Impact of Blade-Flapping Vibration on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Wind Turbines under Yaw Conditions

Although the aerodynamic loading of wind turbine blades under various conditions has been widely studied,the radial distribution of load along the blade under various yaw conditions and with blade flapping phenomena is poorly understood.This study aims to investigate the effects of second-order flapwise vibration on the mean and fluctuation characteristics of the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines under yaw conditions using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).In the CFD model,the blades are segmented radially to comprehensively analyze the distribution patterns of torque,axial load,and tangential load.The following results are obtained.(i)After applying flapwise vibration,the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines decrease in relation to those of the rigid model,with significantly increased fluctuations.(ii)Flapwise vibration causes the blades to reciprocate along the axial direction,altering the local angle of attack and velocity of the blades relative to the incoming wind flow.This results in the contraction of the torque region from a circular shape to a complex“gear”shape,which is accompanied by evident oscillations.(iii)Compared to the tangential load,the axial load on the blades is more sensitive to flapwise vibration although both exhibit significantly enhanced fluctuations.This study not only reveals the impact of flapwise vibration on wind turbine blade performance,including the reduction of torque and axial thrust and increased operational fluctuations,but also clarifies the radial distribution patterns of blade aerodynamic characteristics,which is of great significance for optimizing wind turbine blade design and reducing fatigue risks.

Numerical Analysis of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Characteristics in Yawed Conditions

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and experiments have both advantages and disadvantages. Doing both can be complementary, and we can expect more effective understanding of the phenomenon. It is useful to utilize CFD as an efficient tool for the turbomachinery and can complement uncertain experimental results. However the CFD simulation takes a long time for a design in generally. It is need to reduce the calculation time for many design condi- tions. In this paper, it is attempted to obtain the more accurate characteristics of a wind turbine in yawed flow condi- tions for a short time, using a few grid points. It is discussed for the reliability of the experimental results and the CFD results.

Validation of the Actuator Line Model for Simulating Flows past Yawed Wind Turbine Rotors

The Actuator Line/Navier-Stokes model is validated against wind tunnel measurements for flows past the yawed MEXICO rotor and past the yawed NREL Phase VI rotor. The MEXICO rotor is operated at a rotational speed of 424 rpm, a pitch angle of ?2.3。, wind speeds of 10, 15, 24 m/s and yaw angles of 15。, 30。 and 45。. The computed loads as well as the velocity field behind the yawed MEXICO rotor are compared to the detailed pressure and PIV measurements which were carried out in the EU funded MEXICO project. For the NREL Phase VI rotor, computations were carried out at a rotational speed of 90.2 rpm, a pitch angle of 3。, a wind speed of 5 m/s and yaw angles of 10。and 30。. The computed loads are compared to the loads measured from pressure measurement.

Validation of Chaviaro Poulos and Hansen Stall Delay Model in the Case of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Operating in Yaw Conditions

Operating in natural wind field, the horizontal axis wind turbines are subject to cyclical variation of aerodynamic loads. This cyclical loads fluctuation is a result of two aerodynamic phenomenon: the first one is the advancing and retreating blade effect;the second one is related to the cyclical variation of induced velocity at the rotor plane. In these operating conditions, the correct prediction of this load variation is necessary to predict some important parameters linked to the fatigue and stability of free yawing turbines. The main objective of the present study is the evaluation of the azimuthal variation of normal force at different radial positions. To model the problem, the blade element momentum theory is used and wind turbine is supposed operate in yaw conditions. The aerodynamic coefficients are corrected using Chaviaropoulos and Hansen model to take into account the phenomenon of stall delay. A computer code was developed to obtain the numerical values and results are compared with measurements performed in the NASA Ames wind tunnel.

Analysis of Near-Wake Deflection Characteristics of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Tower under Yaw State

The yaw of the horizontal axis wind turbine results in the deflection of the wake flow field of the tower.The reasonable layout of wind farm can reduce the power loss of the downstream wind turbine generators due to the blocking effect of the upstream wake flow and increase the output power of the whole wind farm.However,there is still much space for further research.In this paper,experimental research is conducted on the near-wake deflection characteristics of wind turbine tower under yaw state,expecting the effect of throwing away a brick in order to get a gem.In the low-turbulence wind tunnel test,regarding the most unfavorable position where the rotating blades coincide with the tower,Particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology is used to test the instantaneous velocity field and output power and analyze experimental data at four different yaw angles,different inflow velocities and heights.Meanwhile,in order to quantitatively analyze the laws on wake deflection,the radon transformation is used to analyze the velocity contour for calculating the wake direction angle,and the results show high reliability.The comprehensive experimental results indicate that the near-wake flow field of the tower obviously deflects towards a side in the horizontal plane.With the increase of the yaw angle,the deflection angle of the wake flow field further increases,and the recovery of wake velocity accelerates.The closer to the blade root,the more complex the flow is,and the influence of the blade on the near wake of the tower is gradually weakened.The change laws on the wake direction angle with the yaw angle and the blade spanwise direction are obtained.The experiment in this paper can provide guidance for layout optimization of wind farm,and the obtained data can provide a scientific basis for the research on performance prediction of horizontal axis wind turbine.

Effect of Yaw Angle on Large Scale Three-blade Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

Offshore Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines(HAWT)are used globally as a source of clean and renewable energy.Turbine efficiency can be improved by optimizing the geometry of the turbine blades.Turbines are generally designed in a way that its orientation is adjustable to ensure the wind direction is aligned with the axis of the turbine shaft.The deflection angle from this position is defined as yaw angle of the turbine.Understanding the effects of the yaw angle on the wind turbine performance is important for the turbine safety and performance analysis.In this study,performance of a yawed HAWT is studied by computational fluid dynamics.The wind flow around the turbine is simulated by solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations using software ANSYS Fluent.The principal aim of this study is to quantify the yaw angle on the efficiency of the turbine and to check the accuracy of existing empirical formula.A three-bladed 100-m diameter prototype HAWT was analysed through comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations.The turbine efficiency reaches its maximum value of 33.9%at 0°yaw angle and decreases with the increase of yaw angle.It was proved that the cosine law can estimate the turbine efficiency with a yaw angle with an error less 10%when the yaw angle is between-30°and 30°.The relative error of the cosine law increase at larger yaw angles because of the power is reduced significantly.

Dynamic Analysis of Tension Leg Platform for Offshore Wind Turbine Support as Fluid-Structure Interaction

Tension leg platform （TLP） for offshore wind turbine support is a new type structure in wind energy utilization. The strong-interaction method is used in analyzing the coupled model, and the dynamic characteristics of the TLP for offshore wind turbine support are recognized. As shown by the calculated results： for the lower modes, the shapes are water＇s vibration, and the vibration of water induces the structure＇s swing; the mode shapes of the structure are complex, and can largely change among different members; the mode shapes of the platform are related to the tower＇s. The frequencies of the structure do not change much after adjusting the length of the tension cables and the depth of the platform; the TLP has good adaptability for the water depths and the environment loads. The change of the size and parameters of TLP can improve the dynamic characteristics, which can reduce the vibration of the TLP caused by the loads. Through the vibration analysis, the natural vibration frequencies of TLP can be distinguished from the frequencies of condition loads, and thus the resonance vibration can be avoided, therefore the offshore wind turbine can work normally in the complex conditions.

A Novel Dynamics Analysis Method for Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

The dynamic behavior of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is crucial for its design and optimization. A novel dynamics analysis method for the spar-type FOWT system is proposed in this paper based on the theorem of moment of momentum and the Newton’s second law. The full nonlinearity of the equations of motion (EOMs) and the full nonlinear coupling between external loads and the motions are preserved in this method. Compared with the conventional methods, this method is more transparent and it can be applied directly to the large-amplitude rotation cases. An in-house code is developed to implement this method. The capability of in-house code is verified by comparing its simulation results with those predicted by FAST. Based on the in-house code, the dynamic responses of a spar-type FOWT system are investigated under various conditions.

Study on Gyroscopic Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Compared with bottom-fixed wind turbines,the supporting platform of a floating offshore wind turbine has a larger range of motion,so the gyroscopic effects of the system will be more obvious.In this paper,the mathematical analytic expression of the gyroscopic moment of a floating offshore wind turbine is derived firstly.Then,FAST software is utilized to perform a numerical analysis on the model of a spar-type horizontal axis floating offshore wind turbine,OC3-Hywind,so as to verify the correctness of the theoretical analytical formula and take an investigation on the characteristics of gyroscopic effect.It is found that the gyroscopic moment of the horizontal axis floating offshore wind turbine is essentially caused by the vector change of the rotating rotor,which may be due to the pitch or yaw motion of the floating platform or the yawing motion of the nacelle.When the rotor is rotating,the pitch motion of the platform mainly excites the gyroscopic moment in the rotor’s yaw direction,and the yaw motion of the platform largely excites the rotor’s gyroscopic moment in pitch direction,accordingly.The results show that the gyroscopic moment of the FOWT is roughly linearly related to the rotor’s inertia,the rotor speed,and the angular velocity of the platform motion.

Model Predictive Yaw Control Using Fuzzy-Deduced Weighting Factor for Large-Scale Wind Turbines

Yaw control system plays an important role in helping large-scale horizontal wind turbines capture the wind energy.To track the stochastic and fast-changing wind direction,the nacelle is rotated by the yaw control system.Therein,a difficulty consists in the variation speed of the wind direction much faster than the rotation speed of the nacelle.To deal with this difficulty,model predictive control has been recently proposed in the literature,in which the previewed wind direction is employed into the predictive model,and the estimated captured energy and yaw actuator usage are two contradictive objectives.Since the performance of the model predictive control strat-egy relies largely on the weighting factor that is designed to balance the two objectives,the weighting factor should be carefully selected.In this study,a fuzzy-deduced scheme is proposed to derive the weighting factor of the mod-el predictive yaw control.For the proposed fuzzy-deduced strategy,the variation degree and the increment of the wind direction during the predictive horizon are used as the inputs,and the weighting factor is the output,which is dynamically adjusted.The proposed model predictive yaw control is demonstrated by some simulations using real wind data and its performance is compared with the conventional model predictive control with thefixed weighting factor.Comparison results confirm the outweighing performance of the proposed control strategy over the conventional one.

Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Yaw System of Variable-speed Wind Turbines

Due to varying characteristics of the wind condition, the performance of the wind turbines can be optimized by adapting the parameters of the control system. In this letter, an adaptive technique is proposed for the novel model predictive control(MPC) for the yaw system of the wind turbines. The control horizon is adapted to the one with the best predictive performance among multiple control horizons. The adaptive MPC is demonstrated by simulations using real wind data, and its performance is compared with the baseline MPC at fixed control horizon. Results show that the adaptive MPC provides better comprehensive performance than the baseline ones at different preview time of wind directions. Therefore, the proposed adaptive technique is potentially useful for the wind turbines in the future.

不同偏航工况下受迫运动风力机动力学特性

针对不同偏航工况下受迫运动风力机的动力学特性,文章建立了弹性基础的风力机模型。在湍流来流的条件下,实现模型风力机无规律、多自由度旋转的受迫运动状态,研究风力机的尾流场分布特性及能量特性。结果表明:在偏航角为0°时,由于受迫运动风力机存在多自由度旋转运动,受迫运动风力机的尾流明显小于固定式风力机,而湍流动能大于固定式风力机尾流中的湍流动能;随着偏航角的增大,风力机的尾流和湍流动能分布均出现径向偏移现象,偏移方向与偏航角旋转方向相反,且尾流和湍流动能均随着偏航角的增大而减小;随着偏航角的增大,受迫运动风力机和固定式风力机的平均输出功率均减小,受迫运动风力机的平均输出功率均小于固定式风力机的平均输出功率。

偏航风力机尾流特性和功率性能的大涡模拟研究

对偏航风力机尾流特性更好地了解有助于风电场偏航策略的使用,本文开展了偏航风力机尾流大涡模拟研究.首先,建立基于伪谱法的大涡模拟耦合新发展的滤波致动盘模型的模拟方法,使用EPFL偏航风力机尾流风洞实验数据验证了该方法的可行性和准确性.然后,模拟了不同偏航角下的风力机尾流,发现滤波致动盘模型对远尾流区的速度亏损、湍流度和尾流中心偏移有较高的预测精度.与非偏航情形不同,偏航情形大涡模拟重现了实验中观察到的“卷曲尾流”现象,这种现象造成了速度亏损和湍流度在垂直面出现不对称的分布.最后,模拟了两台风力机的尾流状况,并分析上游风力机偏航角对功率性能的影响.模拟结果显示风力机间距不宜过短,一方面,上游风力机尾流干扰造成下游风力机的功率下降,另一方面,在较短间距情况下上游风力机尾流中心偏移值在下游风力机处较小,总功率增加量减少.研究内容对在风电场使用偏航技术具有指导意义.

不同偏航角下双叉式叶尖结构对风力机气动噪声分布规律的影响

为研究不同偏航角下双叉式叶尖结构风力机气动噪声的分布规律,利用数值模拟方法计算了双叉式叶尖结构叶片风力机处于0◦∼30◦偏航角度下的气动噪声分布规律。结果表明:在不同偏航角下,叶尖涡和中心涡轨迹发生偏移,与风力机旋转面产生夹角且随着偏航角度增大而减小;300 Hz内的低频段是气动噪声能量主要集中区域,其值随着偏航角度增大呈现先增大后减小的变化规律;偏航角越大,沿叶片展向,最大声压级位置越靠近旋转轴,沿叶片轴向,声压级随轴向距离增大而减小。其计算结果与风洞试验所得流场速度与声压级变化规律一致,验证了其数值研究的可靠性,为小型风力机叶片低噪设计提供数据支持和试验验证。

基于场级偏航控制的风电场尾流敏感性分析

偏航偏转控制有利于减小风机尾流效应,通过场级偏航协调优化减小尾流损失,可使风电场总发电量达到最大化。采用FLORIS尾流代理模型,以各风机偏航角为优化对象,风电场总功率最大为优化目标,进行场级偏航寻优。针对不同风机间距、纵列个数、湍流强度、来流风速和来流风向等多个维度,对比分析了偏航优化对尾流损失及功率提升的敏感性。结果表明:当风电场排布间距小于5D、风机纵列大于3台且仅需优化前5排、纵列机位连线与风玫瑰图主频风向夹角小于15°、风场湍流小于0.1、来流风速位于风机“切入风速+2 m/s”至“额定风速+2 m/s”区间时,场级偏航控制对于尾流优化效果最佳;若仅采用单机偏航控制风向,前排风机保留3°~5°偏航误差有利于风电场整体的发电收益。

上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响

针对倾斜尾迹导致下游风力机受到不平衡的气动载荷,疲劳载荷显著增加的问题,文章基于FAST.Farm开源软件,研究了在NREL 5 MW风力机错列布局下,上游风力机偏航对于下游风力机气动特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着上游风力机偏航角度的增加,下游风力机逐渐处于尾流风速亏损的核心区域,其风轮输出功率的减少量显著增大,风轮所承受的推力逐渐降低;相较于上游风力机未偏航的情况,当上游风力机偏航角度为40°时,下游风力机叶根处倾覆力矩的标准差增加了50.5%,波动性显著增大。该研究结果可为整场控制协同优化和偏航入流下的风力机气动特性分析提供参考。

不同入流条件及偏航角下的单风机尾流特性

随着大型风电基地建设,上游风机在运行时会使下游风场风速下降,湍流度增大,造成下游风机发电功率降低,加剧风机的疲劳破坏并缩短其服役周期。因此,亟需开展风机尾流研究,明确其特性及演化规律。为了揭示不同入流及偏航角下的单风机尾流特性,基于单风机尾流风洞试验,验证基于大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)结合致动线模型(Actuator Line Model,ALM)数值模拟方法的准确性;基于LES-ALM模拟方法研究入流风场(包括风速及湍流度)及偏航角对风机尾流特性的影响,阐明正负偏航角下单风机尾流的对称性。结果表明:随着背景湍流度的增大,风机尾流恢复速度加快;当入流条件相同时,风机设置正负对称偏航角,其尾流风速也表现出一定的对称性;风机偏航角越大,风机尾流膨胀宽度会逐渐减小,并降低尾流风速的亏损程度。

基于分布假设检验的风电机组静态偏航误差诊断方法研究

通过确定敏感风速区间并检测功率分布,实现对风电机组静态偏航误差值的估计。利用风电机组的实际运行数据对所提方法的有效性进行验证,并与基于功率曲线的诊断方法进行对比。结果表明,所提方法能够准确量化不同偏航误差区间的数据分布差异,精准识别出静态偏航误差所在的偏航角区间,诊断的准确性较高。

基于决策树算法的风力发电机组偏航控制系统设计

风力发电机组偏航系统对风力控制方面效果欠佳,为提升风能利用率与发电效益,将决策树作为基本算法,构建风力发电机组偏航控制系统。整合信号采集、位置伺服和偏航传动等物理装置单元,建立偏航控制系统的硬件结构。基于决策树算法,综合考虑滞后性、机械损耗等影响因素,设计偏航控制规则提取、叶轮侧对风向及自动解缆等系统的软件控制程序。将系统应用于搭建的大型风力发电机组仿真模型中开展实验,通过对比风向角度呈线性递增过程中,控制前后偏航电机启动脉冲、发电机功率与风力机转速以及偏航角度等模拟数据发现,各项参数均与风向角度有较强关联性。偏航角度的曲线斜率无限接近1,与风向角度的等量线性关系显著。结果表明,该系统能提升机组的发电效率与偏航控制效率,能快速、精准地实现风力发电机组偏航控制。

风力发电机组偏航系统运行与模拟故障实训平台设计

为便于学习风力发电机组运行方式和故障工况,参照实际兆瓦级机组偏航系统,设计风力发电机组偏航系统运行与模拟故障实训平台。该平台分设偏航执行平台和偏航控制系统人机交互操作平台,可精确实现偏航系统制动、偏航对风和解缆,也可通过设置故障验证学员对偏航系统的掌握程度。适用于国内高校风电专业学员、风电行业培训基地运维人员实操与培训考核。