Effects of Yerba Mate Consumption (Ilex paraguariensis) on Cardiac Remodeling in Rats

This study investigated the effects of yerba mate consumption, a South American beverage, on cardiac remodeling in rats. For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into Control Group (CG) which received filtered water and a standard diet, and Yerba Mate Group (YM), 6 g of Ilex paraguariensis in 100 ml water and the same diet, for 30 days. The YM group showed a reduction in final body weight and food consumption without altering weight gain. Regarding cardiac remodeling, the YM group exhibited a decrease in the right ventricle weight/final body weight ratio, suggesting cardiac atrophy, without affecting the atria and left ventricle. There was no change in cardiomyocyte area or nuclear fractal dimension in both groups. However, animals that consumed yerba mate showed increased collagen deposition and a smaller fractal dimension in the left ventricle. The consumption of yerba mate at room temperature for 30 days induced changes in cardiac remodeling, as evidenced by increased collagen deposition and alterations in fractal dimension in the left ventricle.

Major Phenolics in Yerba Mate Extracts (<i>Ilex paraguariensis</i>) and Their Contribution to the Total Antioxidant Capacity

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is an indigenous crop which is highly consumed as an infusion in the South American subtropical forest. It has a high concentration of antioxidant substances, providing health benefits and helping to prevent diseases. The objectives of this work were to characterize an aqueous yerba mate extract by spectrophotometric and chromatographic (HPLC) methods and to study the effect of the freeze-drying process on the polyphenols profile and antioxidant activity, determined by a novel method. An aqueous extract was obtained and lyophilized to obtain a yerba mate powder with antioxidant properties. The extracts showed a high polyphenol content, determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and HPLC, and a high antioxidant activity towards the DPPH· radical and after the recently developed method of photochemiluminescence. A linear correlation was found between Folin-Ciocalteau and DPPH methods for lyophilized samples. HPLC analysis allowed determining antioxidant components like rutin, caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Lyophilization caused a decrease in total polyphenol content and antiradical activity of the extracts and this fact was mainly attributed to changes in the chlorogenic acid related compounds and rutin structures, after their photochemiluminescence data. The photoluminiscent method proves to be an advantageous approach for antioxidant capacity determination.

Yerba Mate Extract Encapsulation with Alginate and Chitosan Systems: Interactions between Active Compound Encapsulation Polymers

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains a high amount of polyphenols associated with antiradical activity and possible benefits for preventing degenerative diseases. Natural extracts from this South American herb were encapsulated in calcium alginate and calcium alginate-chitosan beads to be incorporated as an additive in food products. The interactions between the active compound and the polymers were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (Thermo Gravimetric Assays, TGA, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) studies. Also, the effect of these interactions on extract release in a gastrointestinal model system was evaluated. Results showed the interactions between the calcium alginate matrix and the chitosan external layer. Also, interactions between the natural extract and each polymer were observed. In both encapsulation systems the highest polyphenol content was released in simulated gastric fluid. However, capsules coated with chitosan allowed releasing a higher amount of polyphenols into the simulated intestinal fluid. This fact was attributed to both the protection of the chitosan barrier and the strong interaction between yerba mate extract and chitosan.

阿根廷“国宝”马黛茶的种植史演变

马黛茶被誉为阿根廷的“国宝”,出口远销至欧洲、中东、东亚等地。马黛茶的原始种植最早始于殖民前期的巴拉圭地区,西班牙殖民者的到来使马黛茶消费在殖民地区开始蔓延,但最初被殖民当局视作恶习而禁止饮用。17至18世纪,耶稣会通过人工培育形成大型马黛茶种植园,使马黛茶在拉普拉塔河流域迅速实现商业化运行与发展。拉美独立运动后,巴西曾一度成为马黛茶生产大国,但1870年三国同盟战争后,阿根廷的米西奥内斯政府通过移民和农业扩张使得当地重新成为马黛茶的主要种植和消费区,塑造了当地小农户与大庄园并存的双元制农业结构。20世纪30年代,米西奥内斯的马黛茶种植达到顶峰,但此后却陷入了生产性扩张和危机轮替的经济周期。新自由主义改革后,随着马黛茶进入现代化生产和大规模分销模式,消费与出口不断增加,成为阿根廷及南美各国的民族象征。

苦丁茶的本草及植物来源考证

根据古代、近代及现代文献记载 ,对苦丁茶进行本草及植物来源考证 ,认为苦丁茶植物来源有三 :一是冬青科冬青属为主的枸骨、大叶冬青、苦丁茶冬青等 ;二是以木犀科女贞属植物为主的变紫女贞、女贞、日本毛女贞等 ;三是上述两类的混淆品 ,如木犀科牛矢果等。

马黛茶对高脂血症小鼠血脂及抗氧化作用的影响

目的探讨马黛茶水提液对高脂血症小鼠血脂及抗氧化作用的影响。方法 48只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组,高脂模型组,马黛茶高,低(2,1 g/kg)剂量组,每组12只。正常对照组喂饲基础饲料,其余3组喂饲高脂饲料。马黛茶高、低剂量组分别用马黛茶2 g/kg和1 g/kg灌胃,连续6周,观察各组小鼠体质量、肝质量系数、血脂水平变化及肝脏抗氧化功能情况。结果马黛茶能降低高脂血症小鼠的体重和肝质量系数,降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,增强肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。结论马黛茶具有调节血脂代谢和增强抗氧化功能的作用。

In vitro establishment of shoot meristems of Ilex paraguariensis and identification of endophytic bacteria

Yerba mate(Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.)is a species of great economic,social and environmental importance for the southern regions of Brazil,Uruguay and Argentina.Currently the most diverse products are obtained from mate leaves,including mate tea.The objective of this study was to establish shoot meristem cultures(meristematic dome and a few primordia)of elite clones and identify the endophytic bacteria present in the explants.We tested the effect of clones(F1,F2,A03 and A07),culture media(MS,1/2MS,1/4MS and WPM),cytokinins(kinetin,BA and 2iP),activated charcoal(1,2 and 3 g L^-1),and disinfecting agent(sodium hypochlorite and mercuric chloride)on in vitro establishment.F1 and F2 clones were the most responsive for shoot meristem in vitro culture.WPM medium supplemented with 8.8 lM 2iP,0.2 lM NAA and 3 g L^-1 activated charcoal was the most suitable for the in vitro establishment of the F1 clone.No phytotoxic effect of the disinfectant was observed and some meristems sprouted.The isolated endophytic bacterium was identified for the first time in yerba mate as Agrobacterium larrymoorei.To conclude,we were able to establish in vitro culture of yerba mate using meristems as explants but the tissues were not free of endophytic microorganisms which could interfere with explant response.

The Local Migration of Plant-Based Medicines from Rural Communities to Gral. E. Aquino, Paraguay

Rural Paraguay presents interesting opportunities for investigating the subtle differences in the use of medicinal plants across seasons and the urban versus rural dichotomy in a local setting. This study investigates three aspects of plant-based medicinal use in rural Paraguay: 1) seasonal differences and 2) differences between urban and rural residents and 3) the source of medicinal plants used to treat thirteen common ailments. Interviews performed in January through March 2015 and repeated in June through August 2015 revealed small differences between seasons and between places of residence but a larger homogeneity in the two populations, a homogeneity that stems from the recent migration of urban residents from nearby rural communities. We also found that the important cultural and preventive medicinal use of plant-based additions to yerba mate contributes to the similarities between the urban and rural populations. The findings suggest the continued strength of medicinal plant use going into the near future.

马黛茶的研究进展

马黛茶原产于亚热带南美洲,它作为一种草本茶热销全世界各地。由于其具有诸多健康功效,近年来颇受消费者的喜好。该文对马黛茶的历史由来,营养成分,功效等方面进行了介绍。

巴拉圭茶对高脂血症小鼠血脂的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量巴拉圭茶对高脂血症小鼠血脂的影响。方法:通过高脂日粮建立高脂血症小鼠模型,随机分为模型组、巴拉圭茶低剂量组、巴拉圭茶高剂量组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,模型组饲喂高脂日粮,巴拉圭茶低剂量组、巴拉圭茶高剂量组饲喂高脂日粮并分别灌胃1 g·kg^(-1)、2 g·kg^(-1)巴拉圭茶,连续灌胃4周,处死小鼠,测定小鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量。结果:与模型组相比,低剂量和高剂量巴拉圭茶均可显著降低高脂血症小鼠血清中的总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(p<0.05),高剂量巴拉圭茶可显著提高小鼠血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(p<0.05)。结论:巴拉圭茶对调节高脂血症小鼠血脂代谢具有一定的作用。

巴拉圭茶对高脂血症小鼠氧化还原状态的影响

探讨不同剂量巴拉圭茶对高脂血症小鼠氧化还原状态的影响。通过高脂日粮建立高脂血脂小鼠模型,随机分为模型组、巴拉圭茶低剂量组、巴拉圭茶高剂量组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,模型组饲喂高脂日粮,巴拉圭茶低剂量组、巴拉圭茶高剂量组饲喂高脂日粮并分别灌胃1 g·kg^(-1)、2 g·kg^(-1)巴拉圭茶,连续灌胃4周,处死小鼠,测定小鼠肝脏中活性氧自由基(ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。与模型组相比,低剂量、高剂量巴拉圭茶可显著降低小鼠肝脏中ROS水平、MDA含量(p<0.05),可显著提高小鼠肝脏中SOD、CAT活性(p<0.05)。巴拉圭茶对高脂血症小鼠氧化应激具有一定的调节作用。

马黛茶对脑血管疾病防治作用的研究进展

脑血管疾病具有高致残率和高死亡率的特点,严重威胁人类的健康。天然药物马黛茶具有安全、多成分、多靶点的作用特点,可以通过降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、调节炎症反应、改善血液流变性、改善血管内皮功能障碍等多种作用机制切断脑血管疾病发生途径,改善脑血管系统功能,发挥脑血管疾病的防治作用。本文围绕上述内容进行综述,为深入开展马黛茶对脑血管疾病的防治作用研究、扩大马黛茶临床应用提供参考。

马黛茶多酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察马黛茶多酚对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠40只按体重随机分为4组:假手术组、模型组、马黛茶多酚高剂量组(200 mg/kg)、马黛茶多酚低剂量组(100 mg/kg)。采用钳夹双侧颈总动脉60min再灌注45min制备大鼠不完全脑缺血再灌注模型。马黛茶多酚治疗组于造模前10日灌胃给药,假手术组和模型组灌胃给以等体积的蒸馏水。测定脑指数及脑含水量、血清和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量,同时测定脑组织中钠-钾-ATP酶(Na+-K+-ATPase)、钙-镁-ATP酶(Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase)活性。结果:马黛茶多酚200mg/kg剂量组可明显降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠的脑指数及脑含水量,降低血清和脑组织中MDA、NO含量,提高SOD活性,同时提高脑组织中Na+-K+-ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性(P<0.05或P<0.01);马黛茶多酚100mg/kg剂量组可明显降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠的脑含水量,降低血清中MDA含量和提高SOD活性,提高脑组织中Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:马黛茶多酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制脂质过氧化物反应,提高抗氧化酶活性,抑制NO生成,改善细胞能量代谢等作用有关。

马黛茶改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病痰瘀互结证血脂水平疗效分析

目的探讨马黛茶改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)痰瘀互结证血脂水平的疗效及作用机制,为其预防与辅助治疗提供新方法。方法选取2013年1—12月山东中医药大学第二附属医院体检中心检测到的NAFLD且符合痰瘀互结证的患者60例为研究对象。分别于服用马黛茶前与服用4周后测量血脂相关指标,包括总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C),比较服用马黛茶前后各指标变化情况,探讨其改善中医证候及血脂水平的疗效。结果马黛茶改善NAFLD痰瘀互结证患者中医证候总有效率35.0%,显效率8.3%,有效率26.7%,无效率65.0%。血脂改善总有效率60.0%,痊愈率35.0%,显效率15.0%,有效率10.0%,无效率40.0%。结论马黛茶能改善NAFLD痰瘀互结证中医症状,调节血液的血脂指标。