental data.

Research on ground fissure origins and mechanisms in Hebei Plain,P.R.China

Ground fissure hazards frequently emerge in Hebei Plain, which damage roads, dams, buildings and farmland. The paper reviews and analyses current state of knowledge and research into ground fissure and geological environment in Hebei Plain. It is shown that the level of research and investigation is in some aspects insufficient. Knowledge is lacking in the use of corresponding geological concept models for specific ground fissures, three-dimensional numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by pumping through soil with pre-existing fractures, numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by dislocation in intersection faults, and the failure criterion and the constitutive relationship of rock and soil. Furthermore, we put forward geological concept models for ground fissure formation following the dislocation of a buried intersection fault, over-exploitation of groundwater and its compound origin mechanisms in order to provide scientific evidence for the quantitative analysis.

Mechanical behavior of underground pipe gallery structure considering ground fissure

The mechanical behavior of underground pipe gallery is a key research issue due to the static/dynamic states which exist in a ground fissure area.This study took an underground pipe gallery project in Xi’an,China as the research object.We analyzed the stress/strain characteristics of the pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil under static/dynamic conditions by the numerical simulation methods in detail.Based on the results,we proposed a theoretical calculation model for the pipe gallery structure considering the influence of the ground fissure,and combined with engineering examples for calculation and discussion.Subsequent results showed that:(1)the effective activity range of ground fissure on the deformation of the pipe gallery structure was mainly from 0.0 m(horizontal direction of ground fissure)to 32.0 m.In activity range,the pipe gallery structure is prone to failure,owing to the large soil deformation in the vertical direction;(2)with the increase of ground fissure settlement,a stress reduction area near the ground fissure appeared at the bottom of the hanging wall of the pipe gallery structure,and a local void phenomenon was revealed.The length of the local void is 6.0 m to 8.0 m under the maximum settlement(0.8 m)of the ground fissure;(3)Compared with the static conditions,the vertical and horizontal displacements of the pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil under the seismic action were little,and there were tensioncompression and torsion-shear effects in corner of the square pipe gallery structure(with a stress concentration phenomenon).The deformation law of pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil considering ground fissure and the theoretical model of pipe gallery structure established in this paper can provide reference for practical engineering.

Model test study on the formation and development of underground erosion ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley

The Kenya Rift Valley is relatively prone to underground erosion ground fissures and associated disasters,which gravely hinder local engineering construction and economic development.In this research,we performed field and experimental studies on ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley area,and determined the structural characteristics of underground erosion fissures.Based on a geological survey of the area,we generalized a geological model for typical ground fissures and reproduced the intermediate process of ground fissure propagation using a large-scale physical model test.Further,the development process of underground erosion fissures were categorized into four stages:uniform infiltration,preferential infiltration,cavity expansion,and collapse formation stages.During the development of underground erosion fissures,water content was distributed symmetrically along the fissures,and these fissures acted as the primary infiltration paths of water.When the ground collapsed,the increase in negative pore water pressure was greater,whereas the increase in positive pore water pressure was less in the shallow soil;moreover,in the deep soil,the increase in positive pore water pressure was greater than that of negative pore water pressure.Additionally,the earth pressure increment initially increased and then decreased with the development of erosion.During underground erosion collapse,the water content and pore water pressure appeared to increase and decrease rapidly.These results can be employed to predict the occurrence of underground erosion ground fissures and the resulting soil collapse.

Ground fissure hazards in USA and China

Tremendous losses were caused by ground fissure hazard both in USA and China. Six states of southwestern USA and seven provinces of central China were affected by the destructive ground fissures. The aseismic ground fissure hazards usually take place in land subsidence area. The comparison of the two countries' ground fissures were given including ground fissure formation, evolution, mechanics of destruction and countermeasures against them. The destructive ground fissures occurred about a half century earlier in USA than in China The mechanisms of various ground fissures were analyzed with interdisciplinary studies. It has been found that the preexisted faults are serving as the bases of forming modem ground fissure, and human activities, e.g. over pumping ground water, or oil, can accelerate the creeping of the fissures and make them destructive to many kinds of civil engineering. The countermeasures to mitigate ground fissure hazard were put forward, not only in science and technology but also in social administration. The successful practices in the two countries were introduced as examples.

Analysis of Activity Characteristics of Ground Fissure in Shuang-huaishu Village,Sanyuan County,Shaanxi Province of China

At night of August 9,2004,there appeared two nearly parallel ground fissures to the direction of northeast after storm rain in the Shuanghuaishu village of Shaanxi Sanyuan,of which the directly exposing length of the south ground fissure is more than 800 meters and its concealed length by exploration is more 4 km.To reveal the active characteristics of ground fissure,22 exploratory trenches,3 shafts and 2 flat holes are excavated and the ground fissures and land subsidence of the region nearby are monitored for two years.The survey and exploration results reveal that the ground fissures are provided with multi-phase activity by means of new ground fissure dissecting or faulting the old one,which there are more than 3 times of fissuring activity in recent 50 years

The analyses focusing on formation mechanism of Nanzhangzhuang ground fissure in Hengshui City,China

The paper focuses on the formation of Nanzhangzhuang ground fissure through emphatically analysing factors including the intersection fault dislocation,the deep ground-water over-exploitation together with the landform and lithology features.Features of the ground fissure are explained in detail after describing the geological setting in the study area.The paper also provides dynamic mode of the ground fissure formation via force analysis of the soil body unit at ground fissures.Conclusions can be drawn that the stress state of soil bodies changed with the activities of two intersection faults,namely Hengshui fault and Hubei fault.In addition,the stress fields control the development of ground fissure.The deep groundwater in Hengshui area dropped considerably in recent years,to be precise,the water elevation of deep groundwater dropped from -26 m to -94 m by 2010 at the centre of groundwater funnel.The over-exploitation of deep groundwater in Hengshui area enlarged the ground fissures.The data concerning shallow borehole show that the vertical lithology mainly consists of silt,silty clay and silty sandy soil,which all belong to the middle-compressed soil.The lateral extension of the soil bodies occur with pumping and tectonic creep,and the clay layers on both sides of the cracks can stay upright.Thus the ground fissure came visible.

Study on Ground Fissures and Land Subsidence Induced by Seepage Deformation in Xi'an

There are lots of theories about the causation of ground fissures in Xi’an,such as the tectonics theory,the excessive groundwater exploitation theory and the compositive theory. Based on the construction of the geologic environment monitoring network in Guanzhong urban agglomeration,the latest survey of ground fissures and land subsidence in Yuhuazhai in Xi’an shows that the extensive piping and quicksand in self-supply wells is a factor to induce ground fissures and land subsidence. It is suggested that the seepage deformation caused by high hydraulic gradient leads to sand gushing and changes some aquifers into the composite aquifer,which is the main factor to induce ground fissures and land subsidence. The development characteristics of ground fissures and land subsidence caused by seepage deformation were summarized. The results will supply new schemes and methods for the causation of land subsidence and ground fissures in Xi’an and lay out a clear road map of measures to control land subsidence and ground fissures.

分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝适宜性研究

在活动地裂缝影响下,供水管道拉裂、错断现象时有发生,并引发严重的次生灾害。本文以西安市西南郊水厂拟建球墨铸铁管道穿越地裂缝为工程背景,建立管道45°穿越活动地裂缝的数值模型,分析地裂缝影响下管道的内力响应与变形特征,结果表明:地裂缝作用会使管道接口偏转角过大而导致其防水失效。因此提出一种分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的方法,建立分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的数值模型,分析管道与管廊通缝、错缝两种工况、不同分段管廊长度、不同地裂缝位置、不同穿越角度下管廊与管道的内力响应与变形特征。得出管廊装载管道穿越地裂缝的最佳方案为管道与管廊通缝布设,采用单节长度为18 m的分段管廊,使地裂缝位于管廊的2/3处,并尽量以小角度穿越地裂缝。研究成果对城市供水管道穿越活动地裂缝的工程建设与灾害防治具有实际意义。

基于静力推覆分析的穿越地裂缝浅埋地铁车站地震破坏模式研究

以处于西安f4地裂缝场地的浅埋地铁车站为研究对象,通过开展振动台试验,探讨了地裂缝场地和结构的震害特征。同时,考虑场地地震响应的非一致性,采用静力推覆分析方法,分析了穿越地裂缝浅埋地铁车站的地震破坏模式。结果表明:针对地裂缝场地地下结构的Pushover分析方法能够较真实地反应地震作用下地裂缝场地的活动特征和地下结构的破坏特点。在水平地震作用下,趋于稳定状态的地裂缝上、下盘土体主要进行张合活动(相互挤压与分离)。其中,相互挤压会对结构中柱施加明显附加压弯作用。地裂缝场地土体的水平剪切变形是结构破坏的主要外在因素,而地裂缝活动造成的附加压弯作用会进一步增大中柱轴压比,降低中柱的变形能力,加速结构的地震破坏。在地裂缝场地特征变形作用下,结构底层中柱水平剪切变形能力相对较弱,且结构剪力表现出明显的空间分布规律,上盘结构底层中柱是结构的抗震关键构件。研究结果对该类结构的抗震设计具有重要参考价值。

基于神经网络的跨越地裂缝框架结构地震损伤及预测研究

为开展特殊地质环境下结构的损伤分析,以一跨越西安f4地裂缝的五层框架结构为研究对象,基于振动台试验和ABAQUS有限元分析结果,进行了BP神经网络模型的模型训练,选取变形和能量组合形式的双参数损伤模型计算结构损伤指标,采用加权系数法,开展了构件、楼层、结构三个层面的损伤预测分析,给出了不同地震作用下结构损伤程度评估。结果表明:地裂缝场地结构表现出明显上下盘效应,结构首层为薄弱层。BP神经网络损伤预测值与有限元计算值在不同工况下均较为一致,其对于构件、层间、整体结构损伤指数预测最大误差分别为8.86%、5.66%、7.57%,该研究成果为跨越地裂缝结构的性能评估提供一种准确且高效的研究方法。

基于三维隔震的穿越地裂缝地铁车站地震反应控制研究

穿越地裂缝地铁车站易发生严重地震破坏。文章基于地震动作用下地裂缝场地双向变形特征和结构破坏机理,探究穿越地裂缝地铁车站中柱三维隔震的适用性。考虑土与结构相互作用,建立穿越地裂缝地铁车站三维隔震结构数值模型。采用动力时程分析法,以无隔震与水平隔震结构为对比工况,研究穿越地裂缝地铁车站的三维隔震效果,并进一步揭示隔震机理。结果表明:单一的中柱水平隔震难以满足结构的地震反应控制需求;三维隔震支座不仅显著降低了中柱的地震反应,而且有效削弱了地震动作用下地裂缝上、下盘相对沉降对支座隔震效果和中柱抗震能力的不利影响,从而维持较高的减震水平;三维隔震后,车站结构侧墙内力增大而层间位移角的变化与其埋深、地震动强度与频谱特性等因素有关,车站结构顶、底板内力和变形均增大;车站结构抗震薄弱构件由中柱转变为顶板,而中柱和侧墙等竖向承载构件不发生严重地震破坏,避免结构倒塌。研究以期为地裂缝场地地下框架结构的灾变控制提供参考依据。

滋阳山地区地裂缝分布规律及成因

为了解济宁市滋阳山地区地裂缝的成因机制,通过资料收集、地质测量、钻探、物探、遥感解译、山地工程、室内试验、水位动态监测、工程测量、综合分析等研究该地区的地裂缝现状及分布规律。结果表明:该地区主要出现6处地裂缝出露区;裂缝有直线型、交叉型和不规则塌坑型3种类型;地裂缝全部发育于林木种植地区,且该地区由农耕区变更为大面积种植林木之前,未见有村民反映的地裂缝相关报导,可推断地裂缝的出现和林木的种植关联性很强;经调查林木移植与地裂缝的产生有相关性;地裂缝在地表显现的方向与林木种植的行向方向一致;据推测地裂缝的垂向切割深度可能至膨胀土层底部。可见研究区控制地裂缝活动的首要条件是膨胀土的分布,其次是林木移植程度、林木种植以及水动力活动迁移条件。

陕北煤矿区采动地裂缝对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律研究

采动地裂缝作为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区最突出且典型的采动损害问题,引发的水土流失效应已经不容忽视。为了研究采动地裂缝发育对周边土壤抗蚀性的影响,以陕北煤矿区内宽度分别为0~10,10~20,20~30 cm的采动地裂缝为研究对象,采集周边水平距离80 cm以内,垂直深度40 cm以浅的土壤,测定了土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、无机黏粒、有机黏粒、物理性质类等14个国内外学者普遍关注的用于量化表征土壤抗蚀性的指标,采用层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析相结合的方法甄选出陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要量化指标,构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型。结果表明:①综合层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析,甄选确定>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径、<0.001 mm细黏粒含量、土壤团聚度、土壤有机质含量5个指标作为量化表征陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要指标;②采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的5个土壤抗蚀性重要指标,其中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量变化最为明显;③根据土壤抗蚀性重要指标,基于因子分析原理构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型;④采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的抗侵蚀综合能力,且该效应随着裂缝宽度的增大和水平距离的减小而增强,当距采动地裂缝的水平距离超过170 cm时,采动地裂缝对周围土壤抗侵蚀综合能力的负效应基本消失,其可作为陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤侵蚀防控的关键区域。研究结果可为黄河中游陕北矿区水土流失的精准防控提供科学依据。

跨地裂缝三孔斜交箱涵结构受力性能和变形规律研究

以西安站改扩建项目为工程背景,完成足尺三孔斜交箱涵结构受力性能数值模拟研究,分析荷载与地裂缝协同作用下结构的受力过程与可能破坏形态,开展缩尺比例为1∶15的三孔斜交箱涵缩尺模型静载试验,与有限元结果进行对比分析,明确变形缝斜交和板墙开洞等复杂条件下箱涵结构的裂缝发展、位移变形和应力分布规律,验证了数值分析的可行性,并提出设计建议。结果表明:足尺数值模型与缩尺试验模型的应力路径和裂缝分布吻合较好;最不利工况下,箱涵顶板混凝土开裂部位较多,纵向挠度变形较小;斜交变形缝处,钝角较锐角处更易产生应力集中现象,各部位易出现应力集中的顺序依次为跨中、钝角、锐角和板墙隅角;采用平行于变形缝的斜向布筋方式可降低因钢筋截断而产生的应力集中,优化传力路径;建议在顶板洞口横向位置处增设暗梁,洞角布置斜向钢筋,降低洞口周围的局部集中应力。

表水侵蚀地裂缝物理模型试验研究

地表水入渗侵蚀是地裂缝出露地表的一个重要诱发因素。肯尼亚裂谷区因其特殊的构造环境背景,降雨侵蚀地裂缝极其发育。本文以东非肯尼亚裂谷地裂缝为原型,建立了降雨侵蚀条件下隐伏岩土体破裂扩展出露地表的地质模型,通过物理模型试验揭示了地裂缝发育过程中土体内部水力侵蚀破坏的演化规律。试验结果表明:(1)表水侵蚀地裂缝可将其破裂扩展过程分为3个阶段:均匀入渗阶段,侵蚀掏空阶段、塌陷致灾阶段。(2)隐伏岩土体破裂的影响区域是表水入渗的优势通道,该区域水力侵蚀强烈。(3)当侵蚀塌陷形成时,土体内部含水率和孔隙水压力出现同步的陡变。土体内部含水率的突变反映了裂隙的发育以及局部塌陷的形成,从而可以揭示土体内部侵蚀塌陷的进程。此次基于表水入渗的物理模型试验研究可为地裂缝的监测防控提供科学理论支撑。

半干旱矿区采动地裂缝发育对幼苗库及其建植因子影响

半干旱矿区煤炭井工开采引起的地表塌陷,造成水土流失强度增加以及植被生境损害等一系列生态干扰,其中采动地裂缝发育对坡面幼苗库特征及建植的影响仍有待深入研究。本文首先探明了榆神府矿区距采动地裂缝不同距离(0~1 m、1~2 m和2~5 m)幼苗库密度、组成和多样性特征,再结合土壤因子、地上植被群落及枯落物特征揭示裂缝发育造成影响幼苗建植的环境因子在空间上的差异性,最后采用物种相似性模型探究了裂缝发育区幼苗库对地上植被自然更新的影响。结果表明:①在未有裂缝发育的对照区,幼苗库组成以多年生草本为主(占比57%),裂缝发育后距地裂缝0~1 m和1~2 m范围,多年生草本比例分别下降至30%和35%,但一年生草本占比较对照区分别增加了28%和25%;与对照区相比0~1 m和1~2 m幼苗密度分别显著增加了92%和68%,幼苗库Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数分别增加了42%和24%、62%和40%、33%和18%,但Pielou均匀度相较于对照区分别降低了55%和38%;而距裂缝2~5 m范围,幼苗库生活型组成、密度和多样性与对照区已无显著性差异,因此裂缝发育对幼苗库特征影响范围在2 m范围之内。②地表裂缝发育后,距地裂缝0~1 m和1~2 m范围影响裂缝幼苗建植的相同因子包括土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量和枯落物厚度,但0~1 m范围除上述影响因子外还包括枯落物盖度、土壤结皮盖度与厚度、地上植被盖度与生物量等因子;随着距裂缝距离增加,距裂缝2~5 m范围限制幼苗建植的关键因子减少且与对照区相似,主要包括土壤含水量、地上植被盖度和枯落物盖度。③距地裂缝0~1 m和1~2 m以一年生为主的幼苗库物种组成与以多年生为主的地上植被物种相似性较低仅为0.42和0.48,加之一年生植物对植物群落演替促进能力较弱,因此可以得出受裂缝干扰较大的0~2 m范围幼苗库对植被群落恢复贡献有限,故该范围生态恢复中应在自然恢复的基础上,适当考虑人工植被建设以促进矿区塌陷地植被恢复进程,提高该区植被群落多样性和稳定性。随水平距离的增大,距裂缝2~5 m范围和对照区幼苗库与地上植被物种组成相似性接近,分别为0.67和0.68,表明裂缝发育后2~5 m范围植物群落恢复潜力并未受到影响,通过自然更新即可保证该区植被恢复。