The paper presents a procedure to design water network. First of all, water reuse system, water regeneration reuse system (including regeneration recycle) and wastewater treatment system are designed separately. But t...The paper presents a procedure to design water network. First of all, water reuse system, water regeneration reuse system (including regeneration recycle) and wastewater treatment system are designed separately. But the interaction between different parts demands that each part is designed iteratively to optimize the whole water network. Therefore, on the basis of the separated design a water netvrork superstructure including reuse, regeneration and wastewater treatment is established from the system engineering point of view. And a multi-objective adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm is adopted to simultaneously integrate the overall water netvrork to balance the economic and environmental effects. The algorithm overcomes the defect of local optimum of simulated annealing (SA), avoids the pre-maturation of genetic algorithm (GA) and finds a set of solutions (pareto front) in acceptable computer time. Prom the pareto front, a point with minimum fresh water consumption will be extended to zero discharge as our ultimate goal.展开更多
The reclaimed water that we can use in daily life accounts for as much as 35 %,but we do not give it enough concern.The authors focus on the design methods and approaches of green buildings,which refer to water saving...The reclaimed water that we can use in daily life accounts for as much as 35 %,but we do not give it enough concern.The authors focus on the design methods and approaches of green buildings,which refer to water saving and environmental protection.In this paper,the authors illustrate the generating channels of reclaimed water in architecture design:rainwater collection integration design,sewage zero discharge of reclaimed water reused by biological technology,and sponge yard,thereby protecting environment.展开更多
The international efforts to limit climate change are increasing, that during the COP26 convention, reaching Net Zero Greenhouse Gas emissions became part of the global goals for many countries and entities. One of th...The international efforts to limit climate change are increasing, that during the COP26 convention, reaching Net Zero Greenhouse Gas emissions became part of the global goals for many countries and entities. One of the sectors that holds the responsibility of addressing the impacts of climate change is the healthcare sector, and accordingly, it is also encouraged to take a leading role in maintaining its sustainability and be a role model for the other sectors. Additionally, the buildings sector, through the World Green Building council, has taken the initiative to launch the Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment for the sector. Based on these practices, the work presented aims to introduce and formulate an Approaching Net Zero assessment methodology to be integrated as part of the sustainability criteria and rating system for healthcare facilities in developing countries. The methodology planned is based on four different aspects which are: 1) Approaching Net Zero Energy, 2) Approaching Net Zero Wastewater, 3) Approaching Net Zero Solid Waste, and 4) Approaching Net Zero GHG emissions. The facility should have achieved a Green Building certification through any certification body, and then apply for the aspect on which it requires to be assessed. The assessment methodology follows a systematic approach, where a baseline year of normal operation is determined for existing facilities to act as a base of assessment, and normal design practices for new facilities Based on the assessment and proof of performance enhancement, the facility will either be awarded a basic certificate for achieving continuous savings, or additionally be awarded a best performance certificate compared to other facilities in the same category.展开更多
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we mea...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we measured several classes of persistent PFASs,precursors, transformation intermediates, and newly identified PFASs in influent and effluent sewage water and sludge from three municipal waste water treatment plants in Sweden, sampled in 2015. For sludge, samples from 2012 and 2014 were analyzed as well.Levels of precursors in sludge exceeded those of perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonic acids（PFCAs and PFSAs）, in 2015 the sum of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters（PAPs） were 15–20 ng/g dry weight, the sum of fluorotelomer sulfonic acids（FTSAs） was 0.8–1.3 ng/g,and the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and ethanols ranged from non-detected to 3.2 ng/g. Persistent PFSAs and PFCAs were detected at 1.9–3.9 ng/g and 2.4–7.3 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The influence of precursor compounds was further demonstrated by an observed substantial increase for a majority of the persistent PFCAs and PFSAs in water after waste water treatment. Perfluorohexanoic acid（PFHxA）, perfluorooctanoic acid（PFOA）, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid（PFHxS）, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid（PFOS）had a net mass increase in all WWTPs, with mean values of 83%, 28%, 37% and 58%,respectively. The load of precursors and intermediates in influent water and sludge combined with net mass increase support the hypothesis that degradation of precursor compounds is a significant contributor to PFAS contamination in the environment.展开更多
The unexpected emergent discharge of high- arsenic wastewater into water environments results in significantly increased levels of arsenic in water; however, the species distribution of arsenic in sediments has never ...The unexpected emergent discharge of high- arsenic wastewater into water environments results in significantly increased levels of arsenic in water; however, the species distribution of arsenic in sediments has never been reported before for such cases. This study focuses on an As pollution accident in the Dasha River, and uses sequential extraction procedures with deionized water, l mol-L-1 MgC12 at pH = 8, 1 mol.L-1 NaH2PO4 at pH = 5, and 1 mol. L-1 HC1 to investigate four binding phases of arsenic （i.e., water soluble, ion-exchangeable, strongly- bound, and precipitates） in sediments at different layers in different cross-sections along the fiver. The average ratio of arsenite （As（III）） to arsenate （As（V）） was found to decrease from 0.74：1 in fiver water to 0.48：1 in sediment, owing to its higher affinity toward As（V） than As（III）. The content of arsenic in the sediments was relatively low and the maximum content was observed to be 36.3 mg-kg1 for As（IID and 97.5 mg.kg1 for As（V）. As（III） and As（V） showed different binding phases in sediments, and the average fractions of these four species were determined to be 0.09, 0.11, 0.17, and 0.63 for As（III） and 0.03, 0.14, 0.63, and 0.20 for As（V）, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the content of arsenic showed no relationship with the characteristics of the sediments such as the particle diameter, the content of organic carbon, Fe, and Mn, although a negative correlation with particle diameter was observed for the sediments in the uppermost 2-cm layer. The unexpected emergent As incident results in the high content of total arsenic in the surface sediment, which may be potential secondary source to the elevated As levels in surface water.展开更多
文摘The paper presents a procedure to design water network. First of all, water reuse system, water regeneration reuse system (including regeneration recycle) and wastewater treatment system are designed separately. But the interaction between different parts demands that each part is designed iteratively to optimize the whole water network. Therefore, on the basis of the separated design a water netvrork superstructure including reuse, regeneration and wastewater treatment is established from the system engineering point of view. And a multi-objective adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm is adopted to simultaneously integrate the overall water netvrork to balance the economic and environmental effects. The algorithm overcomes the defect of local optimum of simulated annealing (SA), avoids the pre-maturation of genetic algorithm (GA) and finds a set of solutions (pareto front) in acceptable computer time. Prom the pareto front, a point with minimum fresh water consumption will be extended to zero discharge as our ultimate goal.
基金Sponsored by Science and Technology Support Plan Project in"Twelfthth Five-year"Period(2014BAL06B02)
文摘The reclaimed water that we can use in daily life accounts for as much as 35 %,but we do not give it enough concern.The authors focus on the design methods and approaches of green buildings,which refer to water saving and environmental protection.In this paper,the authors illustrate the generating channels of reclaimed water in architecture design:rainwater collection integration design,sewage zero discharge of reclaimed water reused by biological technology,and sponge yard,thereby protecting environment.
文摘The international efforts to limit climate change are increasing, that during the COP26 convention, reaching Net Zero Greenhouse Gas emissions became part of the global goals for many countries and entities. One of the sectors that holds the responsibility of addressing the impacts of climate change is the healthcare sector, and accordingly, it is also encouraged to take a leading role in maintaining its sustainability and be a role model for the other sectors. Additionally, the buildings sector, through the World Green Building council, has taken the initiative to launch the Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment for the sector. Based on these practices, the work presented aims to introduce and formulate an Approaching Net Zero assessment methodology to be integrated as part of the sustainability criteria and rating system for healthcare facilities in developing countries. The methodology planned is based on four different aspects which are: 1) Approaching Net Zero Energy, 2) Approaching Net Zero Wastewater, 3) Approaching Net Zero Solid Waste, and 4) Approaching Net Zero GHG emissions. The facility should have achieved a Green Building certification through any certification body, and then apply for the aspect on which it requires to be assessed. The assessment methodology follows a systematic approach, where a baseline year of normal operation is determined for existing facilities to act as a base of assessment, and normal design practices for new facilities Based on the assessment and proof of performance enhancement, the facility will either be awarded a basic certificate for achieving continuous savings, or additionally be awarded a best performance certificate compared to other facilities in the same category.
基金funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we measured several classes of persistent PFASs,precursors, transformation intermediates, and newly identified PFASs in influent and effluent sewage water and sludge from three municipal waste water treatment plants in Sweden, sampled in 2015. For sludge, samples from 2012 and 2014 were analyzed as well.Levels of precursors in sludge exceeded those of perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonic acids（PFCAs and PFSAs）, in 2015 the sum of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters（PAPs） were 15–20 ng/g dry weight, the sum of fluorotelomer sulfonic acids（FTSAs） was 0.8–1.3 ng/g,and the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and ethanols ranged from non-detected to 3.2 ng/g. Persistent PFSAs and PFCAs were detected at 1.9–3.9 ng/g and 2.4–7.3 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The influence of precursor compounds was further demonstrated by an observed substantial increase for a majority of the persistent PFCAs and PFSAs in water after waste water treatment. Perfluorohexanoic acid（PFHxA）, perfluorooctanoic acid（PFOA）, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid（PFHxS）, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid（PFOS）had a net mass increase in all WWTPs, with mean values of 83%, 28%, 37% and 58%,respectively. The load of precursors and intermediates in influent water and sludge combined with net mass increase support the hypothesis that degradation of precursor compounds is a significant contributor to PFAS contamination in the environment.
文摘The unexpected emergent discharge of high- arsenic wastewater into water environments results in significantly increased levels of arsenic in water; however, the species distribution of arsenic in sediments has never been reported before for such cases. This study focuses on an As pollution accident in the Dasha River, and uses sequential extraction procedures with deionized water, l mol-L-1 MgC12 at pH = 8, 1 mol.L-1 NaH2PO4 at pH = 5, and 1 mol. L-1 HC1 to investigate four binding phases of arsenic （i.e., water soluble, ion-exchangeable, strongly- bound, and precipitates） in sediments at different layers in different cross-sections along the fiver. The average ratio of arsenite （As（III）） to arsenate （As（V）） was found to decrease from 0.74：1 in fiver water to 0.48：1 in sediment, owing to its higher affinity toward As（V） than As（III）. The content of arsenic in the sediments was relatively low and the maximum content was observed to be 36.3 mg-kg1 for As（IID and 97.5 mg.kg1 for As（V）. As（III） and As（V） showed different binding phases in sediments, and the average fractions of these four species were determined to be 0.09, 0.11, 0.17, and 0.63 for As（III） and 0.03, 0.14, 0.63, and 0.20 for As（V）, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the content of arsenic showed no relationship with the characteristics of the sediments such as the particle diameter, the content of organic carbon, Fe, and Mn, although a negative correlation with particle diameter was observed for the sediments in the uppermost 2-cm layer. The unexpected emergent As incident results in the high content of total arsenic in the surface sediment, which may be potential secondary source to the elevated As levels in surface water.
