Review for treatment and signaling pathway regulation of kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine on osteoporosis

The treatment and signaling pathway regulation effects of kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine on osteoporosis have been widely studied,but without a systematic summary currently.This review comprehensively collected and analyzed the traditional Chinese medicine on the treatment and signaling pathway regulation of osteoporosis in recent ten years,such as Epimedium,Drynariae Rhizoma,Cnidium,Eucommia,Psoralen and Dipsacus.Based on the existing findings,we concluded the following conclusions:(1)kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine treats osteoporosis mainly through BMP-Smads,Wnt/β-catenin,MAPK,PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote osteoblast bone formation and through OPG/RANKL/RANK,estrogen,CTSK signaling pathway to inhibit osteoclasts of bone resorption.(1)Epimedium,Drynariae Rhizoma,Cnidium and Psoralen up-regulate the key proteins and genes of BMP-Smads and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways to promote bone formation.(2)Epimedium,Drynariae Rhizoma,Cnidium,Eucommia,Psoralen,Dipsacusinhibit the bone resorption by mediating the OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathway.(2)Kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine prevent and treat osteoporosis through a variety of ways:Icariin,Naringin,Osthol,Psoralen can regulate BMP-Smads,Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote bone formation,but also activate OPG/RANKL/RANK,CTSK and other signaling pathway to inhibit bone resorption.(3)The crosstalk of the signaling pathways and the animal experiments of the traditional Chinese medicine on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis as well as their multi-target mechanism and comprehensive regulation need further clarification.

Therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on coagulation disorder and accompanying intractable jaundice in hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis patients

AIM： TO observe the therapeutic effects of new traditional Chinese medicine （TClVl） therapy on coagulation disorder and accompanying intractable jaundice in HBV-related liver cirrhosis patients. METHODS： Using stratified random sampling according to fibrinogen （Fib） levels, 145 liver cirrhosis patients due to hepatitis B complicated by coagulation disorder were treated. Of them, 70 in research group were treated with TCM by ＂nourishing yin, cooling blood and invigorating blood circulation＂ and Western medicine, 75 in control group were treated with conventional Western medicine. The indexes of liver function, coagulation function and bleeding events were observed and compared. RESULTS： The prothrombin time （PT） was shorter and the fibrinogen （Fib） level was higher in the research group than in the control group （Fib = 1.6-2.0 g/L, 1.1-1.5 g/L, and ≤ 1.0 g/L）. The total bilirubin （TBIL） level was significantly lower in the research group than in the control group, except for the subgroup of FIB ≤ 1.0 g/L. CONCLUSION： TCM therapy can improve coagulation fuction and decrease TBIL.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Virtual disease is to fill his mother but real disease is to rush down his son” and “Strong inhibition of the same time, support the weak” based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined two kinds of opposite relations and one kind of equivalence relation, introduced the concept of steady multilateral systems with two non-compatibility relations, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (II)

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Do not treat a disease after it has occurred. But treat the disease before it will occur” (不治已病治未病) based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined generalized relations and reasoning, introduced the concept of generalized steady multilateral systems, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle above is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

Acupuncture Treating Dystrophy Based on pH <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (III)

Theory of both Zangxiang (藏象) and Jingluo (经络) is useful in understanding disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Searching for a root cause of disease in cure, treatment of both the root-cause and symptoms at the same time” (治病求本, 标本兼治). It means that for a human body, there is the mathematical structure of both Zangxiang and Jingluo as her/his second physiological system. It can be used to determine both the root-cause and symptoms of the sick organ by using both Zangxiang and Jingluo. In general, for the human blood pH value, the normal range of theory is [7.34539, 7.45461] nearly to [7.35, 7.45], and the center is 7.4. The first or second transfer law of a human body’s energies changes according to the different blood pH values whether in the normal range or not. Human disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Disease Based on Eight Palaces or Eight Veins <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (IV)

Theory of eight palaces (八宫) or eight veins (八脉) is useful in understanding the basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Even if all changed, it is hard to change one’s nature” (江山易改, 本性难移). The eight palaces or eight veins can be used to diagnose basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of the eight palaces or eight veins according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH value is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. A disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as a congenital heart disease.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Diseases Based on Sixty JiaZi and Eight Palaces <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (V)

Theory of Sixty JiaZi (60 甲子) is useful in understanding a human body disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “seize the momentum of development, hasten lucky avoids disaster” (顺势而为, 趋吉避凶). Sixty JiaZi is hidden behind eight palaces. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of Sixty JiaZi changes according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH values of a human body is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. The treating disease of a human body should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as congenital heart disease.

Assessment of Ankylosing Spondylitis Based on the Theory of Yin and Yang in Traditional Chinese Medicine

The theory of yin and yang in Chinese medicine signifies everything and can be used to divide everything in the world.The diagnosis and assessment of ankylosing spondylitis in Western medicine can also be divided by yin and yang.The current technologies used in Western medicine for detecting ankylosing spondylitis is summarized,divided,and reasoned with the philosophical views of yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine.

The Foundation of Traditional Chinese Medicine

In this paper, the authors examine and interpret the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) whom the Chinese believes and practices for so many centuries. The authors also explain the ancient Chinese con-cepts of Chi and Tao (Yin and Yang) which are the foundation of the TCM. This paper also seeks to discuss the ways of attaining a healthy body with the clarity of mind as well as to demonstrate the benefits of such healthy lifestyle.

Analogous Systems Principles and Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Congruence Couple Therapy

This article explicates the analogous principles and concepts between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and congruence couple therapy(CCT).Although originating out of vastly different times and places,TCM and CCT share a view of health based on systems understanding to facilitate the interconnections of the parts of an organism rather than focusing on eliminating symptoms.Both approaches aim to release Qi(气)and vitality by removing blockages through adjusting the interactions,adaptation,and balance of multiple elements and Yin‑Yang energies.The goal is to liberate the Qi or life force through improved holistic balance and cooperation.While TCM focuses on interventions at the level of the body,CCT focuses on the attention,awareness,acknowledgement,and alignment of the four human dimensions consisting of the intrapsychic,interpersonal,intergenerational,and universal‑spiritual.In light of the current trend toward increasing mental,substance use,and neurological disorders,in particular among countries of middle and low income,dialogue to explore these compatibilities between TCM and CCT is conducive to the continuous evolution of TCM and Western therapies to address not only physical health but also the exigencies of contemporary addiction and mental health care within a mind–body relationship matrix.

Effects on type 2 diabetes complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis:regiment of insulin,isoniazid,rifampicin,pyrazinamide and ethambutol versus the regiment plus Qi-boosting and Yin-nourishing decoction of Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBjECTIVE:To observe the clinical effect on type 2diabetes mellitus(T2DM) complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) of insulin,isoniazid,rifampicin,pyrazinamide and ethambutol(conventional medication) administered together with Qi-boosting and Yin-nourishing decoction derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).METHODS:A total of 60 patients with T2 DM complicated with pulmonary TB were randomly and equally divided into positive control group and treatment group.The control group was treated with Western conventional regiment(WCR):insulin,isoniazid,rifampicin,pyrazinamide,and ethambutol,whereas the treatment group was given both WCR and Qi-boosting and V/n-nourishing decoction prepared from TCM.RESULTS:After the treatment,20(66.7%) and 11(36.7%) cases showed sputum bacteria negative conversion in the WCR plus TCM group and WCM group respectively(P < 0.05).A total of 25(83.3%)and 18(60%) cases showed improvement in lung lesion in the WCR plus TCM group and WCM group respectively(P < 0.05).Compared with WCR group,fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels in the WCR plus TCM group significantly decreased(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION:Qi-boosting and Yin-nourishing decoction combined with the Western medication showed better curative effect in treating T2 DM complicated with pulmonary TB compared with the group using the conventional Western Medicine alone.

Mechanism underlying treatment of diabetic kidney disease using Traditional Chinese Medicine based on theory of Yin and Yang balance

The pathogenic mechanism of diabetic kidney disease(DKD) is complex. The development of DKD cannot be fully explained by a single mechanism.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) has been applied extensively for the treatment of DKD in China.However, studying the mechanism of DKD using theories and methods that are appropriate for TCM characteristics and searching for theoretical bases for TCM clinical application are topics that still need to be explored and researched. Activation of the transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1/Smad and PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways functions as a self-protection mechanism against renal microinflammation in DKD. However, the persistent abnormal overactivation of reactions causes secondary cell dysfunction, cell apoptosis, increased extracellular matrix(ECM) secretion, and eventually renal fibrosis. During this process, the dysregulation of self-balance among a variety of signaling pathways and the loss of self-feedback regulatory mecha-nisms downstream of these signaling pathways are critical causes of the occurrence and development of DKD. TCM may both inhibit the expression or activation of "hyperactive" signaling pathways(NFB, Smad3, and PI3 K/Akt/mTOR) and increase the expression or activation of "deficient" signaling pathways(Smad7 and PTEN) to restore balance to cells with an abnormal pathophysiological status and achieve the goal of DKD treatment.

Immunotoxicity of Hydrocortisone on Th1/Th2-Related Cytokine Production Is Associated with Yang-Deficient State in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Steroid hormone serving as an immunosuppressor often induces immunotoxicity when administered in highest dosage or accumulated in long-term usage. The stage of high concentration of steroid hormone leading to a wide range of symptoms is associated to the yang.deficient state, which is the part of yin-yang imbalance involved in processes of many diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Here we intend to investigate the profile of Th1/Th2- related cytokine transcriptions under yang-deficient conditions in a yang-deficient animal model by intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone （a kind of steroid hormone）. The yang.deficient symptoms were estimated by detecting activity, appetite, body weight and so on. T cell proliferation and cytokine transcriptions were analyzed. The results showed that yang-deficient mice were established successfully since typical yang.deficient symptoms were observed in this model with decreased activities, appetite, body weight and temperature. More interestingly, the transcriptions of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in this model were markedly suppressed and the proliferation of lymphocytes significantly decreased as well. The results suggested thatyang-deficient symptoms were related to the steroid-induced reduction of cytokine transcription and impairment of lymphocyte proliferation. Therefore, novel strategies through regulating cytokine production might be considered as potent approach to patients with yang.deficiency symptoms.

扶阳健脾汤-滋阴养胃汤顺势给药和逆势给药对健康大鼠生理指标的影响

目的通过顺势和逆势给药大鼠扶阳健脾汤和滋阴养胃汤的研究来进一步验证中医阴阳分药分时服用方剂学理论,以及评价扶阳健脾汤和滋阴养胃汤的亚急性毒性。方法选取无特定病原体级SD大鼠48只,雌雄各半,按性别、体质量(空腹)排序,采用计算机随机法分为顺势饲喂组、逆势饲喂组、阴阳合药饲喂组和对照组,每组12只。对顺势饲喂组大鼠早上给予滋阴养胃汤颗粒制剂溶液,下午给予扶阳健脾汤颗粒制剂溶液灌胃,逆势饲喂组大鼠给药顺序与顺势饲喂组相反;阴阳合药饲喂组大鼠给予扶阳健脾汤和滋阴养胃汤合药颗粒制剂混合溶液灌胃,分早晚两次给药;给予对照组早晚灌胃等量超纯水,四组大鼠均每周给药5 d,共给药7周。分别于饲喂第1天、第10天、第20天、第30天、第45天时观察各级大鼠的皮肤毛发、行为状态、兴奋程度、激怒反应、睡眠状态、大便状态。分别于饲喂后第1周、第3周、第5周、第7周的周一、三、五测定大鼠采食量和体质量,饲喂7周后检测大鼠血液常规和血生化指标,计算脏器系数。结果饲喂第3周、第5周、第7周,顺势饲喂组日均采食量明显低于对照组;饲喂第5周、第7周,逆势饲喂组体质量明显高于对照组;饲喂7周后,顺势饲喂组和逆势饲喂组的心脏脏器系数明显低于对照组,而顺势饲喂组的脾脏脏器系数明显高于对照组;顺势饲喂组单核细胞计数明显低于对照组,顺势饲喂组和阴阳合药饲喂组的甘油三酯明显低于对照组,顺势饲喂组的血清总胆固醇明显低于对照组,顺势饲喂组、逆势饲喂组、阴阳合药饲喂组的空腹血糖明显低于对照组,顺势饲喂组、逆势饲喂组、阴阳合药饲喂组的肌酐明显高于对照组;顺势饲喂组和阴阳合药饲喂组的白蛋白明显高于对照组。结论顺势给药、逆势给药、混合给药可引起大鼠空腹血糖降低,肌酐增高;此外,顺势给药还可引起大鼠心脏脏器系数、单核细胞计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇降低,脾脏脏器系数、白蛋白增高,表明顺势给药会促进大鼠的气血运行,有利于减少食物的摄入以及促进大鼠代谢体内的碳水化合物和蛋白质的代谢,从而进一步验证了中医阴阳分药分时服用方剂学理论。

New Understanding of the Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays an important role in the medical system used in health care and treatment of diseases.This article reviews the basic theory of TCM based on its formation and contributions.Two new personal points are proposed as follows:Six Zang(六脏) theory and deemphasization of the five-element theory.The basic theory of Chinese herbs is also discussed.

基于隐结构模型结合关联规则探讨冠脉微血管疾病中医“症-证-药”规律

目的系统挖掘冠状动脉微血管疾病(Coronary microvascular disease,CMVD)中医常见症状、证候要素、临床辨证分型及用药规律,为量化CMVD临床辨证标准、规范中医临床证候诊断及疗效评价、指导临床用药提供参考依据。方法分别检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(Wanfang)、维普中文期刊(VIP)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)自建库至2023年5月16日有关中医药治疗CMVD的相关文献。提取纳入文献相关信息建立数据库并对症状、证素、证型、中药进行频数统计,分别采用Latern 5.0与Rstudio软件构建隐结构模型进行综合聚类与关联规则分析,探讨中医药治疗CMVD的症状特点、证素分布、常见证型及用药规律。结果共纳入107篇文献,涉及证型36个,证素17个,症状121个,中药143种,推测出CMVD的主要证候要素为血瘀,其次为气虚、气滞、痰浊、阴虚和阳虚;主要证型为气虚血瘀证,其次为心血瘀阻证、气滞血瘀证、痰瘀互结证、气阴两虚证等;用药以川芎、丹参、当归、黄芪为主;按功效分类主要为活血化瘀药、补虚药、理气药。结论CMVD病位在心,与肝、肾相关,属本虚标实之证,血瘀贯穿本病发展的始终;治疗以活血化瘀、通络止痛为主,并结合辨证选用补中益气、疏肝理气、祛痰散结等治法。

基于高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术的脾阴虚糖尿病认知功能障碍大鼠血清代谢组学研究

目的从代谢组学层面上观察脾阴虚(Spleen-Yin deficiency,SD)糖尿病认知功能障碍(Diabetes-associated Cognitive Decline,DACD)大鼠的代谢产物变化,探究脾阴虚糖尿病认知功能障碍潜在标志物及其意义。方法建立SD、DACD及SD-DACD大鼠模型。采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱联用技术(High performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,HPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对大鼠血清样品的代谢产物进行分析。结果各组大鼠血清代谢存在显著差异。研究建立的代谢物分析方法可以区分SD组、DACD组、SD-DACD组与空白对照(blank control,BC)组,SD组与SD-DACD组,DACD组与SD-DACD组。其中,与BC组大鼠相比,吡哆胺(pyridoxamine)在SD组和SD-DACD组中分别上调约24倍和25倍,在DACD组中则下调约21倍,可将SD组与DACD组、SD-DACD组与DACD组大鼠相区别。吡哆胺可作为一个潜在的生物标志物用于诊断脾阴虚DACD。涉及的苯丙氨酸代谢通路的紊乱主要发生在SD组和SD-DACD组大鼠的差异代谢产物之间。结论吡哆胺和苯丙氨酸代谢途径参与脾阴虚糖尿病认知功能障碍的发病机制,并且可能是脾阴虚和糖尿病认知功能障碍之间相关性的基础。研究结果可为基于代谢组学的SD-DACD筛查及病因研究提供参考资料。

肿瘤代谢-免疫相互作用机制及其中医证本质研究

“火与元气不两立”是补土派李杲脾胃内伤学说的关键论点,历代医家的理解仁智各见,但更多的在于将其线性化解读,从而局限了其临床价值与意义。从肿瘤发生发展过程中能量代谢重编程与免疫相互作用受到启发,通过解析肿瘤代谢-免疫相互作用机制与“阴火-元气”的同象性和相关性,再以复杂性科学视角对“阴火”“元气”的复杂性、动态性和系统性及二者之间非线性关系进行解读,提出“火与元气不两立”是对阴火与元气复杂系统通过非线性联系相互作用而涌现出的病理现象的总括,亦是中医认识机体能量代谢与免疫系统之间非线性关系的“核心病理模型”。

Network Meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of kidney-tonifying and bone-strengthening therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with kidney deficiency type

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of different Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)-based kidney-tonifying and bone-strengthening therapies for rheumatoid arthritis(RA). METHODS: The current Bayesian network Meta-analysis compared different TCM-based kidney-tonifying and bone-strengthening therapies for RA. Eight electronic databases and two trial registration platforms were searched. Rev Man 5.4 and Stata 16 software were employed. RESULTS: A total of 42 studies involving 3779 cases were included. The results showed that the most effective intervention for improving efficacy was Wanbi decoction(顽痹汤);Bushen Quhan Zhiwang decoction(补肾祛寒治尪汤) was superior in reducing the incidence of adverse reactions;and Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid(七味通痹口服液) effectively reduced C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels.CONCLUSION: Combining TCMs with conventional Western Medicine can improve the clinical efficacy of RA treatments, reduce inflammatory indexes, and result in a higher safety profile. However, this conclusion needs to be verified by more high-quality randomized controlled trials.

养阴益气活血冲剂对脑缺血-再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的 :探讨养阴益气活血冲剂对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 :制作 SD大鼠脑缺血与再灌注损伤模型 ,随机分为假手术对照组、脑缺血再灌注损伤组、脑缺血组、养阴益气活血冲剂不同剂量治疗组及维脑路通对照治疗组 ,观察各组脑组织前列环素 (PGI2 )和血栓素 A2 (TXA2 )含量 ;脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ;血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)及其抑制物 (PAI)活性等指标的变化。结果 :养阴益气活血冲剂可显著提高脑组织 PGI2 含量 ,降低 TXA2 含量 ;调节血浆 t PA与 PAI的活性 ;显著降低脑组织 MDA含量 ,提高脑组织 SOD活性。结论 :养阴益气活血冲剂具有抗凝、提高纤溶活性、提高细胞抗氧化等多种作用 。