Optimal yield-related attributes of irrigated rice for high yield potential based on path analysis and stability analysis

Improvement of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is vital for ensuring food security in China. Both rice breeders and growers need an improved understanding of the relationship between yield and yield-related traits. New indica cultivars(53 in 2007 and 48 in 2008) were grown in Taoyuan,Yunnan province, to identify important components contributing to yield. Additionally, two standard indica rice cultivars with similar yield potentials, II You 107(a large-panicle type) and Xieyou 107(a heavy-panicle type), were planted in Taoyuan, Yunnan province and Nanjing,Jiangsu province, from 2006 to 2008 to evaluate the stability of yield and yield-related attributes.Growth duration(GD), leaf area index(LAI), panicles per m2(PN), and spikelets per m2(SM) were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield(GY) over all years. Sequential path analysis identified PN and panicle weight(PW) as important first-order traits that influenced grain yield. All direct effects were significant, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. Yield potential varied greatly across locations but not across years. Plant height(PH), days from heading to maturity(HM), and grain weight(GW) were stable traits that showed little variation across sites or years, whereas GD(mainly the pre-heading period, PHP) and PN varied significantly across locations. To achieve a yield of 15 t ha-1, a cultivar should have a PH of 110–125 cm, a long GD with HM of approximately 40 days, a PN of 300–400 m-2, and a GW of 29–31 mg.

Response of phenology- and yield-related traits of maize to elevated temperature in a temperate region

Extreme high temperatures detrimental to maize production are projected to occur more frequently with future climate change.Phenology and yield-related traits were investigated under several levels of elevated temperature in two early-maturing hybrid cultivars:Junda 6(grown in northeastern China)and Chalok 1(grown in South Korea).They were cultivated in plastic houses in Suwon,Korea(37.27°N,126.99°E)held at target temperatures of ambient(AT),AT+1.5°C,AT+3°C,and AT+5°C at one sowing date in 2013 and three different sowing dates in 2014.Vegetative and reproductive growth durations showed variation depending on sowing date,experimental year,and cultivar.Growth duration tended to decrease,but not necessarily,with temperature elevation,but somewhat increased again above a certain temperature.High temperature-dependent variation was greater during grain filling than in the vegetative period before anthesis.Elevated temperature showed no significant effects on duration or peak dates of silking and anthesis,and thus on anthesis–silking interval.Grain yield tended to decrease with temperature elevation above ambient,showing a sharper linear decrease with mean growing season temperature increase in Junda 6 than in Chalok 1.The decrease in kernel number accounted for a much greater contribution to the yield reductions due to temperature elevation than did the decrease in individual kernel weight in both cultivars.Individual harvestable kernel weight was not significantly affected by temperature elevation treatments.Kernel number showed a linear decrease with mean growth temperature from early ear formation to early grain-filling stage,with Junda 6 showing a much severer decrease than Chalok 1.Kernel number reduction due to temperature elevation was attributable more to the decrease in differentiated ovule number than to the decrease in kernel set in Chalok 1,but largely to the decrease of kernel set in Junda 6.

Identification of QTLs for Yield-Related Traits in the Recombinant Inbred Line Population Derived from the Cross Between a Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat-Derived Variety Chuanmai 42 and a Chinese Elite Variety Chuannong 16

Synthetic hexaploid wheat （SHW） represents a valuable source of new resistances to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. A recombinant inbred line （RIL） population with 127 recombinant inbred lines derived from a SHW-derived variety Chuanmai 42 crossing with a Chinese spring wheat variety Chuannong 16 was used to map QTLs for agronomic traits including grain yield, grains per square meter, thousand-kernel weight, spikes per square meter, grain number per spike, grains weight per spike, and biomass yield. The population was genotyped using 184 simple-sequence repeat （SSR） markers and 34 sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） markers. Of 76 QTLs （LOD〉2.5） identified, 42 were found to have a positive effect from Chuanmai 42. The QTL QGy.saas-4D.2 associated with grain yield on chromosome 4D was detected in four of the six environments and the combined analysis, and the mean yield, across six environments, of individuals carrying the Chuanmai 42 allele at this locus was 8.9% higher than that of those lines carrying the Chuannong 16 allele. Seven clusters of the yield-coincident QTLs were detected on 1A, 4A, 3B, 5B, 4D, and 7D.

Molecular Marker Assisted Selection for Yield-Enhancing Genes in the Progeny of Minghui63 x O. rufipogon

Two yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) are located on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectivelyin a weedy relative of cultivated rice, Oryza rufipogon. SSR markers RM9 and RM166 are closelylinked with the two loci respectively. Minghui63 (MH63) has been a widely used restorationline in hybrid rice production in China during the past two decades. The F1 of cross 'MH63O.rufipogon' was backcrossed with MH63 generation by generation. RM9 and RM166 were used toselect the plants from the progeny of the backcross populations. The results were as follows:(1) In BC2F1 population, the percentage of the individuals which have RM9 and RM166 amplifiedbands simultaneously was 12.2%, while in the BC3F1 population, that was 16.3%. (2) Among 400individuals of BC3F1, four yield-promising plants were obtained, with yield being 30% more thanthat of MH63. (3) The products amplified by primer RM166 in O. rufipogon and MH63 weresequenced. It was found that the DNA fragment sequence amplified by RM166 from MH63 was 101 bpshorter than that from O. rufipogon. The 101bp sequence is a part of an intron of the PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) gene.

Molecular Mapping of QTLs for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Oryza sativa cv Swarna × O. nivara (IRGC81848) Backcross Population

Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify QTLs for seven yield and yield-related traits in a BC2F2 population from the cross between a popular Oryza sativa cv Swarna and O. nivara IRGC81848. Transgressive segregants with more than 15% increased effect over Swarna were observed for all the traits except days to heading and days to 50% flowering. Thirty QTLs were detected for seven yield and yield-related traits using interval and composite interval mapping. Enhancing alleles at 13 (45%) of these QTLs were derived from O. nivara, and enhancing alleles at all the QTLs for stem diameter and rachis diameter were derived from O. nivara. Three stem diameter QTLs, two rachis diameter QTLs and one number of secondary branches QTL identified by both Interval and composite interval mapping contributed more than 15% of the total phenotypic variance. The QTL epistasis was significant for stem diameter and plot yield. The most significant QTLs qSD7.2, qSD8.1 and qSD9.1 for stem diameter, qRD9.1 for rachis diameter and qNSB1.1 for number of secondary branches are good targets to evaluate their use in marker-assisted selection. O. nivara is a good source of novel alleles for yield related traits and reveals major effect QTLs suitable for marker-assisted selection.

Soil mineral nitrogen and yield-scaled soil N2O emissions lowered by reducing nitrogen application and intercropping with soybean for sweet maize production in southern China

The increasing demand for fresh sweet maize （Zea mays L. saccharata） in southern China has prioritized the need to find solutions to the environmental pollution caused by its continuous production and high inputs of chemical nitrogen fertilizers. A promising method for improving crop production and environmental conditions is to intercrop sweet maize with legumes. Here, a three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of four different cropping systems （sole sweet maize （SS）, sole soybean （SB）, two rows sweet maize-three rows soybean （S2B3） intercropping, and two rows sweet maize-four rows soybean （S2B4） intercropping）, together with two rates of N fertilizer application （300 and 360 kg N ha-1） on grain yield, residual soil mineral N, and soil N2O emissions in southern China. Results showed that in most case, inter- cropping achieved yield advantages （total land equivalent ratio （TLER=0.87-1.25） was above one）. Moreover, intercropping resulted in 39.8% less soil mineral N than SS at the time of crop harvest, averaged over six seasons （spring and autumn in each of the three years of the field experiment）. Generally, intercropping and reduced-N application （300 kg N ha-1） produced lower cumulative soil N20 and yield-scaled soil N20 emissions than SS and conventionaI-N application （360 kg N ha-l）, respectively. $2B4 intercropping with reduced-N rate （300 kg N ha-~） showed the lowest cumulative soil N20 （mean value=0.61 kg ha-1） and yield-scaled soil N20 （mean value=0.04 kg t-1） emissions. Overall, intercropping with reduced-N rate maintained sweet maize production, while also reducing environmental impacts. The system of S2B4 intercropping with reduced-N rate may be the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cropping system.

Influence of yield-to-tensile strength ratio(Y/T) on failure assessment of defect-free and corroded X70 steel pipeline

The effect of yield-to-tensile strength ratio(Y/T) on failure pressure of X70 pipeline without and with corrosion defects was investigated.The stress-strain response of materials was characterized by a power-law hardening curve.Two formulas to estimate the strain hardening exponent n for a special Y/T were obtained by least squared regression method and the influence of Y/T on n was analyzed.As an application of n-Y/T expression,the analytical solutions of burst pressure for X70 pipeline without and with corrosion defects were also obtained.The results indicate that the burst pressure of defect-free X70 pipe without corrosion defects is a function of the Y/T,pipe geometry t0/D0 and engineering tensile strength,and increases as Y/T or t0/D0 increases; whilst the burst pressure of corroded X70 pipe decreases with the increase of defect depths,d/t.Comparisons indicate that the present analytical solutions closely match available experimental and numerical data.

Yield-density effects on growth and biomass partitioning in Leucaena leucocephala seedlings

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of density on growth and biomass partitioning of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings.Four plantations with densities of 10,000,20,000,40,000,and 80,000 seedlings ha^-1 were evaluated only from 15 to 25 months after planting.At 15 months,crown height and width decreased with increasing density.Seedling height/dbh ratios increased with increasing density.Biomass increased with greater density according to the yield–density effect equation,which was evident for all densities.With increasing age,biomass division to branches and leaves increased,whereas partitioning to roots decreased in the 10,000 and 20,000 seedlings ha-1 plantings.Partitioning to branches and leaves remained relatively steady,while partitioning to roots increased in the 40,000 and 80,000 seedlings ha^-1 plantings.Biomass division into stem and bark components remained relatively steady in all densities.Yield–density and organ yield–density curves shifted upward with increasing seedling age on a log–log graph throughout the experimental period.

Detection of Favorable Alleles for Quality- and Yield-related Traits in Wheat Using a Backcross Population

Development of wheat varieties with high yield and good quality has been a major objective in wheat breeding.A BC 1 F 2-3 population was used to detect QTLs for wheat quality related traits: SDS-sedimentation value (Ssd),grain protein content (GPC),grain hardness (GH) and 11 mixograph parameters,as well as five agronomic traits: spike length (SL),spikelet number per spike (SPN),grain number per spike (GN),thousand-grain weight (TGW),and plant height (PH).A total of 44 putative QTLs were detected in the present study,31 for quality parameters and 13 for important agronomic traits,including three important major QTLs.One major QTL for Ssd QSsd.saas-1B.1,linked to barc137,explained on average 21.1% of the phenotypic variation in three environments.The allele increasing Ssd at this locus also significantly increased GN.The second locus on chromosome 1B with the linked marker Barc 61 was a major locus for mixograph parameters.It explained 21.3%-32.5%,24.3%-30.6%,30.6%-37% and 20.1%-22.7% of phenotypic variation for mixing tolerance (MT),weakening slope (WS),midline peak time (MPTi) and midline time x =8 value (MTxW),respectively.The third major QTL,explaining above 40% of plant height variation,close to Rht-B 1 on the short arm of chromosome 4BS,co-located with QTL for quality and yield-related traits.

Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of China's Direct Grain Subsidies on Grain Yield--Based on the Empirical Analysis of Panel Data Pertaining to 29 Provinces in the Period 2004-2007

We build the influence function empirical model of China's grain production at the present stage in view of the factors influencing direct grain subsidies,using Cobb-Douglas production function model.And we estimate the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield,using the panel data pertaining to 29 provinces in the period 2004-2007;comparatively analyze the validity and limitation of policy factors of direct grain subsidies on China's grain yield.The results show that at the present stage,the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield is 0.002 3,and under the existing subsidy system and level,direct grain subsidies play a positive role in increasing grain yield,but the role is limited;the elasticity coefficient of impact of the food price on grain yield is much larger than that of impact of direct grain subsidies on grain yield.Therefore,the government should strengthen and improve direct grain subsidy policies;in the mean time,pay full attention to the use of market mechanism to consolidate the basic role of the food price in promoting food security to a great extent.

Association mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-related agronomic traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

High yield in rice mainly depends on large grain weight, ideal plant architecture and proper flowering time adapting to various geographic regions. To help achieve higher yield, phenotype variations of heading date（HD）, plant architecture and grain shape in a panel of 416 rice accessions were investigated in this study. A total of 143 markers including 100 simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers and 43 gene-tagged markers were employed in association mapping to detect quantitative trait loci（QTL） responsible for these variations. Among the 7 subpopulations, POP5 in japonica group showed the largest values of HD and grain width（GW）, but the smallest values of grain length（GL） and grain length to width ratio（GLW）. Among the six indica groups, POP7 had the largest values of HD, GL, GLW, and 1 000-grain weight（TGW）. A total of 27 QTLs were detected underlying these phenotypic variations in single year, while 12 of them could be detected in 2006 and 2007. GS3 marker was closely associated with GL, GW and GLW, and widely distributed in different groups. The starch synthesis related gene markers, SSI, SSIIa, SBE1, AGPL4, and ISA1, were linked to plant height（PH）, panicle length（PL）, flag leaf length（FLL）, GW, and GLW. The SSR markers, RM267, RM340 and RM346, were linked to at least two traits. Therefore, these new markers will probably be used to improve rice grain yield or plant architecture when performing marker-assisted selection of proper alleles.

不同土壤条件下秸秆还田量对土壤还原性物质及水稻生长的影响

[目的]在不同土壤上研究水稻秸秆还田后还原性物质的形成及其与水稻生长的关系。[方法]在砂壤土(S1)和粉壤土(S2)上进行2年盆栽试验,模拟低(RL)中(RM)高(RH)产量下秸秆全量还田,以秸秆不还田(R0)为对照,测定土壤还原性物质总量、Eh、亚铁离子、锰离子和铵态氮含量,分析水稻分蘖、根系干质量、根系活力和水稻产量等指标。[结果]秸秆还田后生育前期土壤Eh显著降低,还原性物质数量增加,S2的还原性物质高于砂壤土。与对照相比,2021年在移栽后56d之前秸秆还田处理还原性物质总量、铁和锰离子含量分别提高了8.36%~199.64%、1.43%~160.03%和8.43%~57.68%。2022年在移栽后45 d前对应增加了2.95%~163.61%、0.77%~19.74%和3.28%~64.96%。随着秸秆还田量增加,还原性物质总量、铁和锰含量有增加趋势。在移栽后56 d前(2021年)和35 d前(2022年)秸秆还田显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量11.28%~50.67%和10.79%~351.53%。秸秆还田使水稻分蘖期和拔节期的根系干质量降低15.06%~45.80%,秸秆还田显著降低了砂壤土上水稻分蘖期和拔节期的根系活力,在S2土壤上RL和RM增加了拔节期根系活力,RH降低了根系活力。秸秆还田后水稻分蘖数在水稻生育期降低了7.23%~48.44%,干物质积累量降低了3.59%~43.57%。RL和RM处理第二年水稻产量降低不明显,RH处理2年均显著减产。砂壤土中氧化还原电位高于S2,S2还原性物质总量、锰离子含量、铵态氮含量、根系干质量、根系活力、分蘖数、干物质积累量和产量均高于砂壤土。[结论]在本研究条件下,秸秆还田显著增加还原性物质总量,抑制水稻早期生长。黏重土壤上秸秆全量还田引起减产,砂壤土上中低产量下秸秆全量还田不会造成穗数显著降低,因促进大穗形成不会造成显著减产。采取有效措施减少秸秆还田下还原性物质危害是秸秆还田技术优化的重点。

氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响

为明确氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响,以8个晋南主栽品种为材料,于2019—2021年开展水培和大田定位试验,水培试验设置4个氮磷水平(N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)),对不同小麦品种苗期性状进行初步考察筛选;大田试验设置常规施肥(CF)、化肥减施(FR)和不施肥(CK)3个处理,研究不同年型下化肥减施对小麦生长发育、养分利用及产量的影响。结果表明,水培条件下,不同氮磷水平品育8161株高、根长、植株干重、根干重及根冠比均最低;良星67在低磷时正常氮较低氮植株干重增幅仅为17.07%,根干重反而降低,且在正常氮磷时根冠比较低。大田生产条件下,2019—2020年度(丰水年)化肥减施处理下以品育8012、济麦22产量较高,二者差异不显著,邯农1412产量最低,仅为7520.18 kg·hm^(-2)。其中,山农20、中麦4072和邯农1412产量均表现为化肥减施显著低于常规施肥。2020—2021年度(干旱年)化肥减施处理下济麦22产量为6191.53 kg·hm^(-2),显著高于品育8012和石农086,其籽粒氮素积累量和磷素吸收效率均最高,分别为130.35 kg·hm^(-2)和0.79 kg·kg^(-1)。干旱年减施化肥导致小麦生育后期叶片早衰,显著降低成熟期干物质积累,但对茎秆形态特征影响较小。综上,晋南小麦-玉米轮作区小麦生育期基施纯N 180.0 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)105.0 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O34.5 kg·hm^(-2),拔节期追施纯N 60.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,丰水年品育8012和济麦22产量较高,干旱年济麦22产量最高,且化肥减施有利于提高济麦22开花前营养器官干物质贮藏再转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率和第3节间厚度。单纯的连年化肥减施在干旱年份会导致小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性降低。本研究结果为晋南麦区小麦稳产高效栽培提供了技术参考。

基于环境型鉴定技术划分生态区综合评价黄淮海青贮玉米品种

气候因子对农作物区域试验丰产性和适应性的影响较大。为准确评价青贮玉米品种在黄淮海夏播区的适应性、丰产性和稳定性,采用2002-2021年20 a的气象数据资料,依据环境型鉴定技术(ET)对2022年青贮玉米区域试验中12个试点进行生态区(ME)划分,依据品种-性状(GT)双标图和品种-产量×性状(GYT)双标图对15个参试品种的生物干重、干物质含量、倒伏率、倒折率、空秆率、小斑病、弯孢叶斑病、南方锈病、茎腐病、瘤黑粉病、生育期、株高和穗位高13个农艺性状以及全株淀粉含量、中性洗涤纤维含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和粗蛋白质含量4个品质指标进行综合评价。结果表明,加性主效应和积性互作效应(AMMI)方差分析被测的13个农艺性状中基因型效应和环境效应均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),除穗位高外其余性状基因型与环境互作效应也达到了极显著水平。6个省份的12个试点被划分为4个生态区,不同生态区间气象因子呈较大的变化趋势。生物干重与株高、穗位高呈极显著正相关,而与倒伏率、倒折率呈极显著负相关。GYT双标图与生态区结合,可以鉴别出不同生态区的优势品种。参试品种中渝单805在划定的4个生态区中均表现出丰产性突出、稳定性较好的特征,属于丰产稳产型品种。皖农科青贮8号、成单3601、正大511和衡玉1996等品种在ME2、ME3和ME4中丰产性和稳定性较好。安科青2号和KNX2202等品种在ME1和ME4中丰产性较差,金诚6在ME2和ME3中丰产性和稳定性均较差。基于环境型鉴定技术划分生态区和GYT双标图相结合评价青贮玉米品种的丰产性、稳定性和适应性,可以实现品种推广的精细定位。

浅析羊肚菌稳产高产相关的科学技术问题

六妹羊肚菌(Morchella sextelata)、梯棱羊肚菌(M.importuna)和七妹羊肚菌(M.eximia)在我国已经实现商业化栽培,但依然无法稳产高产。笔者明确指出羊肚菌栽培面临的风险,剖析羊肚菌在遗传多样性、性亲和模式与生活史、菌核及菌霜生物学功能、营养吸收与转运机制、环境作用机制等方面需要研究的基本科学问题,明确羊肚菌在菌种质量管理、栽培场地适宜性评价、生长环境调控、田间精细管理等方面亟待突破的技术难题,阐述羊肚菌稳产高产栽培理论及关键技术的研究方向和目标。

喷施不同浓度海藻叶面肥对茶叶产量和品质的影响

研究不同浓度的海藻叶面肥(Organic-based biostimulant formulas,OBFs)喷施下茶青产量和品质的变化,为红壤区茶树高产优质栽培提供理论指导。在常规施肥的基础上,以不喷施OBFs为对照(T0),在茶园设置5个OBFs叶面肥喷施体积分数0.33%、0.66%、0.99%、1.32%、1.65%,分别记为T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)、T_(5),研究喷施不同浓度OBFs对茶树嫩叶吸收养分、以及茶产量与品质的影响。结果表明,喷施OBFs可以改善茶树农艺性状、促进嫩叶吸收养分和增产提质。与T0相比,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)、T_(5)处理茶青产量分别增加1.4、1.4、1.3、2.1、2.4倍(P<0.05)。随着OBFs喷施浓度增加,茶青总生物碱、咖啡碱和氨基酸的含量先升后降。与T0相比,T_(1)和T_(2)处理茶青总生物碱分别增加9.6%和9.3%,咖啡碱分别增加9.3%和11.4%,氨基酸含量分别增加5.0%和12.4%(P<0.05)。此外,T_(1)和T_(2)处理下茶青氮含量分别增加5.5%和6.1%,磷含量分别增加19.9%和13.3%,钾含量分别增加20.9%和10.0%;T_(1)处理下茶青硅含量增加14.8%(P<0.05)。茶青产量与芽头密度、百芽重、节间长、叶面积、叶绿素含量均显著正相关;茶青咖啡碱、总生物碱与茶青氮、磷、钾和硅含量呈显著正相关,茶青非必需氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量与茶青氮、磷、钾含量均有显著的正相关关系。综上所述,喷施OBFs可以提高茶青产量,其中以喷施1.65%OBFs茶青产量较高,喷施0.33%、0.66%OBFs可以提高茶树嫩叶氮、磷、钾和硅元素的含量,改善茶树农艺性状,实现茶青产量和品质的双提升。

不同苜蓿品种叶片特征、光合生理特性与产量性状的比较

以国内外引进的8个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种为试验材料,对比研究不同品种的叶片特征、产量性状和光合生理特性,采用相关性分析和通径分析法,探讨其与产量的关联性,以期为高产紫花苜蓿种质的筛选提供依据。结果表明:供试紫花苜蓿品种单株干重的变幅为0.88~1.21 g;各性状与单株干重的相关性按大小排序依次为:单株叶干重>比叶重>蒸腾速率>单株叶片数>叶形指数,单株叶干重是最突出的叶片特征指标。对单株干重的影响程度从大到小依次为:比叶重>气孔导度>可溶性蛋白>株高>蔗糖>可溶性糖>叶绿素总量,其中,比叶重是单株干重的主要决定因子。综上,高产紫花苜蓿种质筛选的重要指标包括:单株叶干重和比叶重,8个紫花苜蓿品种中‘甘农9号’、‘WL319HQ’和‘SG501’的单株干重、单株叶干重和比叶重均较大,可作为高产种质在育种工作中加以研究利用。