Full-length transcriptome sequence and SSR marker development for genetic diversity research in yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus

Yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus is an important economic fish in Chinese coastal areas.Given its narrow distribution and overfishing,the genetic diversity of yellowfin seabream has been restricted for artificial breeding and reproduction.We performed full-length transcriptome sequencing and assembly of the genome of yellowfin seabream.A total of 68086 unigenes were obtained,with an N50 of 3391 bp on average length of 2933 bp.A total number of 50593 expressed sequence tags linked to simple sequence repeats(EST-SSR)were identified,among them dinucleotide repeats(40.6%)and AC/GT motifs(38.5%)were the most frequent.Of the 190 EST-SSRs for which PCR primer pairs were designed,150 primer pairs successfully amplified target loci and 15 SSRs showed high polymorphism.The alleles per locus ranged 6-50 on average of 25.3.The expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.632 to 0.969 and from 0.519 to 0.953,respectively.The polymorphic index content(PIC)values of each locus ranged 0.587-0.966 on average of 0.851.Among six yellowfin seabream population samples preliminarily tested for genetic diversity and differentiation,the Fangchenggang(FCG)population in Guangxi Province had the highest mean observed heterozygosity(H_(o))value(0.786),whereas the Zhangzhou(ZZ)population in Fujian Province had the lowest(0.678).The pairwise fixation index(Fst)values indicated significant population differentiation among six yellowfin seabream populations.This study provided evidence for the usefulness of the transcriptomic resource information and EST-SSR markers for natural resource conservation,population genetics,and breeding studies of yellowfin seabream in South China.

Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Time Series Fluctuation of Yellowfin Tuna <i>Thunnus albacares</i>in the South Pacific Ocean

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of the most commercially important fish species for South Pacific island nations and territories and for effective conservation efforts it is important to understand the factors which affect its time series pattern. Our research was aimed at elucidating the climatic factors which affected the trajectory of the yellowfin tuna stock in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. We utilized various climatic factors for the years t - n with n = 0, 1, ..., 8 and investigated their statistical relationship with the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of yellowfin tuna stock from 1957-2008 for three South Pacific zones ranging from the East to the West Pacific Ocean within the coverage area of the Western and Central Pacific Convention Area. Results showed that the climatic conditions of: (i) the global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI), (ii) the Pacific warm pool index (PWI) and (iii) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) had significant relationship with the CPUE of yellowfin tuna in all three zones. LOTI, PWI and SOI were used as independent variables and fitted through modeling to replicate the CPUE trajectory of the yellowfin tuna in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. Model selection was based on significant parameter estimates (p < 0.05), Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) and R2 values. Models selected for all three zones had LOTI, PWI and SOI as the independent variables. This study shows that LOTI, PWI and SOI are climatic conditions which have significant impact on the fluctuation pattern of the yellowfin tuna CPUE in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. From the findings of this study it can be recommended that when management decisions are made for yellowfin tuna fishery conservation and sustainability in the Eastern and Western South Pacific, it is imperative to take the effect of climatic factors into account.

An Assessment to Relationships between the Yellowfin Tuna and the Spotted Dolphin in Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) from 1998 to 2006

Database belong to the Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y Protección de los Delfines (PNAAPD) from México. The area covers from latitude 5 to 20 N and longitude 90 to 125 W, Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO), for 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2006 includes date, geographical position, sea surface temperature, tuna’s catch, yellowfin tuna’s size and dolphin’s number. 5 degress squares of latitude and longitude, each year were made. Yellowfin tuna number was normally distributed (KSd = 0.02, P > 0.20). The problem to solve is the relationship of the spotted dolphin and yellowfin tuna, that may analyze in the background of a non linear generalized model. Considering the array of latitude and longitude over the years that the abundance of yellowfin tuna is a dependent variable and the spotted dolphin abundance is the covariance continuous variable, the interaction and covariance, indicates a significant contribution to variability. The tuna abundance index does produce significative differences in latitude and longitude. Considering the dolphin as a dependent variable and the yellowfin tuna as a covariance continuous variable, the dolphin abundance index produced significative differences in latitude and longitude.

SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE YELLOWFIN PORGY (SPARUS LATUS HOUTTUYN), WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ASSOCIATED MITOCHONDRION

Transmission electron microscopy of the yellowfin porgy (Sparus latus Houttuyn) spermatozoa ultrastructure showed the spermatozoon as a primitive type made up of the acrosomeless head , the flagellum , and the midpiece , at the periphery of which was a relatively big mitochondrion with more complex structure . It was found that during spermiogenesis, only one relatively big mitochondrion occurred in both the spermatid and the spermatozoon . This is different from other teleost fishes . During spermiogenesis, the mitochondria number is one, and morphology did not change . All these are different fromthose of other fishes .

Reproductive Biology of Yellowfin Tuna T. albacares in the West-Central Indian Ocean

Survey of yellowfin tuna in the west-central Indian Ocean was conducted on board of Chinese longliners during 2003,2004 and 2005,which is a part of Chinese Tuna Fishery Scientific Observer Program(CTFSOP) . The reproductive biology has been investigated. A total of 1 023 samples are collected including 417 ovaries and 606 testes. Spawning activities of yellowfin tuna have been studied for both male and female from January to June. The data showed that the average monthly sex ratio is 0.59,and the minimum length at sexual maturity is 101 cm for female and 110 cm for male respectively. Length at 50% sexual maturity is esti-mated at 113.77 cm for female and 120.20 cm for male,whereas maturation rate is 0.066 cm-1 for female and 0.091 cm-1 for male. Sex ratio by length class indicates that the proportion of male is higher than female's along with size increasing;for instance,in the group of the body length longer than 145 cm,some females have their body length from 145 to 160 cm and males have their body length at 160 cm and even longer. Statistically,yellowfin tuna has a significant seasonal reproduction.

Contrasting physical mechanisms of yellowfin tuna fluctuations between the western and eastern Indian Ocean

As an economically critical pelagic migratory species,yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacores,YFT)is very sensible to physical and environmental conditions,such as sea surface temperature(SST),ocean heat content(OHC),and the mixed layer depth(MLD).We investigated the impact of SST,OHC,and MLD on fluctuations of YFT catch in the western/eastern Indian Ocean using the long time series of 63-year environmental and YFT datasets.We found that the impact of SST on YFT was heavily overestimated in the past,and MLD plays a more critical role in the YFT catch fluctuation.When the MLD deepens(>34.8 m),SST was more influential in predicting the catches of YFT than OHC in the western Indian Ocean,and OHC was more critical to YFT than SST in the eastern Indian Ocean.However,when the MLD shallows(<34.8 m),MLD was more vital to predict the catch per unit effort(CPUE)of YFT than SST/OHC in the western.After 2000,there was an asynchronous pattern of YFT CPUE induced by higher frequency variations and ocean hiatus of SST/OHC signals in the western and eastern Indian Oceans basins.The impact of the subsurface hiatus may induce the decrease of YFT in the eastern Indian Ocean.The above findings clarified a non-stationary relationship between the environmental factors and catches of YFT and provided new insights into variations in YFT abundance.

Evaluating effectiveness of biological reference points for bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fisheries in the Indian Ocean

Biological reference point(BRP)is one of the essential components in the management strategy evaluation that is used to determine the status of fishery stock and set management regulations.However,as BRPs can be derived from different models and many different BRPs are available,the effectiveness and consistency of different BRPs should be evaluated before being applied to fisheries management.In this study,we used a computation-intensive approach to identify optimal BRPs.We systematically evaluated 1500 combinations of alternative BRPs in managing the bigeye tuna(Thunnus obesus)and yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacares)fisheries in the Indian Ocean.The effectiveness and consistency of these BRPs were evaluated using four performance measures related to fisheries landing performance and biomass conservation.Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate various uncertainties.The results suggest that the proposed computation-intensive approach can be effective in identifying optimal BRPs with respect to a set of defined performance measures.We found that the current maximum sustainable yield(MSY)-based BRP combinations are effective target BRPs to manage the bigeye and yellowfin tuna fisheries with the“linear”harvest control rule(HCR).However,using the“knife-edge”HCR,better BRPs could be found for both the bigeye and yellowfin tuna fisheries management with improved fisheries and conservation performance.The framework developed in this study can be used to identify suitable BRPs based on a set of defined performance measures for other fisheries.

南海黄鳍金枪鱼性腺发育形态观察和组织学研究

为了解南海黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)性腺发育规律和繁殖特征,2021年5月—2022年5月,用延绳钓在南海(17.41°N,110.61°E)采集黄鳍金枪鱼41尾,体质量0.6~35.0 kg,采用解剖和常规组织学方法,研究南海黄鳍金枪鱼的性腺发育周期和各发育时期性腺中生殖细胞的形态特征。结果表明,黄鳍金枪鱼卵母细胞发育共分6个时相,卵巢发育分为6个时期:卵原细胞增殖期、初级卵母细胞生长期、皮质液泡形成期、卵黄颗粒积累期、排卵期、退化期。黄鳍金枪鱼为分批非同步产卵类型;精巢为典型的小叶型,发育过程分为6个时期:精原细胞分化期、精原细胞增殖期、早期成熟期、中期成熟期、排精期、退化期。本文阐明了黄鳍金枪鱼性腺在不同发育时期的形态、组织结构特征及发育规律,以丰富黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学基础资料,并为其人工繁育提供科学依据。

热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系

根据Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带印度洋各月月平均温跃层特征参数,并结合印度洋金枪鱼委员会(IOTC)黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓数据,绘制了月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数的关系。结果表明:热带印度洋温跃层上界深度、温度和下界深度,以及黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布都具有明显的季节性变化特征,黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区的温跃层上界深度的范围为30—40m,超过70m的渔区CPUE值普遍偏低;在西南季风期间温跃层上界最深达到120m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区温跃层下界深度不超过200m,在西南季风期间,深度会超过300m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区对应的温跃层上界温度都超过25℃,温度小于24℃的渔区CPUE值普遍较低;在西南季风期间,高值CUPE区域对应的温跃层上界温度范围变大,温跃层上界温度延伸到22℃,在22℃以下渔区CPUE值都很低。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适温跃层特征参数分布,得出黄鳍金枪鱼最适的温跃层上、下界温度范围分别是25—29℃和13—16℃;其上、下界深度范围分别为30—70m和140—200m。K-S检验结果表明,上述结论可靠。

不同冻结方式对黄鳍金枪鱼品质变化的比较研究

为了研究不同冻结保鲜方式对金枪鱼肉的保鲜效果,本文通过测定冻藏期间金枪鱼背肌的K值、TBA值、TVB-N值、高铁肌红蛋白含量与色差,并结合感官评定,分析了液氮冻结、自制冷冻液冻结、-80℃超低温冻结和-18℃低温冻结等四种不同冻结方式对黄鳍金枪鱼背肌品质的影响。结果显示:液氮冻结的金枪鱼背肌的K值、TBA值、TVB-N值、高铁肌红蛋白含量较其他三组低,可以较长时间保持金枪鱼肉的新鲜度,从这一角度来说,液氮冻结为最佳冻结方式。但由于冻结速度极快,样品表面出现轻微裂缝,色差和感官评分指标比冷冻液浸渍冻结方式差。

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网的黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

基于1998—2007年中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares围网生产统计数据及遥感获取的叶绿素a浓度、海表温度和海面高度等环境数据,应用GAM模型对黄鳍金枪鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行了标准化处理,并逐步回归分析了CPUE与各因子的差异显著性,然后利用渔业地理信息软件Marine Explorer 4.0对标准化后的黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE的空间分布与环境因子进行了叠加分析。结果表明:时空因子(年份、月份、经度和纬度)和环境因子(海表温度、海面高度和叶绿素a浓度)对黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中纬度对CPUE的影响最显著,其次为经度、叶绿素a、海表温度、海面高度、年份和月份;1998—2007年,中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼年均CPUE最大值(2.43 t/d)出现在1999年,月均最大值(2.36 t/d)出现在10月份,黄鳍金枪鱼资源丰度较高的海域出现在10°S、155°W,5°S、155°W^170°W,5°S、140°E^175°E和5°N、165°E^170°E四点连线之内;黄鳍金枪鱼适宜生存的环境条件分别为叶绿素a浓度0.152~0.168 mg/m3、海表温度28.45~28.84℃、海面高度为70.00~77.04 cm。

黄鳍金枪鱼食用品质的研究

取斐济岛黄鳍金枪鱼背部肌肉,分别测定其营养成分,氨基酸及脂肪酸组成和游离氨基酸,对其进行营养价值与食用价值评价。结果显示,黄鳍金枪鱼背肉粗蛋白含量高达24.88%,脂肪含量仅为0.0387%,灰分含量为1.71%。根据1973年FAO/WHO推荐的必需氨基酸需要量模式对黄鳍金枪鱼背肉进行评价,氨基酸评分为95,第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸。赖氨酸含量为81.02mg/g,甲硫氨酸含量为54.81mg/g。游离的呈味氨基酸如组氨酸(肉香味)、甘氨酸(甜味)、谷氨酸(鲜味),分别占氨基酸总量的75.94%、1.25%和1.73%。不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量的60.95%,其中EPA和DHA分别占6.90%和36.38%。此外,还检测到奇数碳脂肪酸,如十五碳脂肪酸和十七碳脂肪酸。可见新鲜黄鳍金枪鱼背肉是营养丰富、味道鲜美的上等原料。

中国南海黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)幼鱼形态特征及其与体重的关系

为研究出现在中国南海美济礁的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)幼鱼的形态特征及其各性状特性与体重的关系,对其附近海域捕捞的52尾野生黄鳍金枪鱼幼鱼的外部形态特征进行观察分析,并对其全长、体长、头长、体高、头高、眼径、眼间距、口裂、吻长、尾柄长、尾柄高和体重12个可量性状进行测量。通过相关分析、通径分析和决定分析方法,分析各形态性状对体重的影响程度,运用多元线性回归分析法建立主要性状对体重的多元回归方程。结果显示,鱼体呈纺锤形,粗壮而圆,向后逐渐细尖,尾柄细长,背部较暗,呈深蓝色,腹部银白色,体表具有浅银灰色间隔的纵向条纹,并有明亮的光泽,尾鳍末端呈黄褐色;体长、体高和尾柄高与体重的相关性达到极显著水平(P<0.01),是影响体重的主要性状。体长对体重的通径系数最大(0.479)、决定系数最高(0.229),体长、体高主要通过直接作用对体重产生影响,而尾柄高主要通过体高、体长对体重起间接作用;以体重为因变量(y),体高(x_1)、体长(x_2)、尾柄高(x_3)为自变量,得到估算体重的最优多元回归方程为y=30.482 x_1+18.328 x_2+199.490 x_3-500.785。

大西洋中部黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)的垂直分布与有关环境因子的关系

根据 2 0 0 1年 6— 1 0月在大西洋中部大洋性金枪鱼延绳钓作业中观测到的黄鳍金枪鱼的上钩钩号 ,应用悬链线钩深计算公式分别计算出各钩号的钩深 ;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数 ,查出该尾鱼捕获水深处的温、盐数据 ;根据黄鳍金枪鱼的取样数据 ,推算出各水层、各水温段、各盐度段的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温段、盐度段为黄鳍金枪鱼的最适水层、水温段、盐度段 ;渔获率为前 3位的水层、水温、盐度段为黄鳍金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温段、盐度段。结果表明 ,在大西洋中部 ,黄鳍金枪鱼的最适水层为1 5 0 0 0— 1 79 99m ,最适水温段为 1 3 0 0— 1 3 99℃ ,最适盐度段为 35 4 0— 35 4 9;大西洋中部渔场黄鳍金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为 1 2 0 0 0— 2 0 9 99m ,水温段为 1 2 0 0— 1 4 99℃ ,盐度段为35 2 0— 35 4 9。

南海大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的群体遗传结构

测定了南海西沙和南沙群岛附近海区(11～12°N,15°N;110～112°E)黄鳍金枪鱼61尾(17尾成鱼、44尾幼鱼)和大眼金枪鱼26尾(22尾成鱼、4尾幼鱼)的线粒体基因组控制区部分序列(D-loop),结合GenBank数据库中印度洋、太平洋和大西洋群体的同源数据,分析结果:(1)黄鳍金枪鱼与大眼金枪鱼均具极高的单倍型多样性(Hd>99%),聚类树及群体间分化指数(FST和Snn)表明大眼金枪鱼群体分化程度明显高于黄鳍金枪鱼群体;(2)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的南海群体与印度洋群体之间基因流最强(Nm=51.638和261.280 10),其次为太平洋群体(Nm=10.868 8和-50.801 81);(3)黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼都基本服从群口扩张模型,而mismatch分布分别呈单、双峰,其中大眼金枪鱼的南海群体扩张较晚(Tau=7.902)且最为明显(θ1/θ0=99 999/14.752)。

冰鲜法对黄鳍金枪鱼片品质的影响

取斐济岛黄鳍金枪鱼背部肌肉,模拟寿司店保存生鱼片的方法,定时观察鱼片物理(色泽、失重率)、生化(pH值、TVB-N值、鲜度指标K值)、感官及微生物等各项指标的变化。结果表明,冰鲜法能在0～4h内较好地保持黄鳍金枪鱼片的品质。0～1h内色泽鲜红、气味芳香、滋味鲜美,处于理想的食用状态,1～4h内色泽由亮变暗,鱼香味和鲜味随汁液流失,品质逐步下降。超过4h金枪鱼不再新鲜,失去固有的口感、色泽,不具备商业价值。

野生与养殖黄鳍鲷消化道中粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用常规石蜡组织切片及AB-PAS的染色方法对野生和养殖黄鳍鲷(Sparus latus)消化道中粘液细胞的类型及分布情况进行了比较观察研究。黄鳍鲷粘液细胞在消化道各部位均有分布,不同部位粘液细胞的类型和分布均有差异。食道中以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型粘液细胞为主;贲门部和胃体部只有Ⅰ、Ⅱ型粘液细胞分布,幽门部只有Ⅰ型粘液细胞;幽门盲囊、肠道及直肠都是Ⅱ型粘液细胞最多。野生与养殖黄鳍鲷粘液细胞的区别在于消化道的相同部位养殖鱼比野生鱼粘液细胞数量更多。根据研究结果推测粘液细胞的类型和分布与鱼的生活环境及食物相关,也可能与消化道中各种菌群的分布有关。

太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获分布及渔场水温浅析

根据收集到的渔获量数据、海水表层温度数据和有关文献资料,应用GIS技术对太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔业进行了定量及定性综合分析。结果表明:太平洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔场主要分布在20°N—20°S之间的热带太平洋海域,具纬向分布特征。对渔获产量同海表温度的分月统计显示:太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场最适月平均表层水温约28℃～29℃,渔场出现频次为偏态分布型。最后,结合有关文献综合讨论了海表温度、溶解氧含量、海流等环境因子与金枪鱼渔场分布和形成机制的关系。