Straw return and appropriate tillage method improve grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat

Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen （N） efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested： （i） rotary tillage without straw return （RT）; （ii） deep plowing tillage without straw return （DT）; （iii） rotary tillage with total straw return （RS）; （iv） deep plowing tillage with total straw return （DS）; （v） rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return （TS）. Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear-1, thousand-kernel weight （TKW）, grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen （N） efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha-1 in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013-2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were ob- served in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

Effects of Combination of Straw Returning and a Microbial Agent on Microorganisms and Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil and Yield of Late Rice

By using red soil and late rice Wufengyou T025 as the tested materials,the influences of straw returning with a microbial agent on the quantity of microorganisms and enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil in fields were studied,and soil productivity was tested with yield and agricultural traits of late rice. The results showed that straw returning with the microbial agent could significantly improve the quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomyces in soil,enhance the activity of sucrase,urease,catalase and cellulase,and improve the number of grains per spike,setting percentage,thousand seed weight and yield of late rice. The combination of rice straw returning and the microbial agent has a good prospect of application.

Improving crop yield, N uptake and economic returns by intercropping barley or canola with pea

Two field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2011 on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf) loam at Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the effectiveness of intercropping barley or canola with pea in improving crop yield, total N uptake, seed quality, Land Equivalency Ratio (LER) and economic returns compared to barley, canola or pea grown as monocultures. Average seed yields of barley-pea or canola-pea intercrops were usually greater than those of barley, canola or pea as sole crops. In intercrops, application of N fertilizer increased seed yield of barley or canola but had only slight beneficial effect on the combined seed yield of both crops together. The LER values for intercrops were usually much greater than 1, suggesting less land requirements of intercropping systems than monoculture for the same seed yield. Net returns were lowest for barley as sole crop. Without applied N, net returns were slightly lower for barley-pea intercrop and slightly greater for canola-pea intercrop than pea as a sole crop. Generally, protein concentration in canola or barley seed was higher and oil concentration in canola seed was lower in intercrop combinations compared to sole crops. Response trends of total N uptake in seed or straw were usually similar to that of seed or straw yield. In conclusion, intercropping barley or canola with pea improved yield, N uptake and net returns, suggesting the potential of barley-pea or canola-pea intercrops and pea for organic farming systems.

Effects of Amount of Green Manure Returned to Field on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were studied by field experiment. The results showed that significant positive correlation existed between tobacco leaf yield and small or moderate amount of green manure returned to field. Path analysis showed that moderate amount of green manure returned to field affected yield and quality of tobacco leaves, small green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf yield, while large amount of green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf quality. Therefore, the effect of moderate amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of tobacco leaves was best, and moderate amount of green manure returned to field was recommended in production of flue-cured tobacco.

Effect of Sweet Corn Straw Returning to the Field on Soil Fertility, Yield and Benefit

It is an important way for realizing sustainable development of sweet corn production to stabilize and improve soil fertility of cultivated land in sweet corn production region.Through the test of sweet corn straw directly returning to the field after 6seasons for 3years,the results showed that continuous single application of chemical fertilizer is not conducive to the stability of soil fertility and yield improvement,and implementation of straw returning could receive fertility,improve soil acidic conditions,and enhance the yield of sweet corn.Compared with before the test,the single application of chemical fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus,while the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 1.08,1.18 and 2.47mg/kg respectively,and the soil pH decreased by 0.15.Under the same fertilizer conditions,organic matter contents of single and double-season straw returning increased by 0.71 and 1.29g/kg,available nitrogen increased by 17.15 and 28.27mg/kg,available phosphorus increased by 0.96 and 1.73mg/kg,available potassium increased by 2.41 and 5.92mg/kg,the soil pH increased by 0.16 and 0.2.Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the average yields of single and double-season straw returning increased by 7.5%and 11.8%,and their average income increased by 87.3and 117.1yuan of per mu(667m^2)respectively.

Cassava Yield, Garrification Traits and Economic Returns as Influenced by Different Genotypes in an Ultisol

Field trials were conducted at the University of Uyo Teaching and Research Farm in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 to evaluate cassava yield, garrification traits, and economic returns as influenced by genotypes grown in an ultisol. Uyo is located between latitudes 4°30' and 5°27'N and longitudes 7°50'E and 80°20'E. The area, which lies within the humid tropical rainforest zone of southeastern Nigeria, has an annual mean rainfall of 2500 mm with a bimodal rainfall pattern, monthly sunshine of 3.14 hours, and a mean annual temperature of 28°C. The experimental site was previously put into cultivation of some arable crops such as fluted pumpkin, okra, and waterleaf before it was fallowed for two years. A randomized complete block design, replicated three times was used. Treatments were 16 cassava genotypes (AR1-82, NR02/0028, NR03/0174, CR12-45, NR03/0211, TMS98/2132, TMS01/1206, TMS01/1368, TMS01/1371, CR36-5, NR02/0007, NR03/0155, AR37-108, TMS01/1412, TMS30572 and local best variety “Obubit okpo”). Results obtained via combined (pooled) analysis of the two seasons indicated that cassava yield differed significantly among the genotypes. NR02/0018 (42.50 t/ha) out-yielded others by 17% - 52% followed by NR 02/0007 (35.42 t/ha), and NR 03/0155 (32.08 t/ha). TMS 98/2132 had the most preferred garrification attributes followed by NR 02/0018, NR 02/0007, and NR03/01155. NR 02/0018 genotype gave the highest economic returns followed by NR 02/0007 and NR03/0155. NR02/0018 superseded others in yield, garrification traits, and economic returns, which is therefore recommended.

Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability

Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.

Impact of Tillage and Herbicides on Weed Density, Yield and Quality of Cotton in Wheat Based Cropping System

Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage （CT） is more productive than zero tillage （ZT）/reduced tillage （RT）. Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC （108 g a.i. ha^-1）, lactofen 24 EC （168 g a.i. ha^-1）, haloxyfop 10.8 EC ＋ lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop ＋ lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides x CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides x CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.

不同土壤条件下秸秆还田量对土壤还原性物质及水稻生长的影响

[目的]在不同土壤上研究水稻秸秆还田后还原性物质的形成及其与水稻生长的关系。[方法]在砂壤土(S1)和粉壤土(S2)上进行2年盆栽试验,模拟低(RL)中(RM)高(RH)产量下秸秆全量还田,以秸秆不还田(R0)为对照,测定土壤还原性物质总量、Eh、亚铁离子、锰离子和铵态氮含量,分析水稻分蘖、根系干质量、根系活力和水稻产量等指标。[结果]秸秆还田后生育前期土壤Eh显著降低,还原性物质数量增加,S2的还原性物质高于砂壤土。与对照相比,2021年在移栽后56d之前秸秆还田处理还原性物质总量、铁和锰离子含量分别提高了8.36%~199.64%、1.43%~160.03%和8.43%~57.68%。2022年在移栽后45 d前对应增加了2.95%~163.61%、0.77%~19.74%和3.28%~64.96%。随着秸秆还田量增加,还原性物质总量、铁和锰含量有增加趋势。在移栽后56 d前(2021年)和35 d前(2022年)秸秆还田显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量11.28%~50.67%和10.79%~351.53%。秸秆还田使水稻分蘖期和拔节期的根系干质量降低15.06%~45.80%,秸秆还田显著降低了砂壤土上水稻分蘖期和拔节期的根系活力,在S2土壤上RL和RM增加了拔节期根系活力,RH降低了根系活力。秸秆还田后水稻分蘖数在水稻生育期降低了7.23%~48.44%,干物质积累量降低了3.59%~43.57%。RL和RM处理第二年水稻产量降低不明显,RH处理2年均显著减产。砂壤土中氧化还原电位高于S2,S2还原性物质总量、锰离子含量、铵态氮含量、根系干质量、根系活力、分蘖数、干物质积累量和产量均高于砂壤土。[结论]在本研究条件下,秸秆还田显著增加还原性物质总量,抑制水稻早期生长。黏重土壤上秸秆全量还田引起减产,砂壤土上中低产量下秸秆全量还田不会造成穗数显著降低,因促进大穗形成不会造成显著减产。采取有效措施减少秸秆还田下还原性物质危害是秸秆还田技术优化的重点。

玉米秸秆长期还田配施氮肥对不同筋性小麦品质和产量的影响

为研究玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对不同筋性小麦品质和产量的影响,采用玉米秸秆还田(SR)、玉米秸秆不还田(NSR)为主因素,0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm^(-2)5个施氮量为副因素的裂区设计,测定了小麦千粒质量、容重、产量、硬度、蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积等指标。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田降低了小麦的蛋白质和湿面筋含量,且中筋小麦青农2号的降幅大于高筋小麦济南17;玉米秸秆还田显著降低了青农2号的硬度、沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间和延展性,显著提高了济南17的硬度、吸水率、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积;2个小麦品种的蛋白质、湿面筋含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加;青农2号的沉降值、吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而济南17的吸水率、延展性、最大延伸阻力和延伸面积在施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)时最高,沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间在施氮量为270 kg·hm^(-2)时最高;SR显著提高了小麦产量,比NSR增产15.2%~31.0%,且施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)时,小麦产量最高。因此,中筋小麦青农2号的最佳种植模式为玉米秸秆还田+施氮180 kg·hm^(-2),高筋小麦济南17的优质高产栽培模式为玉米秸秆还田+施氮180~270 kg·hm^(-2)。

氮肥减量后移改善植株光合特性提高麦-玉周年产量及经济效益

【目的】针对黄淮海平原传统施氮技术下,小麦-玉米两熟体系作物生育后期土壤氮肥供应不足导致籽粒减产等问题,探讨氮肥减量后移对植株光合特性、干物质积累及周年籽粒产量和经济效益的影响,为进一步优化施氮制度提供理论依据。【方法】2020—2023年,于山东济阳典型麦-玉两熟种植区,设置周年施氮400 kg·hm^(-2)传统农户处理(CK,小麦季200 kg·hm^(-2):65%基肥+35%返青肥,玉米季200 kg·hm^(-2):100%基肥)、周年减氮10%(SN,小麦季180 kg·hm^(-2):50%基肥+50%返青肥,玉米季180 kg·hm^(-2):100%基肥)、周年减氮20%(NH,小麦季180 kg·hm^(-2):22.2%基肥+33.3%返青肥+44.5%抽穗肥,玉米季140 kg·hm^(-2):28.6%基肥+71.4%大喇叭口肥)和周年减氮30%(NL,小麦季140 kg·hm^(-2):43%返青肥+57%抽穗肥,玉米季140 kg·hm^(-2):100%大喇叭口肥)4种施氮制度,研究不同施氮制度下麦-玉两熟体系的光合特性、籽粒产量和经济效益。【结果】氮肥后移优化了氮肥减量条件下作物光合特性,其中,叶面积指数3年均值,小麦拔节和开花期NL较CK、SN和NH处理分别显著提高19.0%—40.1%和21.6%—36.7%,夏玉米吐丝期NL较CK和SN处理显著提高6.8%—7.3%;叶片SPAD值3年均值,冬小麦拔节和开花期NL较CK、SN处理分别显著提高7.7%—10.0%和7.4%—12.9%,灌浆中期NL较CK、SN和NH处理显著提高5.2%—16.2%;夏玉米大喇叭口期NL和NH较CK、SN处理3年均值分别显著提高9.0%—9.4%和6.7%—7.1%,吐丝和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN和NH分别显著提高5.1%—9.4%和4.1%—9.2%;净光合速率3年均值,小麦拔节、开花和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN处理分别提高8.9%—13.3%、14.0%—18.1%和20.1%—24.4%;夏玉米大喇叭口、吐丝和灌浆中期NL较CK、SN处理分别提高4.2%—5.7%、8.7%—13.4%和7.7%—12.8%。NL处理通过增加氮肥后移量,改善了各生育阶段地上部干物质积累强度,稳定或提高了各生育时期地上部干物质积累量,冬小麦拔节、开花和成熟期地上部干物质积累量的3年均值较CK分别显著提高26.7%、27.4%和18.1%,夏玉米吐丝期显著提高14.4%。氮肥后移通过改善氮肥减量条件下光合特性,促进了各生育时期地上部干物质积累,最终实现冬小麦、夏玉米及周年籽粒产量的3年均值,NL较CK处理分别显著提高20.5%、18.1%和19.1%,经济效益分别显著提高32.4%、23.8%和27.9%。【结论】黄淮海平原麦-玉两熟体系,周年减氮30%制度下通过增加氮肥后移量,改善了作物光合特性(叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和净光合速率),优化了各生育阶段地上部干物质积累强度和干物质积累量,从而促进冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产和经济效益的提高。

旱作农田覆膜和秸秆碳投入对土壤团聚特性及作物产量的影响

研究秸秆还田形式对旱作覆膜农田土壤团聚特性、有机碳含量及玉米产量的影响,为优化覆膜耕作措施,实现旱作覆膜农田可持续性生产提供理论依据。以长期定位旱作玉米覆膜农田(始于2012年)为研究对象,设置双垄沟覆膜(P)和传统平作(T),分别施加秸秆(S)和生物质炭(C),以不还田为对照(N),共形成6个处理:覆膜秸秆还田(PS)、覆膜生物质炭还田(PC)、覆膜不还田(PN)、平作秸秆还田(TS)、平作生物质炭还田(TC)和平作不还田(TN)。测定土壤团聚体组成及团聚体有机碳含量,并分析了双垄沟覆膜和不同秸秆碳投入对土壤有机碳含量、团聚体稳定性及玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明,各秸秆还田处理较不还田处理均可显著(P<0.05)改善各粒级团聚体分布及其稳定性,其中>0.25mm团聚体含量平均显著(P<0.05)提高47.32%,各双垄沟覆膜处理MWD和GMD较平作处理分别平均提高9.19%和4.15%;各还田处理可显著(P<0.05)提高0~60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量,其中PC和TC处理分别较对应PS和TS处理土壤有机碳含量提高2.60%和2.73%;各处理团聚体有机碳含量均随粒径增大而增大,秸秆碳投入可显著(P<0.05)提高各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,而双垄沟覆膜处理则降低了土壤有机碳及团聚体有机碳含量;还田方式、种植方式及土壤有机碳对玉米产量有促进作用,施加秸秆及生物质炭均能显著(P<0.05)提高旱作覆膜农田玉米产量,平均提高14.6%,而秸秆直接还田处理与生物质炭还田处理的增产效果无显著差异。综合分析,在双垄沟覆膜条件下投入秸秆碳能够明显提高土壤稳定性、土壤有机碳含量和作物产量,其中,双垄沟覆膜与生物质炭还田的耦合效应对改善农田土壤质量及地力提升有积极作用。

二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响

为探讨二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田两种栽培措施及其相互作用对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,按照两种不同翻耕起垄方式(一次性翻耕起垄和先翻耕晒垡再二次翻耕起垄)与是否稻草还田进行随机区组设计,在湖南宜章县烤烟种植区进行田间试验,分析比较各处理间的土壤养分和烟叶产质量差异。结果表明,与一次性翻耕起垄(T1+T2)和无稻草还田(T1+T3)相比,二次翻耕起垄(T3+T4)和稻草还田(T2+T4)能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高烟叶糖碱比、氮碱比以及烟叶产量、产值和生产效益,并且两者表现出显著的相互作用;此外,二次翻耕起垄还能显著提高烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,并显著降低烟碱含量,使得糖碱比和氮碱比更趋合理。在感官评吸方面,稻草还田能显著提高烟叶感官评吸质量。从生产效益上分析,由于二次翻耕增加了生产成本,对于基础地力较好的砂质土壤,开展一次性翻耕起垄结合稻草还田可获得更好的经济效益。研究结果为湖南烟稻轮作区烤烟种植提供了科学参考依据。

长期秸秆还田下施氮量对棉花产量和氮素利用的影响

施氮能够增加土壤中氮的有效性,提高植株光合作用,促进植株对氮的吸收和干物质的积累,最终增加作物产量。但是在长期高氮秸秆还田条件下,是否应调整施氮量尚不清楚。为探究长期秸秆还田条件下施氮量对棉花光合速率、干物质和养分积累分配、产量、氮素利用和土壤氮素变化的影响,本研究设置0(N0)、150(N150)、180(N180)、210(N210)、240(N240)、270(N270)和300(N300)kg hm^(–2)共7个施氮量处理。与常规施氮量(N300)相比,2020—2021年,减氮30%(N210)处理2年均获得了较高产量,分别为1853.62 kg hm^(–2)和1872.43 kg hm^(–2),减氮40%(N180)仅在第1年保持了较高产量,为1743.68 kg hm^(–2)。2021年,N210的净光合速率、干物质和养分积累量均高于N180,两者间生殖器官的干物质和养分分配系数、氮肥利用效率未有显著差异,但N180的土壤表观氮盈余量显著降低了39.15%。综上,长期秸秆还田条件下,鲁西北棉区应适量减少施氮量。

秸秆还田及不同比例控失尿素对华北平原小麦产量及潮土性质影响

为探讨不同控失尿素比例和秸秆还田对华北平原小麦产量及潮土化学性质的影响,本研究以华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以秸秆还田为主区,控失尿素比例为副区。秸秆还田模式设秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆不还田(S0)2种;控失尿素比例设不施肥(CK)以及控失尿素占总施氮量比例为0、40%、70%和100%(LCU0、LCU40、LCU70、LCU100)5个处理。在作物收割后进行产量测定,并采集0~20 cm耕层土壤进行常规土壤养分含量测定。结果表明:与S0处理相比,S1处理显著提高土壤有机质和速效钾含量。控失尿素显著提高土壤硝态氮含量,其他土壤养分含量无显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下,施用化肥显著降低了土壤pH值。控失尿素比例为70%时土壤养分含量最高。秸秆还田对小麦产量及吸氮量无显著影响,控失尿素对小麦产量及吸氮量增加具有极显著影响。在所有处理中,S1-LCU40处理的籽粒和秸秆产量最高,籽粒产量达7009.26 kg·hm^(-2),秸秆产量达11361.38 kg·hm^(-2)。秸秆还田对土壤氮素依存率具有显著影响,不同比例控失尿素对氮素收获指数具有显著影响,对氮肥表观利用率、土壤氮素依存率具有极显著影响。控失尿素比例为40%或70%时氮素吸收利用指标较优。综上,在华北平原潮土区,秸秆还田与40%控失尿素比例配施可以显著提升土壤供氮能力,提高小麦产量和氮素吸收与利用指标,是较为适宜的管理措施,但其机理及长期效应还需进一步研究。

紫云英压青结合稻秸还田对水稻的节肥增效作用

【目的】紫云英压青结合稻秸还田是降低化肥用量、提高肥料利用率的绿色有效措施。在福建灰(黄)泥田多地开展田间试验,以验证该措施的有效性。【方法】田间试验分别在福建沙县、顺昌县、浦城县进行,沙县供试水稻为头茬再生稻,顺昌和浦城为单季稻。所有试验均设置5个处理:不施肥(CK)、100%常规化肥(100%CF)、80%常规化肥(80%CF)、种植翻压紫云英+80%常规化肥(CMV+80%CF)、稻秸还田+种植翻压紫云英+80%常规化肥(RS+CMV+80%CF)。在水稻成熟期,调查产量和产量经济性状,分析氮磷钾养分积累量,并计算水稻产量的变异系数和可持续指数。【结果】与100%CF处理相比,CMV+80%CF和RS+CMV+80%CF处理三地稻谷平均产量和稻秸平均产量增加不显著,但在沙县稻秸产量显著增加33.7%和26.1%。100%CF处理对产量的贡献率较80%CF处理增加了2.74个百分点;CMV+80%CF、RS+CMV+80%CF处理对水稻产量的贡献率较80%CF处理分别提高了7.73%、11.30%,三地RS+CMV+80%CF处理稻谷平均产量比CMV+80%CF处理提高3.9%。各处理间水稻产量变异系数表现为RS+CMV+80%CFCMV+80%CF>100%CF>80%CF,翻压紫云英、紫云英与稻秸联合还田均有利于水稻持续性高产稳产,且紫云英与稻秸联合还田的效果明显高于紫云英单独翻压。翻压紫云英、紫云英与稻秸联合还田均有利于水稻氮、磷、钾养分的累积,与100%CF处理相比,CMV+80%CF处理的平均氮、磷、钾养分回收率分别增加了19.1、20.1、29.5个百分点,RS+CMV+CMV+80%CF处理分别增加了19.3、8.8、30.6个百分点,RS+CMV+80%CF处理的氮、钾养分回收率高于CMV+80%CF处理。RS+CMV+80%CF处理的氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力最大,较100%CF处理分别增加了76.38%和8.99%。【结论】无论再生稻还是单季稻,在减施化肥用量20%的条件下,紫云英压青结合稻秸还田有利于水稻稳产和产量的可持续性,同时提高养分回收率,增强节肥增效作用,可作为灰黄泥田水稻绿色高效生产的管理制度。

玉米秸秆覆盖还田技术

玉米秸秆覆盖还田是一种环保、节能的农业技术,它利用玉米秸秆来覆盖田地,起到保水保肥、改良土壤、减少土壤侵蚀等作用。该文设置了秸秆覆盖还田(RF)和秸秆不还田(CK)两种方式,探究不同方式对土壤理化性质、土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响,为高效利用秸秆还田资源、提升土壤肥力提供科学依据。结果表明,RF可以显著提高土壤含水量和土壤呼吸速率,提升土壤肥力,玉米产量提高20.5%。因此,秸秆覆盖还田技术利于指导农田管理、提升土壤肥力、增加农作物产量。此外,有效利用农作物的残余部分,减少了对化肥、农药等化学品的依赖,降低了环境污染,有利于农田生态环境的改善,符合可持续发展的理念。

天水市旱作区春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究

为解决区域内春玉米—冬油菜一膜两用技术中秸秆利用不合理、土壤有机质含量低、有机肥投入不足、化肥施用不合理、土壤水分利用不足、肥料利用率较低等一系列问题,在天水市旱作区开展了春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究,以期为区域内化肥减施、地力提升和农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明,秸秆粉碎带膜翻压还田可以提高玉米籽粒产量7.96%、冬油菜籽粒产量9.91%,增加0~20 cm土壤有机质、全磷、有效磷含量(分别增加2.53 g/kg、0.08 g/kg、10.93 mg/kg),缓冲土壤pH值,影响土壤速效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮水平。

秸秆还田对东北地区黑土地质构和玉米产量的影响研究

为明确秸秆还田对东北地区黑土地的土壤质构和玉米产量的影响,以长期定位试验为基础,总结秸秆还田后的土壤容重、紧实度和持水量等指标变化及秸秆还田对玉米产量的影响,旨在为进一步提高玉米产量提供参考。

长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,该研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式:常规旋耕(CT),深翻耕作(DT);秸秆处理:秸秆还田(S)、秸秆不还田(NS);生物炭:生物炭添加(B)、无生物炭添加(NB),共8个处理。结果表明:无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层(>15~30 cm)土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B(深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭)较CT-NS-NB(旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭)处理使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别提升了37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,使2a作物周年产量增加22.87%~23.03%。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障农田高效绿色可持续生产。