Single-phase-to-ground fault protection based on zero-sequence current ratio coefficient for low-resistance grounding distribution network

Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.

Zero-sequence Current Suppressing Strategy for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Connected with Single Neutral Point

Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.

Zero-Sequence Current Suppression Strategy for Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Model Predictive Control

Compared with the traditional three-phase star connection winding,the open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor(OW-PMSM)system with a common direct current(DC)bus has a zero-sequence circuit,which makes the common-mode voltage and the back electromotive force(EMF)harmonic generated by the inverters produce the zero-sequence current in the zero-sequence circuit,and the zero-sequence current has great influence on the operation efficiency and stability of the motor control system.A zero-sequence current suppression strategy is presented based on model predictive current control for OW-PMSM.Through the mathematical model of OW-PMSM to establish the predictive model and the zero-sequence circuit model,the common-mode voltage under different voltage vector combinations is fully considered during vector selection and action time calculation.Then zero-sequence loop constraints are established,so as to suppress the zero-sequence current.In the end,the control strategy proposed in this paper is verified by simulation experiments.

Comparison of the Development of CDMO at Home and Abroad and Its Enlightment to China

Objective To analyze the development status of contract development manufacturing organization(CDMO)at home and abroad,and to make some suggestions for the development of CDMO in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and reviewed,and the development status of CDMOs in the United States,France,Japan and China was compared from the aspects of market scale,development process,development focus,advantages and disadvantages,and policy support.Then,some suggestions for the development of CDMO enterprises in China were summarized.Results and Conclusion Through the comparison of CDMO development at home and abroad,it can be seen that China started CDMO late,there were many technical barriers and its globalization layout were not sufficient.However,the development trend was good and it focused on the field of chemical drugs and biological drugs to constantly develop innovative drugs.China needs to continuously improve its own technical capabilities to carry out innovative research.Therefore,cost reduction and efficiency increase will be the key elements for the development of CDMOs,and they are expected to have a rapid and comprehensive development in the future.

交流小电流校准装置研究

在交流电流测试领域,交流小电流的校准溯源一直是该领域的难点。归纳分析了目前研究和生产领域常用的测试方法,并分析了各自的优劣势,提出了一种基于交流电流比较仪的新方法,将交流小电流溯源到mA级较大交流电流,并设计了校准装置,将交流电流测量能力扩展到1μA(10 Hz~10 kHz),准确度达到0.05%。

基于负序量排序及5G通信的主动配电网有界面保护原理

针对大量分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)接入配电网对传统保护带来的新挑战,提出了一种基于负序量排序与5G通信相结合的配电网有界面保护原理。为实现保护范围的有界及灵活配置,并应对极端工况下的主判据失效问题,设计了一种免整定的实测-补偿电压幅值比较判据。在信息交互方面,结合配电网通信特点,提出了带时标的5G通信方式,进一步降低了所提保护对同步通信的要求。仿真结果表明,对于带不可测分支的线路,所提判据均可成功应用,并且不依赖于数据同步通信。相较于传统三段式电流保护,保护新方案能够大大提升配电网的故障切除速度,保证故障极限响应时间均在90 ms以内。在数十欧姆的相间弧光过渡电阻和接地电阻的情形下,该方案仍能具有良好的故障辨识能力。相比于幅值差动保护,所提保护具有对不可测分支更强的适应性和动作稳定性。

中日高等教育改革与创新的比较研究及对中国高等教育改革的启示

该文旨在比较分析中日两国高等教育改革与创新的发展历程、政策与制度、成果和问题等方面,并在此基础上对中国高等教育改革与创新提出建议。首先,该文简述中日两国高等教育改革与创新的历史背景和现状,阐述本研究的研究目的、方法、意义和启示。接着,从历史发展、现状对比、政策制度、成果问题、共性差异五个方面对中日两国高等教育进行详细对比分析。然后,该文从国家层面、教育制度层面、教育管理层面和教育教学层面四个层面提出建议。最后,该文在结束语中指出,中日两国在高等教育改革与创新方面均取得重要进展和经验,但也面临一些共性和个性的问题和挑战,中国应在吸收借鉴国际经验的同时,积极探索适合本国国情的高等教育改革与创新之路。

基于双频法和漏电流比较法的综合选线技术

针对双频法在实船运用中暴露出来的问题,论文提出了一种综合了双频法和漏电流比较法的选线策略,分析了各支路在不同频率的低频信号下的漏电流关系并应用于双频法无法解决的小电阻接地选线问题,分析了各支路漏电流大小排序与对地电容大小排序间的关系并应用于双频法无法解决的大电阻接地选线问题,当接地电阻处于双频法的可测范围内时仍然使用双频法测支路绝缘电阻的方法进行选线。通过Matlab/Simulink平台的仿真计算表明,该综合选线技术是可行的。

一种基极电流补偿的基准电流源与过温保护电路设计

阐述基于HHNEC 0.18μm BCD工艺,设计并实现一种具有高阶温度补偿的带隙基准电流源。该设计使用双极性晶体管基极电流进行温度补偿,并且不包含运放,精简电路结构的同时在较宽温度范围内均有较为精确的输出。利用电流比较实现带有温度迟滞的过温保护功能,防止热震荡产生的同时保证了芯片工作的稳定性。

一种过流与过压保护电路的设计方法

根据机载电台电源设计要求,为避免在负载过流或过压时损坏,提升电路可靠性,需对电源部分增加保护功能。本文设计了一种具有过流与过压保护功能的电路方案,硬件部分由电流转换电路、跟随电路、迟滞比较电路、驱动电路组成。软件部分由FPGA实现软滤波保护功能。与传统保护功能相比,实现了发生故障时自动控制关断和恢复功能,使机载电台电源的设计得到了提升,满足了过流、过压使用要求,降低了因过流或过压导致负载损坏风险。

基于数字比较法的宽频标准电流互感器溯源技术研究

对于宽频标准电流互感器的校准,在50 Hz附近的频段通常采用测差的方法,而在低至5 Hz高至2.5 kHz的频率下,由于标准器大都采用磁通门传感器的原理,无法与被检互感器的变比一一对应,因此必须采用同步采样的数字比较方法,文中通过对同轴分流器的宽频特性分析,设计了一种适合同轴分流器自校准的宽频互感器校验仪,以此完成对宽频标准电流互感器的误差校准,并采用多功能校准源与高精度数字万用表的配合实现分流器的校准和溯源。文章提供了完善的校准方案和详实的测试数据,并对各环节的校准不确定度进行了科学的分析,论证了校准方法的合理性和准确性,本方法对目前正在运行的某省电力公司20 Hz示范性电网的计量工作有很大的实用意义。

中国制度型开放建设的现状成效、核心要素及国际比较

制度型开放是中国推进新一轮高水平对外开放的重要组成部分。新发展格局下,中国对外贸易体系不断创新,资本市场开放稳步推进,制度型开放取得了显著成就。制度型开放的核心要素在于开放透明的法律体系、高效公正的行政治理、创新对外贸易体系、资本市场稳步开放和法律法规的完善。国际上,美国的制度型开放基本遵循国内规则直接向多边层面扩张的路径;日韩两国的特色在于积极主动地与国际标准接轨;欧盟内部推行单一市场政策,商品、服务、人员和资本能够自由流动;不同国家的成功经验与教训对我国在设计和实施自身开放策略时具有重要的借鉴意义,我国同其他新兴市场国家在制度型开放道路上做出了有益探索。

多普勒流速剖面仪走航式湖上比测试验研究

根据声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)流速测量原理,提出一种ADCP走航式湖上比测试验方法,采用高精度GPS定位计算的底跟踪速度作为流速基准,对同组相同型号ADCP测量流速的稳定性与一致性进行比较,并定量比较不同工作频率ADCP测量流速数据与GPS航速数据的差异性,分析低频ADCP湖上测流受回波信号影响较大的原因,为后续开展ADCP便捷式湖上比测试验提供参考。

中欧铁路交流牵引电流回流接地标准对比研究

回流接地系统在电气化铁路中具有重要的安全意义,为明确中、欧铁路回流接地标准的差异,推动我国标准国际化工作开展,对中、欧铁路交流牵引电流回流接地的安全接地设计、低压设备防护等标准进行对比研究。经总结对比得出,回流接地系统的基本原则保持一致,技术细节上存在差异,建议结合我国国情深入研究回流接地系统以完善优化标准,并积极参与标准国际化工作。

Evaluation of Mid-Depth Currents of NCEP Reanalysis Data in the Tropical Pacific Using ARGO Float Position Information

The global project of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography （ARGO） provides a unique opportunity to observe the absolute velocity in mid-depths of the world oceans. A total of 1597 velocity vectors at 1000 （2000） db in the tropical Pacific derived from the ARGO float position information during the period November 2001 to October 2004 are used to evaluate the intermediate currents of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis. To derive reliable velocity information from ARGO float trajectory points, a rigorous quality control scheme is applied, and by virtue of a correction method for reducing the drift error on the surface in obtaining the velocity vectors, their relative errors are less than 25%. Based on the comparisons from the quantitative velocity vectors and from the space-time average currents, some substantial discrepancies are revealed. The first is that the velocities of the reanalysis at mid-depths except near the equator are underestimated relative to the observed velocities by the floats. The average speed difference between NCEP and ARGO values ranges from about -2.3cm s^-1 to -1.8 cm s^-1. The second is that the velocity difference between the ocean model and the observations at 2000 dB seems smaller than that at 1000 dB. The third is that the zonal flow in the reanalysis is too dominant so that some eddies could not be simulated, such as the cyclonic eddy to the east of 160°E between 20°N and 30°N at 2000 dB. In addition, it is noticeable that many floats parking at 1000 dB cannot acquire credible mid-depth velocities due to the time information of their end of ascent （start of descent） on the surface in the trajectory files. Thus, relying on default times of parking, descent and ascent in the metadata files gravely confines their application to measuring mid-depth currents.

Comparisons of STRETCH meat grinders based on two different topologies of ICCOS

Inductive energy storage systems （IES）require opening switches which are technically much more difficult to realize than closing switches. Institute of Advanced Technology （ IAT ） puts forward a meat grinder with an inductive pulse power topology called slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid （STRETCH）. In this topology, an integrated gate-commutated thyristor （IGCT） is capable of breaking the charging currents on the order of 4 kA, and it may encounter difficulties in expanding to higher energy systems. German-French Institute of Saint Louis （ISL） has developed a high-power opening switch based on standard high-power thyristors by using their so-called inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices （ICCOS） countercurrent commutation principle. Two topologies of the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS are analyzed. And they are compared based on the voltage across the main switch, the current multiplication factor and other aspects by u- sing Matlab simulations. The advantages and disadvantages of the two topologies are shown through the comparisons. Therefore a more suitable topology can be chosen for realistic applications accord- ing to their performances.

Study on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in Beijing City

In recent years,the construction of rural sewage treatment in Beijing City has developed rapidly,but there are still many problems in some rural domestic sewage treatment. In this paper,the current situation of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City is combed,and its characteristics are summarized. Meanwhile,the current situation of rural domestic sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province,Hunan Province and Shandong Province is summarized by consulting relevant data. By comparing with current situation of rural domestic sewage treatment in Beijing City,it is found that there are some problems in the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City,such as unsuitable treatment mode,unreasonable discharge requirements and inadequate treatment technology. Therefore,some countermeasures and suggestions are proposed,such as strengthening the investigation,research and planning,and differential formulation of the sewage treatment discharge standards,and establishing modular treatment technology system. It is hoped that this paper will be helpful to the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City.

舟山海域高频地波雷达表层流探测试验

2015年4月7-30日,在浙江省舟山近海海域开展了“嵊山-朱家尖”小型阵列变频高频地波雷达系统的海上比测试验,通过雷达观测数据与定点ADCP海流资料的比对检验了地波雷达表层流探测性能。径向流比对结果显示,测点与雷达法向夹角越小,距离雷达距离越近,径向流比测结果越好,雷达探测的结果越可靠。嵊山站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为7.98 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.34 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.89,朱家尖站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为6.24 cm/s,平均均方根误差为12.36 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.81。根据矢量流比对结果显示,矢量流速与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为4.82 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.03 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.44。设置在嵊山、朱家尖两个雷达站双站探测的核心区域(两个雷达站连线的中垂线上,并且与两个雷达站构成一个近似直角三角形)的站点比测结果更加理想,当流速大于0.25 m/s时,对于核心区域平均后的流向均方根误差为24.9°。

阿育吠陀国际化、标准化现状及与中医药的比较

阿育吠陀是印度有代表性的传统医学,近年其国际化及标准化发展迅速,与中医药学的交集日益增多,但是国内相关研究很少。通过分析印度政府、世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际标准化组织(ISO)相关文件,从与WHO合作、被其他国家认可、政府间国际平台推广及国际研究教育合作方面分析阿育吠陀在国际社会的推广应用情况,并从标准发布机构入手分析其国内标准化情况,同时与中医药在WHO和ISO国际标准化情况进行比较,为中医药学的相关领域发展提供参考与借鉴。