Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Blood Cortisol and ACTH Concentrations,Cerebrum Cortex NO Synthase Activity in Rat

The effects of zinc deficiency on the serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration,and the cerebrum nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rats were studied.Growing rats were allotted to three groups,which were zinc deficiency (ZD),paired fed (PF) and zinc supplementation after feeding zinc deficient food for 21 days (ZS).The duration of feed test was 35 days.Compared with PF rats,serum cortisol concentration in ZD ones was significantly increased,whereas serum ACTH concentration and cerebrum NOS activity were significantly decreased.The results suggested that zinc might influence the metabolism of hypothalamic hypophysial adrenocortical axis and NOS.

Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Plant Growth and Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Maize (Zea mays L.)

The combinative effects of applied zinc （Zn） and soil moisture on the plant growth, Zn uptake, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in maize （Zea mays L.） plants were examined through two pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Maize variety Zhongdan 9409 was used. In experiment 1, maize plants were grown in cumulic cinnamon soil with five Zn treatments （0, 3.0, 9.0, 27.0, and 81.0 mg Zn kg^-1 soil）. Three treatments of soil moisture including serious drought, mild drought, and adequate water supply were set at 30-35%, 40-45%, and 70-75% （w/w） of soil saturated water content, respectively. Soil saturated water content was 36% （w/w）. The dry matter weights of shoots were enhanced by Zn application and adequate water supply. There was no apparent difference in plant growth among Zn application rates from 3.0 to 81.0 mg Zn kg^-1 soil. The increases of plant growth and Zn uptake due to Zn application were found more significant under well-watered condition than under drying condition. In experiment 2, two levels of Zn （0 and 5.0 mg Zn kg^-1 soil） and soil moisture regimen （40-45% and 70-75% of soil saturated water content, respectively） were set. Zn deficiency or water stress resulted in higher concentrations of O2^- and malondiadehyde in the first fully expanded leaves. Zn deficiency lowered the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1） in leaves. Drought stress increased SOD activity in leaves regardless of Zn supply. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase （POD, ECI.11.1.11） was found to be enhanced by Zn supply only in well-watered leaves. Zinc deficiency or water stress had little effect on the activity of catalase （CAT, EC 1.11.1.6）. The higher ROS level in early maize leaves due to water stress seemed not to be alleviated or lowered partially by Zn application. However, Zn fertilizer was recommended to apply to maize plants irrigated or supplied with adequate water, otherwise Zn deficiency would reduce the water use for plant biomass production.

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Using drug from mathematical perceptive

Entry of acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus into the host immune cell involves the participation of various components of host and viral cell unit. These components may be categorized as attachment of the viral surface envelope protein subunit, gp120, to the CD4+ receptor and chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, present on T cell surface. The viral fusion protein, gp41, the second cleaved subunit of Env undergoes reconfiguration and the membrane fusion reaction itself. Since the CD4+ T cell population is actively involved; the ultimate outcome of human immunodeficiency virus infection is total collapse of the host immune system. Mathematical modeling of the stages in viral membrane protein-host cell receptor-coreceptor interaction and the effect of antibody vaccine on the viral entry into the susceptible host cell has been carried out using as impulsive differential equations. We have studied the effect of antibody vaccination and determined analytically the threshold value of drug dosage and dosing interval for optimum levels of infection. We have also investigated the effect of perfect adherence of drug dose on the immune cell count in extreme cases and observed that systematic drug dosage of the immune cells leads to longer and improved lives.

Severe serous cavity bleeding caused by acquired factor V deficiency associated with lymphatic leakage in a hemodialysis patient: A case report

BACKGROUND Acquired factor V deficiency is a rare secondary hemorrhagic disease,which can lead to a severe bleeding disorder.CASE SUMMARY We report a 47-year-old hemodialysis patient who presented with severe hemorrhagic pleural effusion and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion associated with lymphatic leakage.The laboratory examination revealed decreased factor V activity (2% of population average value).With decreased lymphatic leakage,factor V activity increased (to 46%).Lymph drainage correlated with prothrombin time and active partial thrombin time.The cause of the disease favored an acquired disease.The common causes which trigger factor V inhibitors were excluded.An inhibitor was not detected.It is possible that there was a clotting factor inhibitor leaking with the lymph in the drainage.Inhibitor production may be due to immune dysfunction caused by persistent lymphatic drainage,or that coagulation inhibitors were produced,drained with the lymph,and partly cleared by hemodialysis.CONCLUSION In this case,we have firstly reported factor V deficiency associated with lymphatic leakage in a hemodialysis patient.

Treatment of zinc deficiency without zinc fortification

Zinc(Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s.In this paper,progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals,phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn,and role of phytase in healing Zn deficiency of animals were reviewed.Several studies demonstrated that Zn is recycled via the pancreas;the problem of Zn deficiency was controlled by Zn homeostasis.The endogenous secretion of Zn is considered as an important factor influencing Zn deficiency,and the critical molar ratio is 10.Phytate(inositol hexaphosphate) constituted up to 90% of the organically bound phosphorus in seeds.Great improvement has been made in recent years on isolating and measuring phytate,and its structure is clear.Phytate is considered to reduce Zn bioavailability in animal.Phytase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytate and is present in yeast,rye bran,wheat bran,barley,triticale,and many bacteria and fungi.Zinc nutrition and bioavailability can be enhanced by addition of phytase to animal feeds.Therefore,using phytase as supplements,the most prevalent Zn deficiency in animals may be effectively corrected without the mining and smelting of several tons of zinc daily needed to correct this deficiency by fortification worldwide.

Acquired coagulation dysfunction resulting from vitamin Kdependent coagulation factor deficiency associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A case report

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with the main clinical feature of progressive joint synovial inflammation,which can lead to joint deformities as well as disability.RA often causes damage to multiple organs and systems within the body,including the blood hemostasis system.Few reports have focused on acquired coagulation dysfunction resulting from vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency associated with RA.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old woman with a history of RA presented to our hospital,complaining of painless gross hematuria for 2 wk.Blood coagulation function tests showed increased prothrombin time,international normalized ratio,and activated partial thromboplastin time.Abnormal blood coagulation factor(F)activity was detected(FII,7.0%;FV,122.0%;and FX,6.0%),indicating vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency.Thromboelastography and an activated partial thromboplastin time mixed correction experiment also suggested decreased coagulation factor activity.Clinically,the patient was initially diagnosed with hematuria,RA,and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency.The patient received daily intravenous administration of vitamin K120 mg,etamsylate 3 g,and vitamin C 3000 mg for 10 d.Concurrently,oral leflunomide tablets and prednisone were administered for treatment of RA.After the treatment,the patient's symptoms improved markedly and she was discharged on day 12.There were no hemorrhagic events during 18 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION RA can result in vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency,which leads to acquired coagulation dysfunction.Vitamin K1 supplementation has an obvious effect on coagulation dysfunction under these circumstances.

Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on esophageal squamous cell proliferation and the mechanisms involved

BACKGROUND Dietary zinc deficiency has been shown to be associated with the development of esophageal cancer in humans,but the exact mechanism of action is not known AIM To observe the effects of dietary zinc deficiency on esophageal squamous cell proliferation.METHODS Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups:A zinc-sufficient(ZS)group,zinc-deficient(ZD)group,and zinc-replenished(ZR)group.For weeks 1–10,zinc levels in the mice diets were 30.66–30.89 mg/kg in the ZS group and 0.66–0.89 mg/kg in the ZD and ZR groups.During weeks 10–12,the ZR group was switched to the ZS diet;the other two groups had no changes in their diets.Changes in body weight,serum,and esophageal tissue zinc concentrations were assessed as well as differences in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),mitogen-activated protein kinase p38(p38MAPK),nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)p105,NF-κB p65,and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 proteins in the esophageal mucosa.RESULTS The body weight and zinc concentration in the serum and esophageal mucosa were significantly lower in the ZD and ZR groups than in the ZS group(P<0.05).In ZD mice,there was a marked proliferation of basal cells in the esophageal mucosa,resulting in a disturbance in the arrangement of basal cells in layers 2–4,a thickening of the squamous layer,and a significant increase in the expression of the above-mentioned five proteins involved in proliferation and inflammation in the esophageal mucosa.Two weeks after switching to the ZS diet,the serum zinc concentration in the ZR group increased,and the expression of PCNA,NF-κB p105,and COX-2 decreased,but the concentration of zinc in the esophageal mucosa and the structure of the esophageal mucosa did not display any significant changes CONCLUSION The ZD diet decreased the growth rate and promoted the proliferation of esophageal squamous cells in mice.The mechanism of proliferation was related to the induced overexpression of COX-2,P38,PCNA,and NF-κB(p105 and p65),and the ZR diet reduced the expression of PCNA,NF-κB p105,and COX-2,thereby reversing this process.

Analysis on Characteristics of Typical Syndromes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Based on the Feature Selection Method

Objective:To discover the population characteristics of the syndrome types of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.Methods:Data mining method for feature selection was used.Results:Main symptoms based on feature selection are as follows,deficiency of both qi and blood(pale complexion,fear of cold,easy to catch a cold,pale tongue,weak pulse);liver depression and qi stagnation with effulgent fire(anxiety,insomnia,chest and hypochondrium,irregular menstruation,thin and whitish coating on the tongue,stringy pulse);dual deficiency of qi and yin(low-grade fever and night sweating,yellow urine,pale complexion,dysphoria with feverish sensation in chest,dry cough with less phlegm,weakness,dizziness,dry and red tongue,little coating,thread and rapid pulse);deficiency of spleen and kidney,dampness pathogen blockage(diarrhea,loose stool,eat less and abdominal nausea,abdominal pain,sallow complexion,nausea,vomiting,loss of hair,deafness and tinnitus,pale tongue with whitish coating,deep and thready pulse,slippery and rapid pulse);qi deficiency with blood stasis(weakness,spontaneous sweating,dry mouth without desire to drink,easy to catch a cold,shortness of breath,sallow complexion,eat less and loose stools,dim tongue quality,hesitant pulse).Conclusion:Based on the feature selection method,we can find the main characteristics of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,and provide objective reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Improvement in human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients' well-being following administration of “Phyto V7”

AIM:To corroborate the capacity of Phyto V7,a complex of phytochemicals,to improve the physical well-being of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1) infected and acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) patients not undergoing antiretroviral treatment.METHODS:Two hundred and thirty nine HIV-1 seropositive male and female voluntary inmates were recruited through the Uruguay National Program of AIDS.The study participants received for 90 consecutive days every eight hours two tablets(760 mg/each) of Phyto V7,containing a mix of the following phytochemicals:flavonols(Kaempferol,Quercetin),flavones(Apigenin,Luteolin),hydroxycinnamic acids(ferrulic acid),carotenoids(Lutein,Lycopene,Beta carotene) and organosulfur compounds,all from vegetal origin.The participants did not receive any antiretroviral treatment during the study.At days 0,30,60 and 90(± 2 d) the participants were evaluated for body mass index(BMI),tolerance to Phyto V7 and Index of Quality of Life based on the Karfnosky scale.ANOVA,Tukey Post-test,χ2 test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used to analyze the effect of treatment.RESULTS:One hundred and nighty nine study participants finished the study.Already after 30 d of Phyto V7 consumption,the weight,BMI and Karnofsky score statistically significantly improved(P < 0.001),and continued to improve until the end of the study.The mean weight gain per participant during the 90 d wasof 1.21 kg(approximately 2% of body weight).The overall increase in the mean Karnofsky score after 90 d was 14.08%.The lower the BMI and Karnofsky score of the participants were at the beginning of the study,the more notorious was the improvement over time.For example,the mean increment of Index of Quality of Life,among the participants with an initial Karnofsky score of 5 or below(n = 33) from day 0 to day 90,was of 35.67%(0.476 ± 0.044 vs 0.645 ± 0.09; P < 0.001).The tolerability to Phyto V7 was very good and no adverse reactions were recorded or reported.CONCLUSION:Administration of the Phyto V7 can be an important tool to improve the well-being of HIV-1 seropositive individuals and AIDS patients,not undergoing antiretroviral treatment.

Identification of Potential Zinc Deficiency Responsive Genes and Regulatory Pathways in Rice by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis

Zinc(Zn)malnutrition is a major public health issue.Genetic biofortification of Zn in rice grain can alleviate global Zn malnutrition.Therefore,elucidating the genetic mechanisms regulating Zn deprivation response in rice is essential to identify elite genes useful for breeding high grain Zn rice varieties.Here,a meta-analysis of previous RNA-Seq studies involving Zn deficient conditions was conducted using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)and other in silico prediction tools to identify modules(denoting cluster of genes with related expression pattern)of co-expressed genes,modular genes which are conserved differentially expressed genes(DEGs)across independent RNA-Seq studies,and the molecular pathways of the conserved modular DEGs.WGCNA identified 16 modules of co-expressed genes.Twenty-eight and five modular DEGs were conserved in leaf and crown,and root tissues across two independent RNA-Seq studies.Functional enrichment analysis showed that 24 of the 28 conserved modular DEGs from leaf and crown tissues significantly up-regulated 2 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways and 15 Gene Ontology(GO)terms,including the substrate-specific transmembrane transporter and the small molecule metabolic process.Further,the well-studied transcription factors(OsWOX11 and OsbHLH120),protein kinase(OsCDPK20 and OsMPK17),and miRNAs(OSA-MIR397A and OSA-MIR397B)were predicted to target some of the identified conserved modular DEGs.Out of the 24 conserved and up-regulated modular DEGs,19 were yet to be experimentally validated as Zn deficiency responsive genes.Findings from this study provide a comprehensive insight on the molecular mechanisms of Zn deficiency response and may facilitate gene and pathway prioritization for improving Zn use efficiency and Zn biofortification in rice.

Novel Sources of aus Rice for Zinc Deficiency Tolerance Identified Through Association Analysis Using High-Density SNP Array

Zinc （Zn） deficiency is a major soil constraint limiting rice crop growth and yield, yet the genetic control of tolerance mechanisms is still poorly understood. Here, we presented promising loci and candidate genes conferring tolerance to Zn deficiency and identified through association analysis using a 365 K single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） marker array in a diverse aus （semi-wild type rice） panel. Tolerant accessions exhibited higher growth rate with relatively rare stress symptoms. Two loci on chromosomes 7 and 9 were strongly associated with plant vigor under Zn deficiency at a peak-stress stage. Based on previous microarray data from the same experimental plots, we highlighted four candidate genes whose expressions were accompanied by significant genotype and/or environment effects under Zn deficiency. Network-gene ontology supported known tolerance mechanisms, such as ascorbic acid pathway, and also suggested the importance of photosynthesis genes to overcome Zn deficiency symptoms.

Investigation of perceived stigma among people living with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Henan Province, China

Purpose:To investigate the level of and factors influencing perceived stigma and discrimination among people living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(PLWHA)in Henan Province.Methods:In total,161 PLWHA from Zhengzhou and Zhenping were investigated using the Berger HIV stigma scale.Results:The mean Berger stigma scale score was 105.70±15.20,indicating a middle stigma level.Among the four subscales of the Berger stigma scale,the disclosure concerns score was highest,while the negative self-image score was lowest.Multivariate analyses showed that factors influencing perceived HIV stigma included the level of education and route of infection.Conclusion:The level of perceived HIV stigma and discrimination among PLWHA in Henan Province is moderate and was affected by the level of education and route of infection.Special intervention should be established to address this problem.

Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Deficiency in Rat Osteoblast:Possible Involvement of Protein Kinase C

Ra ostcobasts were isolated from the 21-day fetal rat calvchas. The cells were grown in DMEM Plus 10% FBS, and were treated for 24 h. with 10 μmol/L TPEN or 10 μmol/L TPEN supplemented with 10 μmol/L Zn2+. Apoptosis of osteoblasts were measured by fiow cytometry, electron microscopy and DNA fragmentation analyzed by gel elecmphoresis. In addition, IP3 production and PKC activity were measmed in ordr to show whether they are involved in apoptosis in osteoblast induced by alnc deficiency. The results showed that 10 μmol/L TPEN could induce apoptosis in osteoblast in 24 h. But cells ed with 10μmol/L TPEN supplemented with 10 μmol/L Zn2+ showed no apoptotic changs in 24 h. TPEN significantly reduced the formation of IP3 and PKC activity after 24 h incubation. No differences were observed between the cells treated with TPEN supPlemented with Zn2+ simulaneosly and the untreated cells. It can be inferred that apoptosis induced by ainc deficiency may be due to the decreased activity of PKC which is impaired by reduced formation of IP3.

Bilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusions Combined with Artery Occlusions in A Patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Purpose: This is the first report of a bilateral nonischemic central retinal vein occlusionscombined with artery occlusions in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). Methods: Case report. Results: A 22-year-old Chinese(male) with a positive human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection developed bilateral nonischemic central retinal vein occlusions combinedwith artery occlusions and severe vision loss. The manifestations of the fundus andfluorescein angiography were similar in both eyes.Conclusion: This case report provides the evidences that central retinal vein and arteryocclusions are probably part of the spectrum of AIDS vascular diseases.

Effects of zinc deficiency on development and metabolism of the liver in rats

Rat model of zinc deficiency (ZD) was established to investigate the effects of ZD on the development and metabolism of the liver. It was found that (1) The weight, index and cell size of the liver were significantly lower in ZD group than in pair-fed (PF) group (P <0. 01 ); (2) The contents of DNA, nitrogen and protein in the liver were significantly lower in ZD group than in PF group (P<0.01). The number of the diploid hepatic cells was higher but that of tetraploid cells lower in ZD group than in PF group; (3) In the livex, the content of cAMP and cAMP/cGMP ratio were significantly higher and the content of cGMP lower in ZD group than in PF group; (4) The content of nitric oxide (NO) was significantly lower in the liver in ZD group than in PF group (P<0.01); (5) In the liver, the content of SOD was lower and that of LOP higher in ZD group than in PF group; (6) Obvious degeneration of hepatic cytoplasm was found in ZD group. Our findings suggest that adequate amount of zinc is essential for the development and metabolism of the liver and ZD can decrease cGMP content and suppress hepatocytic proliferation.

Integrated linkage mapping and genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of zinc deficiency tolerance in maize at seedling stage

Zinc(Zn)deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency,affecting yield and quality of crops worldwide.Identifying genes associated with Zn-deficiency tolerance in maize is a basis for elucidating its genetic mechanism.A K22×CI7 recombinant inbred population consisting of 210 lines and an association panel of 508 lines were used to identify genetic loci influencing Zn-deficiency tolerance.Under-Zn and-Zn/CK conditions,15 quantitative trait loci(QTL)were detected,each explaining 5.7%-12.6%of phenotypic variation.Sixty-one significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified at P<10^(-5)by genome-wide association study(GWAS),accounting for 5%-14%of phenotypic variation.Among respectively 198 and 183 candidate genes identified within the QTL regions and the 100-kb regions flanking these significant SNPs,12 were associated with Zn-deficiency tolerance.Among these candidate genes,four genes associated with hormone signaling in response to Zn-deficiency stress were co-localized with QTL or SNPs,including the genes involved in the auxin(ZmARF7),and ethylene(ZmETR5,ZmESR14,and ZmEIN2)signaling pathways.Three candidate genes were identified as being responsible for Zn transport,including ZmNAS3 detected by GWAS,ZmVIT and ZmYSL11 detected by QTL mapping.Expression of ZmYSL11 was up-regulated in Zn-deficient shoots.Four candidate genes that displayed different expression patterns in response to Zn deficiency were detected in the regions overlapping peak GWAS signals,and the haplotypes for each candidate gene were further analyzed.

Unified-Planning,Graded-Administration,and Centralized-Controlling:A Management Modality for Treating Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome with Chinese Medicine in Henan Province of China

Henan Province in China has a major epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome （HIV/AIDS）. Chinese medicine （CM） has been used throughout the last decade, and a management modality was developed, which can be described by unified-planning, graded- administration, and centralized-controlling （UGC）. The UGC modality has one primary concept （patient-centered medicine from CM theory）, four basic foundations （classifying administrative region, characteristics of CM on disease treatment, health resource conditions, and distribution of patients living with HIV）, six important relationships （the ＂three uniformities and three combinations,＂ and the six relationships therein guide the treatment of AIDS with CM）, and four key sections （management, operation, records, and evaluation）. In this article, the authors introduce the UGC modality, which could be beneficial to developing countries or resource-limited areas for the management of chronic infectious disease.

Immune Reconstitution of Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome （AIDS） is a chronic infectious disease,which the patients are infected with human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）.HIV damages the human＇s immune function and causes CD4 cell decline in the number and function.Immune reconstitution is an important treatment to AIDS.Bone marrow transplantation,adoptive immune cell therapy and cytokines infusion can all assist the immune reconstitution;highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART） can effectively control the virus replication and benefit the immune reconstitution.HAART combined with immunotherapy is an important method of immune reconstitution in AIDS patients.Chinese medicine is playing a more and more important role in immune reconstitution.Immune reconstitution has always been effective in the whole treatment of AIDS.

Meeting Minutes of International Conference on Prevention and Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome with Chinese Medicine

The International Conference on Prevention and Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome （AIDS） with Chinese Medicine （CM） was held in Beijing International Hotel from October 16 to 17, 2010. It was cosponsored by Guang＇anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences （CACMS）, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-Associated Diarrhea: A Protocol for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Diarrhea can occur at an early or advanced stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)as a usual symptom in people with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection.While it is usually not fatal,it can influence patients’quality of life seriously.It has shown to be efficacious and improves people’s immune status to a certain extent to treat HIV/AIDS-related diarrhea on the basis of syndrome differentiation and treatment or Chinese herbs plus conventional treatment.Therefore,it may have a good application potential.Here,we outline a protocol for the systematic review of this health-care intervention,with the aim to evaluate the beneficial effects and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)for patients who suffer from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea.Randomized controlled trials that compare Chinese herbs with placebo or other effective treatments will be searched and included,in spite of publication status or language.The primary outcomes include diarrhea frequency and fecal character.The databases we will search as follows:China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP),Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(Sino Med),Wanfang Data,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Pub Med and the CENTRAL in Cochrane Library.Two authors will respectively conduct the screening of trials,data extraction,and use the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the methodological quality.We will analyze the data and perform a meta-analysis if possible.We intend to identify potential therapeutic modalities that may be of benefit to inform clinical practice by supplying existing evidence of the helpful effects and safety of TCM to treat patients suffering from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea.