Alcohol and illicit drugs:prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use and their predictors in young people from Argentina,Bulgaria,Chile and Romania

Background:Alcohol and illicit drugs(AID)continue to be a major global health concern.Although preventable,AID is linked to millions of deaths annually worldwide.The situation is particularly grave for young people,with AID being a major direct risk factor for disability-adjusted youth life-years lost and death.It further contributes to assaults,road crashes,accidental poisoning,and suicide,leading to long-term issues and public health concerns.Objective:This study aimed at disclosing current AID prevalence data for Argentinian,Bulgarian,Chilean and Romanian youth.It shed light on the predictors of AID in young people from those countries.Method:The study used an online survey to gather data from people aged 18 to 25(n=1,297).The survey was underpinned by the theory of planned behaviour(TPB).Predictors were investigated separately for drinking alcohol and using illicit drugs.Results:Our data revealed that across the four target countries,49%to 90%of the participants drank alcohol,and 8%to 35%used illicit drugs in the past three months.Between 20%and 91%of them intended to drink,and between 8%and 31%intended to use illicit drugs in the following three months.Our TPB model predicted statistically significant(P<0.001)amounts of variance in drinking alcohol(between 61%and 72%)and using illicit drugs(between 20.3%and 74.4%).Intention was consistent in significantly predicting both behaviours.Evidence around the predictive validity of self-efficacy,age and gender was mixed across the investigated countries.Conclusion:This research provided an update on the scarce AID epidemiological data.It also supplied evidence about what theoretically-informed measures might be useful targets of interventions in the case of Argentina,Bulgaria,Chile and Romania.This new knowledge of understanding substance abuse determinants and prevalence may help researchers and practitioners better meet young people's health prevention needs.

Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Diabetic Retinopathy in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is among the most common diabetic complications, and is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Recent studies have linked vitamin D to the pathogenesis of diabetes and there is growing evidence that vitamin D can interfere with the mechanisms involved in diabetes and its complications. Despite improvements in treatment, diabetic retinopathy remains a significant complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Identification of early treatable predictors of diabetic retinopathy such as vitamin D deficiency, may allow more aggressive management of those at high risk. Purpose: To assess the association of vitamin D deficiency with diabetic retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Design: Observational study with case control design. Method: 60 young people with type 1 diabetes aged between 11 to 24 years were included in this study. Among them, 30-young people have diabetic retinopathy and 30-young people do not have diabetic retinopathy. Purposive sampling technique was applied as per inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis of the results was done by using computer-based software, SPSS version 26. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 83% of the young people with diabetic retinopathy and in 53% without diabetic retinopathy. The mean vitamin D level in young people with and without diabetic retinopathy was 17.38 ± 3.77 ng/ml and 20.15 ± 5.06 ng/ml respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.019). Vitamin D deficiency was increased with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression showed vitamin D deficiency was independently associated with diabetic retinopathy with a crude odds ratio of 5.69 with a p value of 0.008 and adjusted odds ratio of 16.08 with a p value of 0.002 respectively. Conclusion: Result of the study revealed that vitamin D deficiency was strongly associated with diabetic retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Factors related to compliance with the COVID-19 health regulations among young people

The coronavirus pandemic has affected all facets of our lives and all ages and social strata worldwide.Measures have been taken to protect against the spread of the virus,such as more rigorous hand hygiene,the use of face masks and social distancing.However,the focus has often been on young people,who have been seen as a group lacking sufficient respect for government-imposed measures.This review outlines the preventive measures that have been taken in different countries and discusses their specific impact on young people and adolescents,taking into account the developmental stage and concrete needs of this age group.It summarizes those studies that have provided information on compliance with preventive measures by young people and adolescents,concluding that although compliance levels among this age group are lower than among older adults,the general view of youths as non-compliant is not consistent with real,objective data.The review also summarizes different views regarding the possible reasons for this lower level of compliance,taking into account both social(gender and age)and personal factors(personality,empathy,prosociality,self-control,cognitive styles and motivations),and discusses the practical implications of these findings for the future.

Relationship between Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) Uptake among Young People in Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between sexual risk behavior and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that sexual risk behaviors comprised three variables: sex with multiple partners, intergenerational sex (sex with partners 10 years older), and transactional sex. The results of the chi-square test of association between sex with multiple partners and HCT uptake showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between sex with multiple partners and HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years in Nigeria. It was among others recommended that sexually active young people in Nigeria should use protection against HIV infection.

Relationship between HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) Awareness and HCT Uptake among Young People in Nigeria: Implications for Social Change

This study examined the relationship between HIV counselling and testing (HCT) awareness and HCT uptake among young people in Nigeria and their implications for social change. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprised all 36 states in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputting them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric tests such as chi-square were used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. The results of the chi-square test of association between HCT awareness and HCT uptake showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between HCT awareness and HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years in Nigeria, X2 (1, n = 8916) = 306.66, p < 0.001. In other words, knowledge of the availability of HCT services may have influenced the possibility that the participants would use them. Among others, it was recommended that government should examine the efficacy of HCT treatments in Nigeria, along with conducting a demographic analysis of the at-risk population.

Impact of extended nursing model after multi-disciplinary treatment on young patient with post-stroke

BACKGROUND Stroke has become one of the most serious life-threatening diseases due to its high morbidity,disability,recurrence and mortality rates.AIM To explore the intervention effect of multi-disciplinary treatment(MDT)extended nursing model on negative emotions and quality of life of young patients with post-stroke.METHODS A total of 60 young stroke patients who were hospitalized in the neurology department of our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group,with 30 patients in each group.The control group used the conventional care model and the experimental group used the MDT extended nursing model.After the inhospital and 3-mo post-discharge interventions,the differences in negative emotions and quality of life scores between the two groups were evaluated and analyzed at the time of admission,at the time of discharge and after discharge,respectively.RESULTS There are no statistically significant differences in the negative emotions scores between the two groups at admission,while there are statistically significant differences in the negative emotions scores within each group at admission and discharge,at discharge and post-discharge,and at discharge and post-discharge.In addition,the negative emotions scores were all statistically significant at discharge and after discharge when compared between the two groups.There was no statistically significant difference in quality of life scores at the time of admission between the two groups,and the difference between quality of life scores at the time of admission and discharge,at the time of discharge and post-discharge,and at the time of admission and post-discharge for each group of patients was statistically significant.CONCLUSION The MDT extended nursing mode can improve the negative emotion of patients and improve their quality of life.Therefore,it can be applied in future clinical practice and is worthy of promotion.

Correlation of Variables between the Dominant and Non-dominant Eyes in Healthy Young People

Objective:To investigate the correlation of variables between dominant and non-dominant eyes in healthy young people.Methods:300 cases(600 eyes)of healthy young volunteers recruited in our hospital from March 2020 to February 2022were selected as the research objects.The general data of the volunteers were collected and the dominant eye,diopter,biological parameters and retinal blood flow density were detected.We compared all the test indexes of volunteers with different dominant eyes,and compared the refractive parameters,biological parameters and retinal blood flow density between the dominant and non-dominant eyes of volunteers.Results:Among the 300volunteers,62.67%(188/300)had the right eye as the dominant eye and 37.33%(112/300)had the left eye as the dominant eye.There was no significant difference in gender,BMI and equivalent spherical lens(SE)among the subjects with different dominant eyes(P>0.05).The SE and spherical diopter(S)of dominant eye were higher than that of non-dominant eye(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant eye(C)(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in SE and C between dominant and non-dominant eye in volunteers with SE difference≤0.5 D and 0.51-1.25 D(P>0.05),and spherical diopter(S)of dominant eye was higher than that of non-dominant eye(P<0.05);The difference of SE was 1.26-2.00 D,>2.00 D,the SE and spherical diopter(S)of dominant eye were higher than those of non-dominant eye(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant eye C(P>0.05).The levels of RA and CA in the dominant eye of 300 volunteers were lower than those in the non-dominant eye.The RA and CA levels of the dominant eye were lower than those of the non-dominant eye in volunteers with RA difference≤0.50 D,0.51-1.25 D,1.26-2.00 D,>2.00 D(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the levels of axial length(AL),central corneal thickness(CCT),anterior chamber depth(ACD)and lens thickness(LT)between the dominant and non-dominant eyes(P>0.05).The levels of superficial retinal capillary layer(SVC),deep retinal capillary layer(DVC)and mean retinal blood flow density(RET)in dominant eyes were lower than those in non-dominant eyes.The level of AC in non-dominant eyes was higher than that in non-dominant eyes(P<0.05).Conclusion:The dominant eye of healthy young people is mostly the right eye,which has nothing to do with gender,age and BMI.Meanwhile,the biological parameters between the dominant and non-dominant eye were basically the same,the mean retinal blood flow density of the dominant eye was lower than that of the non-dominant eye,but its AC was higher than that of the non-dominant eye.

Analysis of differentially expressed genes related to cerebral ischaemia in young rats based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database

BACKGROUND The incidence rate of cerebral infarction in young people is increasing day by day,the age of onset tends to be younger,and its internal pathogenesis and mechanism are very complicated,which leads to greater difficulties in treatment.Therefore,it is essential to analyze the key pathway that affects the onset of cerebral infarction in young people from the perspective of genetics.AIM To compare the differentially expressed genes in the brain tissue of young and aged rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion and to analyse their effect on the key signalling pathway involved in the development of cerebral ischaemia in young rats.METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus 2R online analysis tool was used to analyse the differentially expressed genes in the GSE166162 dataset regarding the development of cerebral ischaemia in young and aged groups of rats.DAVID 6.8 software was further used to filter the differentially expressed genes.These genes were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)function analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis to determine the key gene pathway that affects the occurrence of cerebral ischaemia in young rats.RESULTS Thirty-five differentially expressed genes(such as Igf2,Col1a2,and Sfrp1)were obtained;73 GO enrichment analysis pathways are mainly involved in biological processes such as drug response,amino acid stimulation response,blood vessel development,various signalling pathways,and enzyme regulation.They are involved in molecular functions such as drug binding,protein binding,dopamine binding,metal ion binding,and dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed a significantly enriched pathway:The cyclic adenosine monophosphate(c-AMP)signalling pathway.CONCLUSION The c-AMP signalling pathway might be the key pathway in the intervention of cerebral infarction in young people.

The Relationship between Mental Health Literacy and Subjective Well-Being of Young and Middle-Aged Residents: Perceived the Mediating Role of Social Support and Its Urban-Rural Differences

This study investigates mental health literacy among young and middle-aged urban and rural residents and the differences in mental health literacy,perceived social support and subjective well-being.From January to February 2022,620 participants(320 rural and 300 urban residents)from three provinces of China were selected by con-venience sampling.A general data questionnaire,mental health literacy scale,perceived social support scale and subjective well-being scale were administered.The mental health literacy scores of urban residents were 3.34±0.57 and those of rural residents were 2.73±0.79.The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the mental health literacy scores of rural residents were more significant than those of urban residents in terms of sex and age,while urban residents’mental health literacy scores were more significant than those of rural resi-dents in terms of monthly income.Mental health literacy,perceived social support and subjective well-being of young and middle-aged urban and rural residents were all positively correlated(P<0.01).While the level of mental health literacy is better among urban residents than rural residents,perceived social support plays a partial mediating role between mental health literacy and subjective well-being of both urban and rural residents,and should be the focus of researchers seeking to improve the level of well-being of residents.

Cardiac arrest:a case-based review

BACKGROUND:Coffee is commonly consumed among young people in China. However,consumers are rarely aware of physically adverse effects as a result of excessive consumption of caffeine.DATA SOURCES:A literature search using multiple databases was performed for articles published with concentration on meta-analyses,systematic reviews,and randomized controlled trials.RESULTS:Excess coffee consumption is also a risk of primary cardiac arrest especially in young people. Treatment modalities include activated charcoals,beta-blockers,vasopressin and hemodialysis when necessary.CONCLUSION:Coffee consumers should be advised not to routinely take more than moderate coffee.

The Paediatric Observation Priority Score: A System to Aid Detection of Serious Illness and Assist in Safe Discharge

The Paediatric Observation Priority Score (POPS) is a bespoke assessment tool for use in Paediatric Emergency Departments incorporating traditional physiological parameters alongside more subjective observational criteria. Initial performance characteristics of POPS were analysed in a convenience sample of 936 presentations to ED. Triage on the basis of gut instinct parameters identified an additional 261 patients deemed of lowest acuity compared to analysis by physiology scores. Resource consumption increased with increasing acuity on presentation. POPS shows promise in assisting in the assessment process of children presenting to Emergency Departments. Inclusion of subjective triage criteria helps contextualise the physiological parameter scoring by using the experience of staff conducting triage. Initial interpretation of presenting physiology gives a more informed assessment of initial acuity, and thus is better able to identify a child who can be safely managed in the community. The system also allows for rapid detection of those most unwell.