Evaluation of excavation damaged zones(EDZs)in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL)

Excavation of underground caverns,such as mountain tunnels and energy-storage caverns,may cause the damages to the surrounding rock as a result of the stress redistribution.In this influenced zone,new cracks and discontinuities are created or propagate in the rock mass.Therefore,it is effective to measure and evaluate the acoustic emission(AE)events generated by the rocks,which is a small elastic vibration,and permeability change.The authors have developed a long-term measurement device that incorporates an optical AE(O-AE)sensor,an optical pore pressure sensor,and an optical temperature sensor in a single multi-optical measurement probe(MOP).Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D activities to enhance the reliability of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological disposal technology.In a high-level radioactive disposal project,one of the challenges is the development of methods for long-term monitoring of rock mass behavior.Therefore,in January 2014,the long-term measurements of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass were launched using the developed MOP in the vicinity of 350 m below the surface at the Horonobe Underground Research Center.The measurement results show that AEs occur frequently up to 1.5 m from the wall during excavation.In addition,hydraulic conductivity increased by 2e4 orders of magnitude.Elastoplastic analysis revealed that the hydraulic behavior of the rock mass affected the pore pressure fluctuations and caused micro-fractures.Based on this,a conceptual model is developed to represent the excavation damaged zone(EDZ),which contributes to the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste.

复杂应力路径下的花岗岩洞室开挖损伤区研究

在储库的建设与运行过程中,复杂的应力路径是控制围岩损伤的主要因素。然而在围岩的损伤区研究中,应力路径仍未得到充分考虑,特别是忽略了主应力轴旋转在围岩损伤中的作用。基于岩石扭剪仪开展岩石主应力轴旋转试验,利用断裂力学理论对裂隙的尖端应力场进行了分析。结果表明,应力旋转会提高裂隙尖端的拉应力以促进裂隙的进一步发育,从而导致岩体强度的降低,且降低幅度与旋转角度呈明显的正相关关系。基于上述结果提出了一种考虑应力旋转的损伤演化表征法,在岩体最大偏应力超过第一次起裂应力后,对主应力轴任意方向的旋转角度进行累加,得到累计有效旋转角度。利用其随深度变化规律实现开挖损伤区(excavation damage zones,简称EDZS)的圈定,同时利用损伤区的最大深度和超过第2次起裂应力的偏应力范围划定剥落区。该方法综合考虑了应力路径中主应力的幅值与旋转角度的变化,更加全面地反映了围岩损伤演化机制,并通过Mine-by隧道数值模型与现场监测数据的对比进行了有效性验证。本研究可以为理解围岩损伤机制和预测围岩损伤范围提供新思路。

开采扰动区(EDZ)内层状围岩变尺度损伤及失稳预计实验及综合分析

在地下开采中常遇到层裂影响围岩力学行为,考虑到安全支护载荷及衍生动力灾害的可能性及工程应用,基于现场工程调查和室内多尺度煤岩动力破坏规律实验观察,建立了物理相似模型,完成了基于声发射(AE)的采空区覆岩变尺度损伤与断裂的模拟实验,对开采扰动区工作面周期来压(4个阶段)、围岩破裂与损伤的声发射特征参数(总事件与能率以及隐含的临界敏感性)等多元信息进行了综合比较,获得了老顶来压强度及支护阻力的定量化指标,这为工程现场EDZ内顶板大范围破断、围岩稳定性、破碎岩体失稳垮落等监测与控制提供依据。

急斜煤层EDZ围岩动态演化规律2D-BLOCK数值追踪模拟

急斜特厚煤层高阶段综放开采中,开采扰动区(Excavation-Disturbed-Zone,EDZ)内顶煤及采空区围岩结构动态演化规律预计是安全开采的关键保障F技术之一。对苇湖梁煤矿+579E2EB1+2急倾斜煤层(64°)高阶段(52m)综放面开采中采空区顶板坍塌现象综合认识,采用2D-BLOCK精细数值模拟程序,建立了相应的离散元数值分析模型,进行动态数值追踪模拟计算,揭示了复杂环境下急斜厚煤层开采形成的采空区坍塌规律,为现场安全开采提供了科学依据。

地下洞室围岩EDZ判别方法及标准

在引入EDZ概念的基础上,推荐采用声波、多点位移计、钻孔电视和声发射4种监测、检测技术方法来确定强、弱EDZ的深度。基于声波测试,通过分析波速-深度曲线特征和计算损伤因子D可以判别围岩EDZ;利用多点位移计和钻孔电视的监测检测成果,通过计算位移(张开量)-深度曲线和各区段的应变量,可以判别围岩EDZ;通过分析AE事件数及其频率的变化规律亦可以确定围岩EDZ深度。与单一指标的定性划分相比,提出的EDZ综合判别方法和判别标准具有客观、综合的特点,可以定性、定量地综合判别EDZ深度。

基于改进XGBoost算法的深部巷道松动圈智能预测研究

深部巷道爆破开挖后由于爆炸冲击和原位应力动态卸载耦合作用,围岩内不可避免地产生松动圈,进而影响结构的稳定性,因此对松动圈厚度进行超前预测显得非常重要。依托多座地下矿山松动圈测试作为研究对象,共获取300组有效数据样本。采用4种主流的超参数优化算法,即遗传算法(GA)、灰狼优化算法(GWO)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)和樽海鞘算法(SSA)对XGBoost算法进行优化,并以此构建4种松动圈预测混合模型。采用R2、RMSE、MAE和MAPE指标对预测模型的性能进行对比分析,并开展松动圈厚度参数的敏感性分析。最后,将最优的PSO-XGBoost模型应用于地下矿山运输巷道进行工程验证。结果表明:在群体规模分别为90、70、60和100时,GA-XGBoost、GWO-XGBoost、PSO-XGBoost和SSA-XGBoost模型取得了最佳的预测表现。其中,PSO-XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中的相关系数分别为0.9244和0.8787,具有最佳的预测性能。相比基准模型(XGBoost、RF、SVM和LightGBM),优化后模型松动圈的预测精度和性能均得到显著提升。巷道当量直径(TD)和围岩地质强度指标(GSI)对松动圈厚度的影响最为显著,垂直主应力也具有明显的影响。优化后的XGBoost模型在实际工程中的应用结果显示实测值与预测值误差在10%以内,PO-XGBoost具有工程应用价值。

Comprehensive assessment on dynamic roof instability under fractured rock mass conditions in the excavation disturbed zone

The damage process of fractured rock mass showed that the fracture in rocks induced roof collapse in Yangchangwan Coal Mine, China. The rock mass was particularly weak and fractured. There occurred 6 large-scale dynamical roof falls in the excavation disturbed zone （EDZ） with the collapsing volume of 216 m^3. First, the field detailed geological environment, regional seismic dynamics, and dynamic instability of roadways were generally investigated. Second, the field multiple-index monitoring measurements for detecting the deep delamination of the roof, convergence deformation, bolt-cable load, acoustic emission （AE） characteristic parameters, total AE events, AE energy-releasing rate, rock mass fracture, and damage were arranged. Finally, according to the time-space-strength relations, a quantitative assessment of the influence of rock-mass damage on the dynamic roof instability was accomplished.

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method (FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks (DFNs) of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.

Predicting excavation damage zone depths in brittle rocks

During the construction of an underground excavation, damage occurs in the surrounding rock mass due in large part to stress changes. While the predicted damage extent impacts profile selection and support design, the depth of damage is a critical aspect for the design of permeability sensitive excavations, such as a deep geological repository(DGR) for nuclear waste. Review of literature regarding the depth of excavation damage zones(EDZs) indicates three zones are common and typically related to stress induced damage. Based on past developments related to brittle damage prediction using continuum modelling, the depth of the EDZs has been examined numerically. One method to capture stress induced damage in conventional engineering software is the damage initiation and spalling limit(DISL) approach. The variability of depths predicted using the DISL approach has been evaluated and guidelines are suggested for determining the depth of the EDZs around circular excavations in brittle rock masses. Of the inputs evaluated, it was found that the tensile strength produces the greatest variation in the depth of the EDZs. The results were evaluated statistically to determine the best fit relation between the model inputs and the depth of the EDZs. The best correlation and least variation were found for the outer EDZ and the highly damaged zone(HDZ) showed the greatest variation. Predictive equations for different EDZs have been suggested and the maximum numerical EDZ depths, represented by the 68% prediction interval, agreed well with the empirical evidence. This suggests that the numerical limits can be used for preliminary depth prediction of the EDZs in brittle rock for circular excavations.

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground excavations.Firstly,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading modes.Next,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is discussed.The role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is investigated.The calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale rock.The validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test simulations.Finally,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.

开挖损伤区(EDZ)对核素迁移的影响

随着核电的发展,核电站产生的乏燃料处理处置受到了大众的高度关注。通过对嬗变法、稀释法和隔离法等方法的综合对比,目前,高放废物深地质处置是国内外公认处理核废物的最佳办法。在处置库建造阶段,由于开挖使得围岩中应力重新分布,围岩发生扰动,岩体内部原生裂隙出现扩展、连通,产生新生的微裂隙,岩体的渗透系数变大,这种区域即为开挖损伤区(excavation damaged zone,EDZ)。EDZ位于高放废物处置库工程屏障和远场围岩中间,是放射性核素迁移的重要迁移通道。地下水流经深部围岩裂隙与扰动层破碎带发生水岩反应导致成分发生变化,进而影响高放废物中核素释出速率与迁移参数,需要在地下实验室开挖过程中获取大尺度裂隙围岩及扰动层破碎带,建立核素释出和迁移装置,获得地下水侵入深部围岩裂隙与扰动破碎带导致高放废物核素释出与迁移参数变化规律,对于整个地质处置场的安全评价具有重要意义。研究人员通过实验和计算机软件进行模拟分析发现,EDZ区的裂隙水、Eh-pH、裂隙充填物、裂隙中的胶体以及裂隙中的腐殖酸等,均会对核素迁移产生影响。开展EDZ对高放废物体核素源项释放的影响研究和深部围岩条件下核素迁移行为研究,掌握关键核素在深部地质条件下的释出规律及其在EDZ区域和裂隙中的迁移规律,优化迁移模型,将为地下实验室运行阶段开展核素迁移实验提供技术储备,为我国高放废物处置库场址比选、概念设计和安全评价提供技术支撑和科学依据。

基于围岩应力监测和振动监测的采场稳定性研究

采用自主设计的多功能监测杆对某金属矿采场开挖过程中的围岩稳定性进行实时监测,记录采场回采过程中监测杆长度范围内岩层垂直方向应力变化和围岩振动事件。结果表明,开挖面积增大会导致围岩所受应力和峰值速度呈现上升趋势,反映出围岩内部发生破裂次数增多,围岩稳定性下降,松动圈深度增加。对于采用集中端头锚固式锚杆进行支护的矿山,锚杆长度大于松动圈深度时,能更有效地控制松动圈演化和岩体冒落。该采场完成为期一个月的开采后,岩层沉降使监测杆长度范围内岩层垂直方向应力增加约3.9 MPa,振动事件强度满足我国爆破振动安全许可标准,综合评价围岩稳定性较好。

深埋隧洞TBM开挖损伤区形成与演化过程的数字钻孔摄像观测与分析

以锦屏II级水电站3#引水隧洞为研究对象,通过事先开挖的平行于引水隧洞的2-1#试验支洞,利用数字钻孔摄像技术,对TBM掘进过程中围岩的开挖损伤区进行原位测试。基于对一系列不同时段的360°钻孔全景数字图像的综合分析,给出岩体的结构特性,得到隧洞开挖全过程中围岩裂隙的产生、发展和闭合的演化过程,分析该施工条件下的开挖损伤区范围、裂隙演化与TBM施工的关系,并探讨开挖损伤区的形成和演化机制。研究成果为现场支护设计、支护时机、围岩变形特性和地质资料分析提供直接依据。

地下洞室开挖爆破围岩松动圈的数值分析计算

根据数值计算提出了在地下洞室开挖爆破中,确定围岩松动圈的方法。给出了地下洞室开挖爆破的三维弹塑性损伤有限元计算方法。该方法论述了爆破荷载、重力荷载和开挖荷载的计算、施加以及迭代的方法,可以合理反应爆破对围岩稳定的影响和锚固支护施加的效果;结合岩石松动圈的实测方法,推导了判定围岩开始松动的损伤系数阈值公式,可以结合数值计算得到的洞周围岩损伤系数分布,确定在开挖爆破作用下围岩松动圈的范围。对实际工程的分析计算表明,根据数值计算判定的围岩松动范围与实测松动范围的规律基本一致,量值吻合较好,其结果为地下洞室开挖爆破的围岩松动圈的确定提供了有效的方法。

锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞开挖损伤区特征分析

在高应力条件下,岩体强度和应力之间的尖锐矛盾将导致围岩出现损伤,损伤是不同应力条件下围岩状态的直接体现。利用声波检测和钻孔电视对锦屏二级深埋引水隧洞的一典型断面进行全断面测试,声波测试结果显示,断面上低波速带断面形态呈不对称状,与断面应力分布也并不完全对应。在每个声波钻孔中补充钻孔电视,对破裂发育深度和围岩内部实际构造特征有了更直观的认识。为对损伤区特性进行更加准确的描述,利用FLAC3D计算在洞周不同位置处关键点的应力路径,对关键点的应力状态进行分析。在UDEC泰森多边形离散的基础上增加对于节理的描述,分析节理对损伤区分布的影响,模拟结果表明,节理的存在改变了隧洞开挖后洞周的应力分布,从而导致围岩破损和破坏区域的差异。最后,借助于颗粒流程序PFC对隧洞开挖后围岩的损伤区进行模拟,所揭示出的损伤局部化特征和损伤区、破裂区分布特征与现场实际具有很好的一致性。

基于松动圈–位移增量监测信息的高地应力下洞室群岩体力学参数的智能反分析

考虑到高地应力下洞群围岩力学行为独特性和深部地下工程研究需要,提出大型洞室群岩体参数的智能反演新方法。该方法是采用弹脆塑性本构CWFS模型,以分步开挖引起的松动圈和位移增量监测信息为输入,首先通过参数敏感性分析确定待反演的参数,再建立位移增量–松动圈深度的联合适应度函数,用进化神经网络–遗传算法求得待反演参数的数值,并进行后续开挖引起的位移演化的灰色关联度分析和松动圈的实测值与计算值对比对反演结果进行检验的反分析方法。用该方法对具有高地应力特征的拉西瓦水电站花岗岩地下洞室群围岩的力学参数进行了反演,通过地下洞室群的第2～6层开挖引起的位移增量和松动圈的测试值,反演求出相关5个岩体力学参数的值。用反演所得的参数值对第7步开挖引起的位移增量和松动圈变化进行计算分析,结果表明该方法的正确性。

高地应力硬岩矿山诱导致裂非爆连续开采初探——以开阳磷矿为例

在阐述深部金属矿硬岩在高地应力作用下储能特征的基础上,分析随着金属矿山开采深度的不断增加,诱导致裂矿岩非爆连续开采方法实现的可能性。实现非爆连续开采硬岩矿山有2个必要条件:一是高效能采掘设备,二是有发育的岩体节理等结构。高地应力矿区岩体开挖卸载后,应力重分布会造成岩体强度的弱化,不稳定块体增加及地下水渗流条件改善,为机械开采提供了有利条件。通过对开阳磷矿深部磷矿体进行的地质调查和对深部磷矿体矿开展的高应力硬岩矿山非爆开采试验,进一步论证高应力诱导致裂硬岩的可行性。通过诱导工程和测试诱导巷道的松动圈范围,证明卸荷作用下岩体的节理、裂隙迅速扩展,诱导巷道的松动圈范围超出爆破松动区范围;松动圈内矿体可实现高效率机械化开采,从而实现硬岩矿山的非爆连续开采;比较独头掘进和开挖诱导巷道下多自由面掘进的效果,诱导致裂条件下开采效率得到显著提升,而且还改善了块度分布。

爆破循环对围岩松动圈的影响

基于松动圈的现场测试结果,研究声波波速沿孔深的变化规律以及爆破施工对于松动圈的影响。结果表明,波速沿径向逐渐增大,经历一个波峰后又逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。每一循环进尺,测区中都存在强化和弱化区域,分布比较复杂,与爆破前松动圈的大小以及爆破效果密切相关。而爆破循环的累积影响效应表明,弱化带位于裂隙区,其损伤是纵波和横波共同作用的结果;强化带位于应力集中区,主要得益于爆破的震实效应以及碎胀力的挤压。当测孔离掌子面达到一定距离之后,波速虽有小幅的调整但不影响松动圈的形状,应力集中区不会产生偏移,据此得出松动圈测定的原则和时机。沿着隧洞轴线方向,当测点离掌子面一定距离之后,波速趋于稳定,据此给出爆破施工影响范围的确定方法。爆破循环对于围岩松动圈影响范围的确定,可为软岩隧洞的围岩支护以及硬岩隧洞岩爆的防治提供依据。

开采扰动区变尺度采空区覆岩介质动态损伤实验

尝试利用非均匀围岩介质动态损伤声发射(Acoustic Emission,AE)总事件、能率、时间、空间结构参数、变形与应力尺度演化过程,进行不同尺度开采推进形成的采空区围岩介质损伤统计与宏观动力失稳时-空关系对比分析,找出采空区动力失稳预警量化依据.

地下洞室开挖松动圈评估方法研究

采用数值方法分析地下洞室开挖后的岩体塑性开裂区,与实际情况差异较大;主要取决于选择的塑性流动判别准则,因此采用声波测试确定围岩松动圈,界定标准存在一定的模糊性和经验性,实际操作困难也较大。根据围岩松动的主要影响因素,结合实验研究成果,基于施工开挖的声波资料,在统计分析的基础上给出洞室松动圈判别的数学模型。根据监测资料,通过挖掘数据发展的潜在规律,运用监测位移时间和空间上的特性,提出主级松动、松动扩展百分比等新概念。该方法为洞室围岩整体性稳定和围岩松动评判拓展新的思路,并为地下厂房洞室的监测资料分析和开挖质量评估,提供有效方法,同时对其他类似工程也提供一定的借鉴作用。