Analysis of Protein Interactions:Probing the Function of Proteins with Yeast Two-Hybrid System

The yeast two\|hybrid system is a molecular genetic approach for protein interaction and it is widely used to screen for proteins that interact with a protein of interest in recent years.This process includes,construction and testing of the bait plasmid,screening a plasmid library for interacting fusion protein,elimination of false positives and delection analysis of true positives.This procedure is designed to allow investigators to identify proteins and their encoding cDNAs that have a biologically significant interaction with a protein of interest.More and more studies have demonstrated that the two\|hybrid system is a powerful and sensitive technique for the identification of genes that code for proteins that interact in a biologically significant fashion with a protein of interest in higher plants.This method has been used to identify new interaction protein in many laboratories.The recently reported yeast tri\|brid system,should allow the investigation of more complex protein\|protein interactions.The aim of this review is to outline the recent progress made in protein interactions by using yeast two\|hybrid system.

Screening of hepatocyte proteins binding to NS5ABP37 protein by yeast-two hybrid system

Objective To investigate the biological function of NS5ABP37 and to look for proteins interacting with NS5ABP37 protein in hepatocytes.Methods We constructed bait plasmid expressing NS5ABP37 protein of hepatitis C virus(HCV)by cloning the gene of NS5ABP37 protein into pGBKT7,then the recombinant plasmid DNA was transformed into yeast AH109(α type).The transformed yeast AH109 was mated with yeast Y187(α type)containing liver cDNA library plasmid in 2×YPDA medium.Diploid yeast was plated on synthetic dropout nutrient medium(SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade)containing X-α-gal for selection and screening.After extracting and sequencing of plasmids from positive(blue)colonies,we made a sequence analysis by bioinformatics.Results We screened twenty-five proteins binding to NS5ABP37,including Homo sapiens cyclin I(CCNI)gene,Homo sapiens matrix metallopeptidase 25(MMP25)and Homo sapiens talin 1.Conclusion The yeast-two hybrid system is an effective method for identifying hepatocyte proteins interacting with NS5ABP37 of HCV.And the biological function of NS5ABP37 may be associated with glycometabolism,lipid metabolism and apoptosis.

Yeast One-hybrid System Used to Identify the Binding Proteins for Rat Glutathione S-transferase P Enhancer I

Objective To detect the trans-factors specifically binding to the strong enhancerelement (GPEI) in the upstream of rat glutathione S-transferase P (GST-P) gene. MethodsYeast one-hybrid system was used to screen rat lung MATCHMAKER cDNA library toidentify potential trans-factors that can interact with core sequence of GPEI(cGPEI).Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to analyze the binding of trans-factors to cGPEI. Results cDNA fragments coding for the C-terminal part of thetranscription factor c-Jun and rat adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) were isolated. Thebinding of c-Jun and ANT to GPEI core sequence were confirmed. Conclusions Rat c-juntranscriptional factor and ANT may interact with cGPEI. They could play an important rolein the induced expression of GST-P gene.

Screening proteins that interact with mutant superoxide dismutase 1 from familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using a yeast two-hybrid system

The present study screened a human fetal brain cDNA library to find the proteins that interact with mutant superoxide dismutase 1 （SOD1） using a yeast two-hybrid system. Using BLAST software, 15 real proteins which interacted with mutant SOD1 were obtained, including 8 known proteins （protein tyrosine-phosphatase non-receptor type 2, TBCl D4, protein kinase family, splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 2, SRC protein tyrosine kinase Fyn, β-sarcoglycan; glycine receptor a2, microtubule associated protein/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1, ferritin H chain）, and 7 unknown proteins. Results demonstrated interaction of mutant SOD1 with microtubule associated protein/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 and β-sarcoglycan.

Shared and discrete interacting partners of ELL1 and ELL2 by yeast two-hybrid assay

ELL2 (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia transcription elongation factor), a component of a larger complex with pTEFb (cyclin T and CDK9) and AF4, is up-regulated in plasma cells where it influences mRNA processing by increasing exon skipping and enhancing proximal poly (A) site use. ELL2 is needed to produce the secretory-specific Ig heavy chain mRNA while ELL1 mRNA does not change in abundance with B cell stages. To investigate the potential interactions of other proteins with the ELL1 and ELL2 proteins, we preformed yeast two-hybrid studies. HSP40 and Testin were found to bind to ELL2 in its amino-terminal half. PCNA binds to ELL2 in a region encompassing amino acids 186 - 344. The potent transcription factors HIF1 α and ZNF622 interact with both ELL1 and 2 in the central, proline rich region. Meanwhile, BBS2 and ING3 interact with ELL1 but not ELL2 in this central proline-rich region. Many of the ELL-interacting-proteins uncovered in the two-hybrid screen are tumour suppressors that may work through the ELL: pTEFb complex to suppress or activate sets of genes in plasma cells.

Construction and Identification of a Yeast Two-Hybrid Bait Vector and Its Effect on the Growth of Yeast Cells and the Self-Activating Function of Reporter Genes for Screening of HPV18 E6-Interacting Protein

By using a yeast two-hybrid system,a yeast two-hybrid bait vector was constructed and identified for screening of the HPV18 E6-interacting proteins,and its effects on the growth of yeast cells and the activation of reporter genes were investigated.Total mRNA extracted from Hela cells was reversely transcribed into cDNA.Fragment of HPV18 E6 cDNA was amplified using RT-PCR and directly ligated to the pGBKT7 vector.The recombinant plasmid was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing.Th...

利用酵母双杂交筛选菠萝AcSWEET11的互作蛋白

SWEET(sugars will eventually be exported transporter)基因在植物开花过程中具有重要的作用,但AcSWEET11在菠萝成花中的作用机制尚不清楚。通过鉴定成花过程中与AcSWEET11的互作蛋白,为菠萝成花机制的解析奠定基础。本研究利用共转化的方法在菠萝成花过程的cDNA膜文库中筛选AcSWEET11的互作蛋白,分析候选蛋白的表达量。结果表明,pBT3-STE-AcSWEET11+pPR3-N对NMY51酵母细胞无毒性,但有自激活活性。进一步研究结果显示,在TDO/3?AT培养基和QDO培养基上自激活受到抑制。利用该系统筛选到了81个阳性克隆,经测序鉴定出48个与AcSWEET11互作的候选蛋白,包括E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like、Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7、Cytochrome P450、TranscriptionfactorLUX等。GO和KEGG分析结果显示,48个蛋白主要分布在细胞进程、代谢过程、刺激反应和催化活性等生物过程,参与脂类代谢、氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢、信号转导和运输与分解代谢等新陈代谢途径。Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7(XP_020105459.1)、Protein TIFY 3-like(XP_020082835.1)、40S ribosomal protein S27(XP_020092770.1)、Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1-like(XP_020112516.1)等4个基因与AcSWEET11表达趋势一致,在菠萝成花过程中下调表达;Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 2(XP_020113798.1)、Putative lipid-transfer protein DIR1(XP_020086640.1)、clathrin assembly protein At4g32285(XP_020108161.1)等3个基因在菠萝成花过程中上调表达。这些结果表明,AcSWEET11可能通过与Trehalose-phosphatesynthase7等蛋白发生互作,参与菠萝成花过程。本研究进一步丰富了AcSWEET11的蛋白互作网络,为AcSWEET11在菠萝成花中的调控机制的解析奠定基础。

长足大竹象信息素结合蛋白CbuqPBP2互作蛋白的筛选与验证

【目的】筛选长足大竹象(Cyrtotrachelus buqueti)信息素结合蛋白CbuqPBP2的互作蛋白,为实现利用信息物质对长足大竹象种群持续控制提供参考。【方法】利用GST pull-down联合质谱技术,对长足大竹象信息素结合蛋白CbuqPBP2的互作蛋白进行筛选、鉴定和分析,并采用酵母双杂交试验验证了CbuqPBP2与信息素结合蛋白CbuqPBP1的特异性互作。【结果】GST pull-down共筛选出45个与长足大竹象信息素结合蛋白CbuqPBP2特异性结合的候选互作蛋白,包括CbuqPBP1、ND2、CYTB。这些互作蛋白主要参与细胞过程、定位、代谢过程、应激反应以及生物调控等多个生物学过程。使用酵母双杂交体系,构建了pGADT7-PBP1重组猎物质粒与pGBKT7-PBP2重组诱饵质粒,通过诱饵质粒毒性检测和自激活检测,表明重组诱饵质粒对Y2HGold酵母菌无毒性作用。共转化验证结果显示,诱饵质粒pGBKT7-PBP2共转化酵母菌株能够在TDO培养基上生长。【结论】CbuqPBP2和CbuqPBP1之间有相互作用,不同信息素结合蛋白间的互作对深入理解长足大竹象嗅觉感受机制提供了新的思路。

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选玉米ZmPRR73的互作蛋白

为了阐明 ZmPRR73基因的生物学功能,构建诱饵表达载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73,利用酵母双杂交技术,从长日照光照环境诱导的热带玉米自交系的cDNA文库中筛选与ZmPRR73互作的蛋白。结果显示:构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73对酵母菌株无毒性,且对报告基因无自激活活性,共鉴定出12个与ZmPRR73互作的候选蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些候选互作蛋白的功能涉及植物的转录调控、离子跨膜转运的调节、信号转导、电子传递链等多个方面,推测ZmPRR73蛋白与以上蛋白互作参与多个信号转导和代谢途径,研究结果补充和完善了ZmPRR73蛋白参与的调控途径,为进一步研究生物钟核心元件ZmPRR73的分子功能提供了新的分子证据。

基于核系统酵母双杂交技术的红螯螯虾IAG互作蛋白筛选

为探究胰岛素样促雄性腺激素(Insulin-like androgenic hormone,IAG)在甲壳动物性别分化过程作用的分子调控途径,挖掘与IAG蛋白存在互作关系的候选蛋白信息,研究使用红螯螯虾促雄性腺及输精管组织构建核体系酵母文库,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与IAG互作的候选蛋白,并对关键候选蛋白的编码基因进行克隆与表达分析。获得初级文库容量为1.12×10^(7),次级文库容量为1.28×10^(7);成功筛选到25个阳性克隆,共注释到12个蛋白编码基因;克隆获得关键候选蛋白的编码基因muc5acl(Mucin-5AC-like)的CDS全长474bp;半定量与荧光定量表达结果表明,muc5acl在红螯螯虾的促雄性腺、精巢及输精管中特异表达,且在雄性个体促雄性腺中的表达水平显著高于间性,在输精管中的表达则相反,推测该基因可能参与雄性激素的分泌及精子运输过程,并与间性红螯螯虾的性腺发育有关。研究结果将为进一步解析IAG调控红螯螯虾间性性别形成的分子机制提供重要信息。

橡胶树膜系统酵母双杂交cDNA文库构建及HbSRPP7互作蛋白筛选

橡胶树橡胶粒子上的蛋白质在橡胶生物合成一系列反应过程中起着关键作用,它们直接决定着橡胶烃分子的数量和大小,影响天然橡胶的产量和质量。小橡胶粒子蛋白(small rubber particle protein,SRPP)是丰度仅次于橡胶延伸因子(rubber elongation factor,REF)的橡胶粒子蛋白组分,与橡胶粒子发育和橡胶生物合成密切相关。目前已知橡胶粒子上存在多种SRPP家族蛋白,但大部分成员的功能尚不清楚。SRPP可能通过与其他橡胶粒子蛋白相互作用发挥功能。为了筛选SRPP蛋白家族成员之一Hb SRPP7的互作蛋白,本研究利用位点特异性重组技术构建了原始库容为1.5×10^(7)CFU的均一化橡胶树胶乳膜蛋白酵母双杂交系统(membrane yeast two-hybrid system,MYTH)cDNA文库,该文库插入片段平均长度大于1500 bp,重组率约为100%。构建了用于MYTH系统筛选HbSRPP7互作蛋白的pBT3STE-SRPP7和pBT3SUC-SRPP7诱饵载体并确认其能在NMY32酵母菌株中正确表达,无自激活活性。使用pBT3STE-SRPP7诱饵质粒对胶乳MYTHcDNA文库进行筛选,获得21个HbSRPP7候选互作的蛋白,包括3个REF家族蛋白(HbREF1、HbREF3和HbREF8)、2个SRPP家族蛋白(HbSRPP1、HbSRPP2)、2个活性氧清除相关蛋白(thioredoxin H-type-like、L-ascorbate peroxidase 2)以及5个胁迫相关蛋白(high mobility group Bprotein 2-like、RPM1-interacting protein 4-like、stress-related protein-like、salt stress-induced hydrophobic peptide ESI3-like和F-box/kelch-repeat protein)。结果显示HbSRPP7除了可能通过与橡胶生物合成相关的橡胶粒子蛋白互作参与橡胶生物合成,也可能通过与生物和非生物逆境胁迫相关蛋白互作,响应橡胶树乳管生物和非生物逆境胁迫系统信号,参与橡胶粒子上的橡胶生物合成调控。该研究结果有助于了解SRPP家族蛋白的功能,为揭示橡胶粒子上参与橡胶生物合成的蛋白复合体组成,阐明橡胶生物合成及其调控的分子机制奠定基础。

小麦硝酸盐转运蛋白TaNRT1.1-1A转录活性检测及互作蛋白筛选

为了进一步解析小麦硝酸盐转运蛋白TaNRT1.1-1A的调控机制,本研究对其进行了自激活性检测。利用已构建好的小麦酵母cDNA文库,以TaNRT1.1-1A为诱饵,通过酵母双杂交技术筛选其互作蛋白,回转试验进一步验证其互作关系。结果表明,TaNRT1.1-1A无自激活活性,酵母双杂技术筛选小麦cDNA文库,共获得2个候选互作蛋白,候选蛋白Sdr I-like主要参与植物病害有关的应答响应。Sdr I-like的回转验证结果表明,该蛋白可能与TaNRT1.1-1A存在互作关系。该结果可为进一步研究TaNRT1.1-1A调控小麦硝酸盐吸收有关的分子机制奠定基础。

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选水稻中与OsCRK5互作蛋白

水稻是重要的粮食作物,研究水稻生长发育调控机制可为水稻品种改良奠定理论基础。钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium dependent protein kinases,CDPKs)是植物中重要的蛋白激酶,参与植物生长发育以及对环境反应的应答。水稻中的CRK5(CDPKrelated kinase 5)在蛋白序列和结构上与CDPK高度同源。为进一步研究OsCRK5在水稻干旱反应中的功能,本研究利用酵母双杂交筛库技术筛选了OsCRK5的互作蛋白。首先将OsCRK5的1-1332 bp片段克隆至pGBKT7载体中,获得诱饵载体pGBKT7-OsCRK5,经测序无误后,转化至酵母菌株Y2H Gold中。在营养缺陷培养基中观察到重组蛋白不具有毒性作用及自激活活性,同时利用Western blot分析重组蛋白的表达。进一步利用水稻cDNA文库筛选OsCRK5的互作蛋白,共得到77个阳性克隆。功能预测结果显示,互作蛋白涉及蛋白质合成、贮存和降解过程、转录调控、植物细胞生长和分裂过程、能量代谢和细胞代谢等方面的功能。最后,从阳性克隆中选取参与植物干旱胁迫应答的两个蛋白OsWR1和OsDi19-1,利用酵母双杂交和双分子荧光互补的方法验证其与OsCRK5的相互作用。研究结果为水稻抗旱的遗传改良奠定了基础。

Using yeast two-hybrid system to detect interactions of ATP synthase subunits from Spinacia oleracea

Subunit interactions among the chloroplast ATP synthase subunits were studied using the yeast two-hybrid system. Various pairwise combinations of genes encoding a, p, y, 8 and e subunits of Spinach ATP synthase fused to the binding domain or activation domain of GAL4 DNA were introduced into yeast and then expression of a reporter gene encoding p-galactosidase was detected. Of all the combinations, that of y and e subunit genes showed the highest level of reporter gene expression, while those of a and p, a and e, p and e and p and 8 induced stable and significant reporter gene expression. The combination of 8 and e as well as that of 8 and y induced weak and unstable reporter gene expression. However, combinations of a and y, p and y and a and 8 did not induce reporter gene expression. These results suggested that specific and strong interactions between y and e, a and p, a and e, p and e and p and 8 subunits, and weak and transient interactions between 8 and e and 8 and y subunits occurred in the yeast cell in the two-hybrid system. These results give a new look into the structural change of ATP synthase during catalysis.

Isolation and characterization of a human apoptosis-inducing gene with yeast two-hybrid system

asy gene is a novel apoptosis-inducing gene, but its mechanism is unclear. To investigate the mechanism of asy inducing apoptosis, a novel gene encoding ASY interacting protein (asyip) is isolated from human lung cell line (WI-38) cDNA library with yeast two-hybrid system. The asyip gene is constitutively expressed as two mRNA transcripts with the size of 1.8 and 2.7 kb in various human tissues at different levels. Sequence analysis of full-length cDNA reveals that the two alternative transcripts of asyip gene contain common 5' end and different 3' end, and share a common open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 236 amino acids. Two protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and two casein kinase II phosphorylation sites are found in ASYIP amino acid sequence. Two highly hydrophobic regions encoding potentially two transmembrane domains are present. The ASYIP protein contains a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal (Lys-Lys-Lys-Ala-Glu). Immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the interaction of ASY and ASYIP in mammalian cells. Compared with asy gene, overexpression of asyip gene can inhibit growth of tumor cell Saos2 and induce cell apoptosis with a low efficiency.

Screening of genes for proteins interacting with the PS1TP5 protein of hepatitis B virus:probing a human leukocyte cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid system

Background The hepatitis B virus （HBV） genome includes S, C, P and X regions. The S region is divided into four subregions of pre-pre-S, pre-S1, pre-S2 and S. PS1TP5 （human gene 5 transactivated by pre-S1 protein of HBV） is a novel target gene transactivated by the pre-S1 protein that has been screened with a suppression subtractive hybridization technique in our laboratory （GenBank accession： AY427953）. In order to investigate the biological function of the PS1TP5 protein, we performed a yeast two-hybrid system 3 to screen proteins from a human leukocyte cDNA library interacting with the PS1TP5 protein. Methods The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was performed to amplify the gene of PS1TP5 from the mRNA of HepG2 cells and the gene was then cloned into the pGEM-T vector. After being sequenced and analyzed with Vector NTI 9.1 and NCBI BLAST software, the target gene of PS1TP5 was cut from the pGEM-T vector and cloned into a yeast expression plasmid pGBKT7, then ＂bait＂ plasmid pGBKT7-PS1TP5 was transformed into the yeast strain AH109. The yeast protein was isolated and analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and Western blotting hybridization. After expression of the pGBKT7-PS1TP5 fusion protein in the AH109 yeast strain was accomplished, a yeast two-hybrid screening was performed by mating AH109 with Y187 containing a leukocyte cDNA library plasmid. The mated yeast was plated on quadruple dropout medium and assayed for α-gal activity. The interaction between the PS1TP5 protein and the proteins obtained from positive colonies was further confirmed by repeating the yeast two-hybrid screen. After extracting and sequencing of plasmids from blue colonies we carried out a bioinformatic analysis. Results Forty true positive colonies were selected and sequenced, full length sequences were obtained and we searched for homologous DNA sequences from GenBank. Among the 40 positive colonies, 23 coding genes with known functions were obtained, including Homo sapien leukocyte adhesion protein p150, 95, interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain, PALM2-AKAP2 protein （PALM2-AKAP2）, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, beta-2-microglobin, solute carrier family 9 （sodium/hydrogen exchanger）, calreticulin, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 （ASGR1）, MHC class Ⅱ lymphocyte antigen, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, lymphocyte antigen 86 （LY86） and lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1. One novel gene with unknown function was found and named as PS1TP5BP1. After being electronically spliced, it was deposited in GenBank （accession number： DQ471327）. Conclusions Genes of proteins interacting with PS1TP5 were successfully screened from leukocyte cDNA library. These results suggested that PS1TP5 was closely correlated with immunoregulation, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, the formation of hepatic fibrosis and initiation and development of tumors and also brought some new clues for further studying the biological functions of the pre-S 1 protein.

Screening of the interacting proteins with NifA in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 by the yeast two-hybrid system

NifA in Azospirillum brasilense plays a key role in regulating the synthesis and activity of nitrogenase in re- sponse to ammonia and oxygen available. In this work we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the proteins that interact with NifA. The nifA gene was fused to the yeast two-hybrid vector pGBD-C2, and three A. brasilense Sp7 genomic libraries for use in yeast two-hybrid studies were constructed. Screening of the libraries identified four clones encoding proteins that interact with NifA. The confirmation of the interactions of each gene product of the four clones and NifA were carried out by exchanging the vectors for nifA and the four clones and by mutageneses of the four clones with shift reading frame experiments in yeast two-hybrid studies. DNA sequence analyses showed that two clones en- code proteins containing PAS domains that play an impor- tant role in signal transduction. One clone has high similarity with the fhuE gene of Escherichia coli, whose gene product is involved in iron uptake and transportation, and the other clone encodes an unknown protein.

Isolation of transcription factors binding auxin response elements using a yeast one-hybrid system

Plant hormones play an important role during higher plant embryogenesis. Auxin is central to the development of vascular tissues, formation of lateral and adventitious roots, control of apical dominance, and tropic responses. Auxin response element (AuxRE), present in the promoters of many auxin-induced genes, can confer auxin responsiveness. Using carrot somatic embryo under specific developmental phase, a cDNA expression library was constructed. Several plasmids were recombined containing the tetramer of AuxRE as a bait. After screening by a yeast one-hy- brid system, one positive clone was confirmed and characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AxRF1 protein expressed in yeast cell could bind AuxRE in vitro. It suggests that AxRF1 participates in regulation of the expression of auxin responsive gene during carrot somatic embryogenesis.

Study on the interaction between Jak3 and IL-2R γ using the yeast two-hybrid system

Both interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor y subunit and non-receptor tyrosine kinase Jak3 play important roles in IL-2 physiological functions. Jak3 has been known to bind IL-2Ry and the interaction is very important for IL-2 signaling. In order to find the domains directly involved in the interaction between IL-2Ry and Jak3, various deletion mutants have been constructed

Screening of proteins that interact with human thrombopoietin receptor c-Mpl using yeast two-hybrid system

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the major cytokine involved in platelet production and exerts its effects via the receptor c-Mpl. The yeast two-hybrid system has been used to screen the proteins interacting with c-Mpl. First, the cDNA fragment of c-Mpl intracellular domain was cloned into two-hybrid vector pAS2, and the resulting plasmid is designated as pASMM. Then a human placenta cDNA library was screened using the pASMM as a target plasmid. Seven positive clones were isolated from 150 000 independent transformants. Sequence analysis of one of the positive clones demonstrates that a part of coding sequence of vimentin from 611 bp to 3’ end and flanking non-translation region was obtained. Therefore, there is an interaction between vimentin and TPO receptor. The results suggest that cytoskeletal protein may play an important role in TPO signal transduction pathway.