Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Fluxes over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.

An Assessment of the Quality of Surface Sensible Heat Flux Derived from Reanalysis Data through Comparison with Station Observations in Northwest China

The present study compares seasonal and interdecadal variations in surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China between station observations and ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1960-2000. While the seasonal variation in sensible heat flux is found to be consistent between station observations and the two reanalysis datasets, both land-air temperatures difference and surface wind speed show remarkable systematic differences. The sensible heat flux displays obvious interdecadal variability that is season-dependent. In the ERA-40 data, the sensible heat flux in spring, fall, and winter shows interdecadal variations that are similar to observations. In the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, sensible heat flux variations are inconsistent with and sometimes even opposite to observations. While surface wind speeds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data show interdecadal changes consistent with station observations, variations in land-air temperature difference differ greatly from the observed dataset. In terms of land-air temperature difference and surface wind speed, almost no consistency with observations can be identified in the ERA-40 data, apart from the land-air temperature difference in fall and winter. These inconsistencies pose a major obstacle to the application in climate studies of surface sensible heat flux derived from reanalysis data.

Variability of Surface Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study documents the variability of surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China using station observations for the period 1961 2000.It is found that the afternoon and nighttime sensible heat flux variations are remarkably different.The variability of the instant flux in the afternoon is much larger than in the nighttime.The afternoon and nighttime flux anomalies tend to be opposite.The diurnal and seasonal dependence of sensible heat flux variations is closely related to the diurnal cycle of mean land-air temperature difference.The relationship of sensible heat flux with land-air temperature difference based on the instant value differs from that based on the daily mean.The present study indicates the importance for the models to properly simulate mean land-air temperature difference and its diurnal and seasonal variations in order to capture surface sensible heat flux variability over Northwest China and predicts its plausible impacts on climate.

Heat Flux Analysis in Electrical Transformers through Integral Operators of Mechanics

Considering the continuous functioning of a power transformer under charge of high capacity of 50 MVA, predicted studies are proposed to be performed of their thermal behavior under perma nent and variable regimens of flow of charge, using noninvasive methods based in integral trans forms that measure and determine parameters of geometrical, analytical and physical type of the transformer. In before works, we have studied a basic geometry of a winding composed of high and low voltage sections with a uniform heat generation and heat convection boundary conditions. The heat conduction equation representing the phenomena of heat generation in a cylindrical structure was solved by using an integral transform. In this sense, this new study considers the basic geometry composed of a three cylindrical windings (high and low voltage turns) and a rec tangular core. Thus it is proposed to solve magnetic flow equations using integral transforms (Han kel transforms and Bessel integrals) in order to obtain the heat source distribution in the core due to the magnetization currents which are developed in function of the magnetic field flow equations. Based on this, it is proposed as a second step to use this heat source distribution to obtain the corresponding temperature distribution in the core by solving the cylindrical heat conduction equation for the core (cylindrical). Bearing this in mind, it is proposed finally to solve the 3D cylindrical heat conduction equation for the one winding using the calculated heat convection coefficients, the conductivity of the winding, behavior of the mineral oil and the non uniform winding heat generation predicted in recent researches. This equation will be solved by using integral methods (Radon, Hankel and Fourier transforms). This methodology will be useful to establish a new design of a power transformer based on the values of their integrals and the results that throw the inverse methods for this case. Finally if possible we will use the programs of Fluent and/or Phoenics for the validation of functional proposed models of prediction and prevention of heat flow and charge based on the obtained results.

THE STUDY ON LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER MIRE IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

S:Understanding how surface energy fluxes respond to environmental variables and how their components vary on daily and seasonal temporal scales are critical for understanding the ecological process of wetland ecosystem. In view of the fact that studies on surface energy flux over mire in China have been very limited, we have initiated a long-term latent and sensible heat flux (two main components of the surface energy balance) observation over mire in the Sanjiang Plain from June to October in 2004 with the eddy covariance technique. Results showed that the latent and sensible heat flux had large seasonal and diurnal variation during the period of measurement. Generally, latent heat flux between the mire wetland and the atmosphere reached the maximum value in June and then gradually decreased from June to October, whose daily mean fluxes were 9.83,8.00,7.33, 4.82 and 2.04 MJ/(m^2·d), respectively. By comparison, sensible heat flux changed unnoticeably with season change from June to October, which were 1.47,0.88,1.75, 1.61,1.33 MJ/(m^2·d) respectively. The diurnal variation of both latent and sensible heat flux varied noticeably within a day. After the sunrise, the latent and sensible heat flux increased and reached the maximum at noon (11:00-13:00). Then they decreased gradually and reached the minimum value during the nighttime. The patterns of temporal variation in latent and sensible heat flux were significantly controlled by environmental factors. The latent heat flux was linearly dependent on net radiation and increased with increasing vapour pressure deficit until the vapour pressure deficit surpassed 11 hPa. Wind speed effect on latent heat flux was more complicated and, in general, showed a positive correlation between them in daytime. The sensible heat flux was controlled mainly by air temperature difference between the land surface and the overlying air. However, when the temperature difference was larger than 0.3 ℃, it had no effect on the sensible heat flux. The study showed up the temporal variation of latent and sensible heat flux and how the environmental factors affected them.

高功率微波加热三维温度模型仿真与验证

微波加热不均匀性一直以来都是从事微波加热控制方向研究人员心目中的热点问题。根据微波加热装置的物理结构建立了炉内各层表面的温度静态差分模型结合实验以求得微波加热的实际功率。再基于传热学的有限差分法建立三维空间中的温度分布模型,利用MATLAB以及COMSOL仿真对比验证了模型的有效性。假定微波均匀加热求得被加热介质的平衡温度与不均匀加热时的温度进行比对以找出微波加热过程中介质的部分温升平衡点,最后互相比对找出最优点为控制对象进行专家PID(proportion-integral-derivative)微波加热。实验结果表明,该方法能较为精确地测量出被加热介质任何时刻的平衡温度,使得微波加热在工业生产上有着更加广泛的应用。

基于工业余热与可再生能源耦合的赤峰市低碳供热研究

以赤峰市大温差供热工程实践为例,介绍了赤峰市低碳供热方案的设计理念和实施步骤。从赤峰市供热热源紧缺,城区周边电厂乏汽余热、工业余热和弃风电力转化热量潜力估算,降低一次网回水温度必要性,大温差供热推进和分阶段实施过程,各阶段热平衡等5个方面进行了详细说明。根据规划,至2035年赤峰市中心城区供热热量来源于非供暖季储存弃风电力转化热量和工业余热,以及供暖季工业余热和燃煤调峰电厂热量,单位供热面积的二氧化碳排放强度是现状的1/30。

Composition and Properties of Thermo-regulated Non-woven Fabrics

A series of non-woven fabrics were fabricated by blending 5080 wt% of thermoregulated fibres containing n-eicosane, n-nonadecane or n-octadecane with 040wt% PET fibres and 020wt% PP fibres. The phase change properties, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, heat flux and inner temperature difference between wool felt and the thermoregulated non-woven fabrics of the non-woven fabrics were measured respectively. The thermo-regulated non-woven fabrics absorb heat at 2534℃ and release heat at 1025℃. The measured highest enthalpy of the non-woven is approximately 18J/g. During a heating process, heat flux of the non-woven fabrics is composed of three parts: heat absorbed by the cold textile touching the hot plate, heat transmitted from the hot plate to the cold plate, and the heat absorbed by PCM from the hot plate during the phase change process. The measured maximum inner temperature difference in a temperature rising process between the wool felt and the thermo-regulated non-woven fabric is approximately 8℃. The inner temperature difference (Tr-Ts>0) lasts 1645 min. By contrary, the measured maximum inner temperature difference in the temperature decreasing process is approximately-6.5℃. The inner temperature difference (Tr-Ts<0) lasts 1650 min. The temperature regulation properties are obviously observed.

电动压缩式大温差机组设计实测与分析

本文提出利用电动压缩式大温差供热机组与大温差长距离供热技术相结合的“零碳供热”模式,其适应了电网与热网的运行特性,将两者有机的结合,实现了以“绿色电力”为主的供电模式和以零碳的工业余热为主的供热模式,因此成为“热电协同”的关键设备。经过本文论证,其经济性可以达到热电联产相当的水平,可以大幅降低长输网回水温度从而增加热网的输送能力;而且其回水温度可以很低,结构紧凑,工况限制和空间限制更少。为验证该技术路线的可行性,本文对实际应用于运城市的0.5 MW机组在2020—2022年度两个供热季的运行性能进行了实测与分析。测试结果表明:机组在0~100%运行负荷范围内均能稳定高效运行;仅计算电动压缩式热泵部分的性能时,最小供热COP为6.5,最高供热COP为13.1,全年运行平均供热COP为8.3。热网一次网回水温度最低可以降至比二次网回水温度低33 K,最低回水温度可达15℃;相对燃气锅炉投资回收期为4年。

加氢裂化装置的能量回收及利用

运用夹点技术对加氢裂化装置的换热网络进行优化,利用Aspen Energy Analyzer V 8.4软件模拟换热网络曲线对换热网络的特点进行分析,提出相应的优化方案,并利用Aspen Hysys模拟软件对优化方案进行模拟。结果表明:该换热网络的夹点温度为147.2℃,装置换热网络最小热公用工程用量为7.72 MW,最小冷公用工程用量为8.39 MW,节能潜力仍有6.67 MW;通过采用新增1台换热器E 1(利旧),利用152℃的柴油给45.5℃的冷低分油换热的优化方案,可分别节约热、冷公用工程2.11,0.36 MW,热、冷公用工程节能效率分别为27.34%,4.29%。

供风系统余热再生零气耗吸附式干燥器改进及优化

余热再生零气耗吸附式干燥器是白银有色铜业公司的主要送风设备,循环风机是干燥器的核心部件,循环风机运行状况直接影响到干燥器的露点问题,目前运行的干燥器循环风机为内置结构,设备在运行过程中会容易出现露点飘逸,排气温度高,不易观察和维护检修困难的等技术问题,通过技术改进,将干燥器内置循环风机改造为外置循环风机,可以有效解决相关技术问题。本文通过内外循环风机结构对比及运行效果来探讨对干燥器的改进及优化问题。

高精度钠热管固定点炉及其等温特性

介绍了中国计量科学研究院新研制的两台高精度钠热管固定点炉(SHPF-1、SHPF-2),并测量了其垂直温场.当这两台钠热管固定点炉的炉温分别控制在比铝凝固点低约2℃、3℃时,铝点容器温度计阱底部150 mm范围内温场均匀性分别为15 mK和11 mK,并与国外同类的钠热管固定点炉的技术指标进行比较.此外,分析了影响固定点炉等温性能的因素. Abstract： Two sodium heat-pipe fixed point furnaces (SHPF-1, SHPF-2) developed at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM) are described, and their vertical temperature uniformities are measured. When the temperatures of the these two furnaces are controlled about 2 ℃ and 3 ℃ respectively, below the freezing point of the aluminum, the largest temperature differences did not exceed 15 mK and 11 mK in a distance about 150mm along the reentrant well of the aluminum point cell, respectively. These temperature uniformities are compared with those of foreign similar sodium heat pipe furnaces. Additionally, factors influencing isothermal characteristics of fixed point furnaces are analyzed.

聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃发展过程的特性分析

分析对比了相同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料在有氧和无氧气氛下的升温过程,并对不同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃传播速度进行研究。结果表明:沿着反应进行的方向,分离点的温度越来越低,不同热流条件下的温度分离曲线斜率在实验稳定发展段的变化规律表现得很相似,并在分离点出现后,有氧气氛中的该位置温度在短时间内急剧上升;在阴燃不稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋的速度小于氧化前锋的速度,在稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋速度与氧化前锋速度近乎相等。

纯低温余热发电系统的优化分析

通过建立纯低温余热发电系统的热力学模型,计算分析了过热蒸汽压力、进口烟气温度和节点温差等因素对纯低温余热发电系统发电性能的影响.结果表明:在设计纯低温余热发电系统时,存在一优化过热蒸汽压力,使得纯低温余热发电系统的单位烟气发电功率最大;随着进口烟气温度的升高,系统单位烟气发电功率增大,对应的优化过热蒸汽压力升高;而随着节点温差的增大,系统单位烟气发电功率减小,对应的优化过热蒸汽压力降低.

小温差冷却对大体积混凝土温度应力的影响效应

提出了大体积混凝土采用小温差冷却的方式,以有效降低水管周边混凝土温度梯度,减小温度应力,防止水管周边混凝土早期温度裂缝的产生。为验证小温差冷却的影响效应,本文采用三维有限元热流耦合算法,对传统低温通水冷却和小温差变温通水冷却分别进行了研究。结果表明:传统低温通水冷却水管周边混凝土温度梯度大、温降速率快,混凝土浇筑早期温度应力易超过同期的允许应力;小温差变温通水冷却水管周边混凝土温度梯度小、温降速率慢,改善了水管周边混凝土早期温度应力,避免混凝土因遭受冷却水的冷击而形成早期裂缝。小温差变温通水冷却方式将成为大体积混凝土通水冷却的发展趋势。

空气源热泵在长江流域的气候适宜性研究

为了对空气源热泵技术在长江流域因地制宜的应用提供理论依据,从研究结霜机理出发,同时考虑空气源热泵结霜与气象参数的关系,给出了基于空气干球温度与露点温度的空气源热泵结霜判据。应用该判据,对空气源热泵在长江流域9个城市的气候适宜性进行了研究,结果发现,空气源热泵的气候适宜性有绝对适宜性和相对适宜性之分,绝对适宜性是不同城市应用比较的基础,相对适宜性是单个城市应用的理论依据。并比较分析了本文研究结果与相关文献研究结果的异同之处。

分布式水泵供热系统零压差点与输送功率的关系

为了研究分布式水泵供热系统的水力工况和运行能耗,提出以零压差点作为该系统的水力标志,利用它与热源之间供、回水管段的总阻力损失分析管网中多个零压差点的分布,同时唯一确定了系统循环水泵的配置和压力分布。利用特定工况下的流量-压头图分析了各种循环水泵配置方案的输送功率,说明了零压差点与热媒输送功率的关系,并指出了系统达到需用功率的条件。通过工程实例的分析,定性讨论了若干典型的循环水泵配置方案。

有机朗肯循环热源温度与冷凝温度的影响分析

分析了蒸发器换热过程中热源温度对窄点温差位置的影响，讨论了冷凝温度和热源温度对有机朗肯循环（ORC）系统的影响。随着热源温度的升高，蒸发器窄点温差位置由有机工质蒸发温度处转移到蒸发器有机工质入口温度处。考虑冷却水循环，系统存在最佳冷凝温度，当冷凝温度低于最佳冷凝温度时，净功输出随冷凝温度的降低而急剧下降。给定工况下，最佳冷凝温度随热源温度的增长近似线性升高，热源温度每升高1℃，最佳冷凝温度增长0．035～0．045℃；净功输出随热源温度的升高而增加，上升速度存在转折点，转折发生在热源温度为160．270℃时。

风冷无油涡旋空气压缩机涡盘温度场数值计算

涡盘温度场是变形计算的基础,为了进行温度场的有限元计算,通过压缩区域的划分,把动态的空气压缩过程转换为静态的热通量边界条件,由冷却风测量结果计算得到冷却风换热系数边界条件。假设涡齿温度在展角整个范围线性分布,动、定盘涡齿平均温差为0℃,对涡盘温度场进行了初次计算,在温度场初次计算结果与定盘温度测量值对比以及涡齿几何特点分析的基础上,以涡齿温度线性起始角、动、定盘压缩区域平均温差为调整参数,热通量计算时的动、定盘涡齿温度条件和有限元温度场计算结果误差介于±0.2℃为目标,进行热通量和温度场的迭代计算,得到了与热通量计算时涡齿温度条件、定盘温度测量结果相符的涡盘温度场。

CMIP6全球气候模式对青藏高原中东部地表感热通量模拟能力评估

利用青藏高原(以下简称高原)气象台站常规观测资料、国家青藏高原科学数据中心的青藏高原地气相互作用过程高分辨率(逐小时)综合观测数据集(2005~2016)、国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段(CMIP6)的历史模拟试验数据和卫星辐射资料,定量评估了12个全球气候模式对1979~2014年高原中东部地表感热通量的模拟能力,并对其模拟偏差进行了成因分析。结果表明,CMIP6模式可较好地重现高原地表感热通量的年循环和季节平均的空间分布型,但数值较计算感热通量偏低,主要表现为对感热通量大值区严重低估。区域平均而言,12个模式模拟的春季高原中东部感热通量的时间演变序列整体较计算感热通量偏低,其中偏差最大的模式为MIROC6,其多年均值仅为计算值的1/3左右。进一步分析发现多模式模拟的春季高原10 m高度处风速和地气温差分别偏强和偏弱,说明CMIP6模拟的春季高原感热通量偏低可主要归因于地气温差的模拟冷偏差。地气温差的模拟冷偏差在高原中东部地区普遍存在,且地表温度和空气温度均存在明显冷偏差,尤其地表温度偏差更大,这很大程度上可能与CMIP6多模式模拟的春季高原降水偏强有关。