Mechanism of principal stress rotation and deformation failure behavior induced by excavation in roadways

The failure modes of rock after roadway excavation are diverse and complex.A comprehensive investigation of the internal stress field and the rotation behavior of the stress axis in roadways is essential for elucidating the mechanism of roadway failure.This study aimed to examine the spatial relationship between roadways and stress fields.The law of stress axis rotation under three-dimensional(3D)stress has been extensively studied.A stress model of roadways in the spatial stress field was established,and the far-field stress state at different spatial positions of the roadways was analyzed.A mechanical model of roadways under a 3D stress state was established using far-field stress solutions as boundary conditions.The distribution of principal stressesσ1,σ2 andσ3 around the roadways and the variation of the stress principal axis were solved.It was found that the stability boundary of the stress principal axis exhibits hysteresis when compared with that of the principal stress magnitudes.A numerical analysis model for spatial roadways was established to validate the distribution of principal stress and the mechanism of principal axis rotation.Research has demonstrated that the stress axis undergoes varying degrees of spatial rotation in different orientations and radial depths.Based on the distribution of principal stress and the rotation law of the stress principal axis,the entire evolution mechanism of the two stress adjustments to form the final failure form after roadway excavation has been revealed.The on-site detection results also corroborate the findings presented in this paper.The results provide a basis for the analysis of the failure mechanism under a 3D stress state.

Influence of axial stress on rockburst in deep tunnels: insight from model experiment

Frequent rockburst disasters in deep-buried engineering projects severely impact construction. To explore the influence of axial stress on rockburst in deep-buried tunnels, large-scale true triaxial rockburst experiments were conducted under four different axial stress ratio conditions (ηt, axial loading stress/vertical loading stress) using a self-developed true triaxial loading device under the condition of "pre-loading before excavation". The influence of axial stress on the rockburst process and failure characteristics in deep tunnels was studied using a combination of real-time video monitoring, rockburst debris sieving, and acoustic emission monitoring. The results indicate: (1) all four specimens subjected to different axial stress ratio loading conditions exhibited three stages of macroscopic failure: small particle ejection, flake spalling, and large fragment ejection. Ultimately, "V"-shaped notches appeared on both sides of the tunnel. (2) The failure stress, fragment volume, and fragment size distribution of the rockburst specimens exhibited a clear two-stage failure characteristic with increasing axial stress ratio. In the lower axial stress ratio stage (ηt ≤ 0.7), the increase in the axial stress ratio enhances lateral confinement, thereby increasing the crack initiation strength of the surrounding rock, inhibiting crack formation and propagation, and thus suppressing damage to the surrounding rock of the tunnel. In the higher axial stress ratio stage (ηt > 0.7), the increase in axial stress ratio makes the Poisson effect of the surrounding rock more pronounced, promoting the generation and propagation of cracks along the tunnel axis direction, thereby promoting damage to the surrounding rock. (3) Based on the analysis of acoustic emission parameters (fracture properties), it can be concluded that in the lower axial stress ratio stage (ηt ≤ 0.7), an increase in the axial stress ratio leads to a higher proportion of shear fracture in rockburst damage. Conversely, in the higher axial stress ratio stage (ηt > 0.7), the increase in axial stress ratio gradually reduces the proportion of shear fracture in rockburst damage.

Influence of axial stress on failure characteristics of deep arched hard rock roadway

To study the influence of axial stress on the failure characteristics of deep arched roadway considering structural effect,true triaxial compression tests were conducted on cubic granite specimens with a three-centered arched hole structure.A video monitoring device was utilized to record the failure process of surrounding rocks.The test results show that under 10−60 MPa axial stress,the surrounding rock failure process included the calm stage,particle ejection stage,fragment ejection stage,and rock slice buckling and spalling stage.Under higher axial stresses(70 and 80 MPa),the failure process is characterized by violent fragment spray during the fourth stage.As the axial stress increases,the failure of surrounding rock increases,while the initial vertical failure stress first increases and then decreases.According to the failure characteristics of roadway under different axial stresses,arranging the roadway along the direction of a moderate axial stress level is desired.

Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings on rock masses using the Hoeke Brown failure criterion

In this paper,the bearing capacity of strip footings on rock masses has been studied in the seismic case.The stress characteristics or slip line method was used for analysis.The problem was analyzed in the plane strain condition using the Hoeke Brown failure criterion.First,the equilibrium equations along the stress characteristics were obtained and the rock failure criterion was applied.Then,the equations were solved using the finite difference method.A computer code has been provided for analysis.Given the footing and rock parameters,the code can calculate the stress characteristics network and obtain the stress distribution under the footing.The seismic effects have been applied as the horizontal and vertical pseudo-static coefficients.The results of this paper are very close to those of the other studies.The seismic bearing capacity of weightless rock masses can be obtained using the proposed equations and graphs without calculating the whole stress characteristics network.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

三向斜锚短桩基础拉拔荷载作用下桩锚节点的受力特性分析

针对输电线路中山区上覆土层、下卧岩层的地层条件,为增加桩基础抗拉拔性能,提出了一种锚固板钢筋锚固形式的斜锚短桩基础,开展了钢筋混凝土短桩-3向斜锚杆基础节点室内模型试验,研究了拉拔荷载作用下桩锚节点的受力特性与破坏机制。结果表明:短桩与锚筋协同工作,最先于锚杆节点处产生拉裂缝,进而形成竖向主裂缝不断向桩顶延伸,致使试件整体劈裂破坏。试件的开裂荷载约为150 kN、屈服荷载约为1611 kN、极限荷载约为1845 kN,破坏前锚筋全部屈服,桩内纵筋、箍筋均未屈服,斜锚表现出稳定的锚固性能。斜锚短桩基础受力较小时,桩锚间的锚固作用主要由钢筋直锚段的黏结作用承担;随着荷载逐渐增加,锚固作用则主要由锚固板端头的承压作用承担,锚杆肋间斜向应力与短桩相应位置斜截面切应力τ_α叠加,使得锚筋周围混凝土裂缝发生偏转,加剧混凝土裂缝向桩表面发展。研究成果可为复合型基础的设计提供借鉴,并为其变形特性与破坏机制研究提供参考。

纤维加筋黏土Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型宏细观断裂特性试验研究

探究掺入纤维对黏土抗裂性能的影响,引入直裂缝半圆弯曲试样(NSCB)和斜裂缝半圆弯曲试样(CNSCB),开展纤维加筋黏土的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型断裂试验,从宏细观角度分析纤维掺量对加筋黏土Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型断裂特性的影响机制。结果表明:掺玻璃纤维加筋黏土试样的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型断裂韧度KⅠC、KⅡC值和峰值荷载均高于纯黏土试样;KⅠC、KⅡC都随纤维掺量的增加呈先增加后减小的规律,0.2%掺量时最大;通过数字图像相关技术(DIC)法测得的断裂过程区(FPZ)长度与最大切向应力断裂准则(MTS)预测的较为吻合,随着试样纤维掺量的增加,NSCB试样和CNSCB试样的FPZ长度先减小后略微增大,最后趋于平缓。

Fault Type Analysis along the San Andreas Fault Zone: A Numerical Approach

Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.

Serviceability analysis of deep underground openings driven in jointed-rock

The performance of underground excavations is inevitably influenced by rock mass characteristics, presence of joints and their geometrical properties, depth below surface and state of in-situ stress field. The objective of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of deep underground tunnel opening existed between two bedding planes, Such planes weaken the strength of rock mass and may cause rock slippage/rotation along them. Therefore, the state of stress-displacement, after tunnel opening has been introduced, is examined using two-dimensional elasto-plastic finite-elements code, RS^(2D). The results indicate that, there is significant drop in the normal stress along joints over tunnel opening; slip occurs due to reversal in the direction of shear stress(e.g., inward shear displacement is produced) and there is discontinuity in the strength contours of rock surrounding tunnel after they have been intersected by bedding planes.

Numerical simulation on the influences of Wenchuan earthquake on the surrounding faults

On 12 May 2008, the devastating Wenchuan earthquake struck the Longmenshan fault zone, which comprised the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and this fault zone was predominantly a convergent boundary with a right-lateral strike-slip component. After such a large-magnitude earthquake, it was crucial to analyze the influences of the earthquake on the surrounding faults and the potential seismic activity. In this paper, a complex viscoelastic model of western Sichuan and eastern Tibet regions was constructed including the topography. Based on the findings of co-seismic static slip distribution, we calculated the stress change caused by the Wenchuan earthquake with the post-seismic relaxation into consideration. Our preliminary results indicated that： （1） The tectonic stressing rate was relatively high in Kunlun mountain pass-Jiangcuo, Ganzi-Yushu, Xianshuihe and Zemuhe faults; while in the east Kunlun and Longriba was medium; also the value was less in the Minjiang, Longmenshan, Anninghe and Huya faults. As to the Longmenshan fault, the value was 0.28×10-3 MPa/a to 0.35×10-3 MPa/a, which is coincident with the previous long recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake; （2） The Wenchuan earthquake not only caused the Coulomb stress decrease in the source region, but also the stress increase in the two terminals, especially the northeastern segment, which is comparatively consistent with the aftershock distribution. Meanwhile, the high concentration areas of the static slip distribution were corresponding to the Coulomb stress reductions; （3） The Coulomb stress change caused by Wenchuan earthquake showed significant increase on five major faults, which were northwestern segment of Xianshuihe fault, eastern Kunlun fault, Longriba fault, Minjiang fault and Huya fault respectively; also the Coulomb stress on the fault plane of the Yushu earthquake was faintly increased; （4） We defined the recurrence interval as the time needed to accumulate the magnitude of the stress drop, and the recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake was estimated about 1 714 a to 2 143 a correspondingly.

土工格栅加筋粉煤灰改良黄土力学特性研究

随着西部黄土地区城镇化进程的加快,填挖结合的新增用地方式要求地基处理技术需要重点解决填方区的强度与变形问题。论文将粉煤灰作为改性填料对黄土进行改良,通过直剪试验、三轴试验、湿陷试验与扫描电镜试验,分析不同粉煤灰掺入比条件下加筋与未加筋黄土试样的强度变化规律、宏观破坏特征和微结构特征。结果表明:采用粉煤灰改良和土工格栅加筋后,黄土的最优含水率增大,最大干密度降低。当粉煤灰掺入比λ=20%时,加筋改良效果最好,黄土的峰值强度、残余强度和等效内摩擦角均有大幅提高,侧向变形显著减小,且能有效降低其湿陷性。微结构分析表明:粉煤灰对黄土的改良主要体现在颗粒直接填充和化学结晶体交织成的网状填充两种类型的强化作用,改良后黄土的孔隙率与孔隙尺寸均有所下降。研究结果可为黄土地区填方边坡与填方路基的改良加固提供参考。

Characterizing large deformation of soft rock tunnel using microseismic monitoring and numerical simulation

Surrounding rock deterioration and large deformation have always been a significant difficulty in designing and constructing tunnels in soft rock.The key lies in real-time perception and quantitative assessment of the damaged area around the tunnel.An in situ microseismic(MS)monitoring system is established in the plateau soft tock tunnel.This technique facilitates spatiotemporal monitoring of the rock mass's fracturing expansion and squeezing deformation,which agree well with field convergence deformation results.The formation mechanisms of progressive failure evolution of soft rock tunnels were discussed and analyzed with MS data and numerical results.The results demonstrate that:(1)Localized stress concentration and layered rock result in significant asymmetry in micro-fractures propagation in the tunnel radial section.As excavation continues,the fracture extension area extends into the deep surrounding rockmass on the east side affected by the weak bedding;(2)Tunnel excavation and long-term deformation can induce tensile shear action on the rock mass,vertical tension fractures(account for 45%)exist in deep rockmass,which play a crucial role in controlling the macroscopic failure of surrounding rock;and(3)Based on the radiated MS energy,a three-dimensional model was created to visualize the damage zone of the tunnel surrounding rock.The model depicted varying degrees of damage,and three high damage zones were identified.Generally,the depth of high damage zone ranged from 4 m to 12 m.This study may be a valuable reference for the warning and controlling of large deformations in similar projects.

加卸载花岗岩强度与岩爆倾向性试验研究

为了进一步提高硬性花岗岩岩爆倾向性预测水平,系统开展了花岗岩巴西劈裂、单/三轴和不同卸围压速率应力路径下的岩石力学试验,详细分析了花岗岩强度和岩爆倾向性特征。研究结果表明:花岗岩在主应力σ_(3)–σ_(1)平面内,不同应力路径下的强度受围压和卸围压速率影响显著,呈带状分布;在τ_(oct)–(σ_(1)+σ_(3))/2平面内,不同加卸载应力路径下的强度都呈良好的线性特征。据此建立了花岗岩八面体强度计算通式,可统一表达不同加卸载应力路径;针对花岗岩硬岩的压密和屈服特性不明显,弹性特性显著的特征,提出了简化剩余弹性能指数岩爆分级法;并依据花岗岩试验岩样破坏形态和破坏声学特征,对已有花岗岩岩爆等级进行了细分。揭示了在相同初始围压下,卸围压速率越大,简化剩余弹性能指数越大,岩爆倾向性越强;相同卸围压速率下,初始围压越大,简化剩余弹性能指数也越大,岩爆倾向性也越强。研究成果可为更科学合理的评估花岗岩岩爆倾向性提供理论参考。

Mesoscale Modeling of Hooked-End Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Using Cohesive Elements

Based on the cohesive zone model, the 2D mesostructures were developed for numerical studies of multi-phase hooked-end steel fiber reinforced concrete under uniaxial compression. The zero-thickness cohesive interface elements were inserted within the mortar, on interfaces of mortar and aggregates and interfaces of mortar and fibers to simulate the failure process of fiber reinforced concrete. The results showed that the numerical results matched well the experimental results in both failure modes and stress-strain behavior. Hooked-end steel fiber reinforced concrete exhibited ductile failure and maintained integrity during a whole failure process. Compared with normal concrete, HES fiber reinforced concrete was greater stiffness and compressive strength;the descending branch of the stress-strain curve was significantly flatter;the residual stress was higher.

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体的力学性能与破坏模式对注浆整体效果具有显著影响。基于室内注浆模拟试验、劈裂型注浆加固体三轴压缩试验和相应的离散元数值模拟,研究劈裂浆脉形态与空间分布特征及注浆加固规律,分析浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量和倾角对注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式的影响,阐明三轴加载条件下加固体内部孔隙率和微裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:劈裂浆脉空间分布模式主要包括半贯通型、交叉型和贯通型,注浆影响区域可分为加固区、过渡区和未扰动区;浆脉存在有效提升了加固体的整体刚度和承载力,加固体峰值偏应力与浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量呈正相关关系,而浆脉倾角增大会导致整体强度降低;加固体破坏模式主要有局部膨胀型和剪切滑移型,受浆脉形态特征影响,二者对整体变形破坏的贡献程度不同;在加载过程中,浆-土界面处首先萌生微裂纹,进而浆脉两侧软弱介质被压缩挤密后出现大量微裂纹,裂纹数量持续增多直至试样破坏;加固体孔隙率与微裂纹萌生数量变化规律均呈现明显的阶段性特征,且受浆脉形态特征影响显著。

河流下综放工作面覆岩破坏特征和陷落柱防水煤柱留设研究

目的长平矿Ⅲ2317工作面在开切巷处揭露陷落柱,地表丹河流向与工作面推进方向一致,受采动影响,陷落柱内部水体及河水可能通过开采裂隙导入回采空间,从而造成工作面突水。针对以上问题,方法本文采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场观测等方法,对回采工作面覆岩“两带”高度、覆岩破坏特征和陷落柱煤柱留设宽度进行研究。结果结果表明:工作面顶板垮落带与导水裂隙带最大发育高度分别为18.38,93.85 m,河水对工作面不构成突水威胁;无煤柱开采时,陷落柱一侧顶板裂隙沿陷落柱胶结面向上高度发育;结合理论计算和数值模拟分析,确定煤柱宽度为35 m。工作面在留设35 m煤柱条件下安全完成回采,地表变形特征符合预期,最大下沉量达到4000 mm,回采过程中工作面未发生突水事故。结论研究结果可为类似条件下的煤层安全开采提供理论和经验支撑。

鲜水河构造带隧道高地应力区岩爆特性分析

研究目的:青藏高原持续隆升,导致鲜水河构造带及邻区高地应力特征突出,地应力场极其复杂,研究高地应力的孕灾特征有助于隧道岩爆的风险防控,特别是时滞型岩爆的孕灾和致灾机理的研究。本文阐述鲜水河构造带地貌、地层岩性、构造及地应力场特征的孕灾总体认识,通过对该区域隧道近10 km约1300次岩爆统计,从发生概率、等级、埋深、位置、时间、距离等多角度研究岩爆特征,对发生的5次时滞型岩爆和隧道时效性变化特征进行分析,展望后续岩爆研究的重点。研究结论:(1)鲜水河构造带及邻区受高地应力影响,隐伏小微构造发育且无规律,为岩爆创造了特殊的孕灾环境,岩爆发生的随机性大;(2)该区域隧洞岩爆等级以轻微岩爆为主,具有“分区破裂”和脆性变形特征,时滞型岩爆一定程度上具有“继承性”;(3)建议加强沟谷应力场低埋型岩爆和滞后型岩爆或硬岩潜在时效破坏的监测研究;(4)本文研究成果可为类似高地应力环境下岩爆预测和防控提供借鉴。

水力耦合下煤样声发射分形−渗透率模型及试验研究

煤样轴向应力加载-水压渗流作用下裂隙(孔隙)发展直接影响煤样试件的力学指标与渗流特性,文中通过理论解析与力学试验方法,分析了煤样试件裂隙(孔隙)主导下渗透率与声发射分形维数、振铃计数响应关系,建立了水力耦合作用下煤样声发射分形-渗透率模型,开展了不同围压(2~5 MPa,Δpw(渗透压)/p'c(围压)=0.75)下水力耦合煤样渗流试验,分析了不同围压(水压)下煤样试件的力学行为、声发射规律与渗流特征,探讨了不同围压下煤样试件的强度提升特点与破坏形态-声发射定位关系,验证了水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型合理性。结果表明:煤样试件渗流试验中裂隙(孔隙)变化与声发射振铃具有一致性,裂隙(孔隙)扩展与声发射分形维数、渗透率密切相关,声发射分形、渗透率可用体积应变表征,基于声发射分形的水力耦合下煤样试件的声发射分形-渗透率模型可采用2段式数学模型解析;煤样渗流全应力-应变过程中渗透率表现为短时减少—长时缓慢增加—急速增加—小幅回落过程,振铃计数呈快速增加—减少—增加—减少波浪型发展,渗透率最小值滞后体积应变压缩与膨胀临界点,最小渗透率变化在0.124×10^(-17)~1.250×10^(-17)m^(2);随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样峰值偏应力、峰值轴向应变与峰值体积应变均呈增大趋势,线性特征显著,煤样峰值渗透率滞后峰值强度呈减小趋势,减幅达到93.34%,最大声发射振铃计数(对应峰值强度位置)表现为增加趋势;水力耦合下煤样试件有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角分别提高到6.5116 MPa与36.56º,随着围压(2~5 MPa)增加,煤样试件的声发射信息由单斜面向不规整斜面过渡,主控破裂面角度由小角度向高角度转变,失稳由单块体剪切变为多块体压缩形态,试件破裂可采用声发射定位振铃计数表达;煤样试件声发射分形-体积应变、渗透率与体积应变、分形与渗透率3个试验曲线与理论曲线较为吻合,围压2~5 MPa试件压缩阶段相关性分别在0.882~0.999、0.950~0.998与0.849~0.997,围压2~5 MPa试件膨胀阶段相关性0.937~0.996、0.891~0.998与0.873~0.966。

基于Drucker-Prager准则的三维应力场下围岩塑性区近似解

为了研究三维应力场下巷道围岩的稳定性,基于Drucker-Prager准则,以弹塑性力学为理论基础,通过引入轴向应力解推导了三维应力场下的巷道围岩塑性区边界方程,对不同应力场条件下的围岩塑性区形态及尺寸展开分析,对比分析了巷道围岩的内聚力、内摩擦角、泊松比和巷道半径变化的条件下,5种Drucker-Prager系列屈服准则对塑性区形态及尺寸的影响,并基于演化特性提出实际工程意义。结果表明:水平侧压的增减对巷道围岩的塑性区形态影响程度较大,过高或过低的水平侧压会使巷道围岩呈蝶形扩展;轴向侧压的增减对巷道围岩的塑性区形态影响较小,对围岩的塑性区尺寸影响较大,相同水平侧压下,不同轴向侧压会使围岩的塑性区尺寸变化呈碗状发展;内聚力、内摩擦角和巷道半径变化时,不同Drucker-Prager准则下巷道围岩塑性区尺寸变化规律具有一致性,选取不同Drucker-Prager准则会对巷道围岩塑性区的计算结果产生影响。

动载作用下锚固体应力波传递及破坏特征研究

为研究动载作用下锚固体的应力波传播规律及破坏特征,利用分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)对锚固体试件开展了不同预应力及不同冲击次数的冲击试验。研究结果表明:随着预应力增加,锚固围岩中应力波峰值逐渐增加,衰减速度逐渐减小,增大锚杆预应力,锚固自由端拉伸波峰值明显减小;随锚固体试件预应力增加,锚固体轴力损失越快,轴力损失率呈二次线性增加的趋势;预应力较小时,锚固自由端围岩产生裂缝较多,多次冲击下裂缝距离较为接近;随着预应力的增加,自由端头破坏程度减弱;随着预应力增加,拉拔最大位移量越来越小,未受动载作用的原始试件拉拔后未出现明显的破坏;动载作用后,随着预应力增大,锚固端头发生一定程度的劈裂破坏,预应力持续增加劈裂破坏程度越来越弱。