《康輶纪行》所载“本事”刍议

《康輶纪行》不仅是一部游记散文著作,也是一部关注域外、研究康藏史料的重要著作,该书详细记载了乍雅两呼图克图相争之事的始末,以及地方道里远近、山川、风俗,详考西洋欧罗巴各国方域情事、诸教源流,尤其对西藏地区及周边各国进行了详细考察研究,但该书的“本事”有显与隐之分。通过对鸦片战争后的时代背景、姚莹给友人的书信、处理乍雅纠纷的态度、以及后世文人对其忧国忧世情怀的赞誉等方面分析,可知其“真本事”在于寄寓治理边疆策略、启天下读书人关注夷情、抵御外侵和巩固边防的救国理念。

The Elaboration of Horse Meat Products Technology

In Kazakhstan, production of meat has traditionally been considered one of the main priorities in agriculture. In this case the main national source of traditional raw meat materials is lamb and horse meat. The solution of a food problem about providing the population of the country with high-grade food protein, expansion of the range of food, increase of their biological and food value, and also creation of products meeting the requirements of a healthy food of the population, are actual problems of modem society. One of the available ways to solve these problems is the development of technology for production of various products combined with physico-biological technologies. In this regard, particular interest is creation of the combination of meat and vegetable raw materials. The aim is to develop the technology of molded meat product with the use of plant materials.

清朝中后期在呼图克图辖地的治理——以乍丫地区为例

清朝时期的察木多、乍丫(今察雅县)、类乌齐呼图克图辖地,位于今天中国川、藏、青交界地区。清朝时期这里远离内地,清廷鞭长莫及,又非达赖喇嘛属地,但战略要地意义显而易见。除宗教上与达赖喇嘛有关联外,此三地呼图克图与川边土司并无二样,且对辖地民众的控制较土司更为直接,不需要与世俗政权合作即可直接"控制"百姓。文章以清朝中后期的乍丫争斗事件和川边改土归流,剖析清廷在乍丫呼图克图辖地治理方式和手段,呈现一个较为接近历史真实的呼图克图辖概况。