Effects of Cylinder Radius,Setover and Heel-Toe Difference on Cylinder-Flat Gauge of a Card

In order to provide manufacturers of carding machines and relevant accessories with theoretical references,how cylinder radius,setover and heel-toe difference affect cylinder-flat gauge of a carding machine was theoretically studied.The relationship between cylinder-flat gauge and cylinder radius,setover and heel-toe difference was geometrically discussed.Numerical calculation and illustration about the relationship were made with MATLAB in accordance with practical settings.A general formula about the relationship is derived.A concept,the small-gauge zone length,has been defined for the first time,and some relevant results thus obtained.Given setover and heel-toe difference,the greater the cylinder radius,the greater the average gauge.If a smaller overall cylinder-flat gauge is desirable,it is not necessary to emphasize the tangential direction of the heel of clothed surface to the cylinder.Their intersection within a small zone is acceptable.In many cases,small-gauge zone can reduce average gauge which may be helpful to the carding action;given cylinder radius and setover,the smaller the heel-toe difference,the more helpful to reduce the overall gauge;given cylinder radius and heel-toe difference,the small-gauge zone length will increase with the increase of setover,so does the difference between the smallest gauge and outlet gauge.

Efficient Grinding Method for Face Gear with Long Radius Disk Wheel

In order to improve the machining efficiency of the dish wheel grinding face gear, two changes are proposed:a disk wheel grinding face gear with a long radius and a multi-axis movement optimization method for tooth surface correction. Based on the grinding principle of face gears, the equation of the long radius disk wheel is deduced. Based on the structure of the machining tool, the tooth surface equations of the face gear shaped by the long radius disk wheel are established. Furthermore, an optimization model of face gear tooth surface correction is established, and the machine tool motion optimization of face gear tooth surface correction is completed;Finally, a long radius disk wheel grinding face gear test is performed. After the face gear tooth surface correction, the maximum value of the tooth surface deviation is reduced from 180 μm to 16 μm which verified the correctness of the machining method.

Integration of uniform design and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization to the robust design for a railway vehicle suspension system under different wheel conicities and wheel rolling radii

This paper proposes a systematic method, integrating the uniform design (UD) of experiments and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO), to solve the problem of a robust design for a railway vehicle suspension system. Based on the new nonlinear creep model derived from combining Hertz contact theory, Kalker's linear theory and a heuristic nonlinear creep model, the modeling and dynamic analysis of a 24 degree-of-freedom railway vehicle system were investigated. The Lyapunov indirect method was used to examine the effects of suspension parameters, wheel conicities and wheel rolling radii on critical hunting speeds. Generally, the critical hunting speeds of a vehicle system resulting from worn wheels with different wheel rolling radii are lower than those of a vehicle system having original wheels without different wheel rolling radii. Because of worn wheels, the critical hunting speed of a running railway vehicle substantially declines over the long term. For safety reasons, it is necessary to design the suspension system parameters to increase the robustness of the system and decrease the sensitive of wheel noises. By applying UD and QPSO, the nominal-the-best signal-to-noise ratio of the system was increased from -48.17 to -34.05 dB. The rate of improvement was 29.31%. This study has demonstrated that the integration of UD and QPSO can successfully reveal the optimal solution of suspension parameters for solving the robust design problem of a railway vehicle suspension system.

Symbolic Expressions of Differences between Earth Radii

A systematic and comprehensive comparison of the five commonly used earth radii in geodesy and cartography is carried out,and the differences between the most common points of the earth radii,their corresponding maximum values,and the latitudes of equal points between them are derived with the help of computer algebraic systems.The symbolic expressions are expressed as a power series of the first eccentricity.Taking the CGCS2000 ellipsoid as an example,the differences between the commonly used earth radii are clarified to numerical values.The results show that the difference between the commonly used earth radii has a maximum at 90 degrees and a minimum at 0 degree.The difference between the average radius of curvature and the rectifying sphere radius is the biggest,and the difference between the average radius of curvature and the average sphere radius is the smallest.These results can provide a theoretical basis for corresponding research in the geosciences,space science,navigation and positioning.

Characteristics of wheel-rail vibration of the vertical section in high-speed railways

In order to analyze the characteristics of wheel-rail vibration of the vertical section in a high-speed railway, a vehicle-line dynamics model is established using the dynamics software SIMPACK. Through this model, the paper analyzes the influence of vertical section parameters, including vertical section slope and vertical curve radius, on wheel-rail dynamics interaction and the acting region of wheel-rail vibration. In addition, the characteristics of wheel- rail vibration of the vertical section under different velocities are investigated. The results show that the variation of wheel load is not sensitive to the vertical section slope but is greatly affected by the vertical curve radius. It was also observed that the smaller the vertical curve radius is, the more severe the interaction between the wheel and rail be- comes. Furthermore, the acting region of wheel-rail vibration expands with the vertical curve radius increasing. On another note, it is necessary to match the slope and vertical curve radius reasonably, on account of the influence of operation speed on the characteristics of wheel-rail vibration. This is especially important at the design stage of vertical sec- tions for lines of different grades.

Steering mechanical analysis for lunar rover wheel

Facing the requirement of establishing a steering mechanical model for the wheel configuration design,selection of steering motors, dynamic analysis and simulation of the lunar rover, shear force beneaththe steering wheel, bulldozing resistance acting on steering wheel rims and side surfaces respectively areconducted on the basis of the wheel-loose soil interaction. The quantitative relation between steering resistancemoment (SRM) and steering radius, dimension of the wheel, soil parameters is established. Tovalidate the model, a single-wheel test bed is employed to test the steering performance of a wheel with0.15735m radius and 0.165m width when the steering radius is 0.00m, 0.04m, 0.08m, 0.12m and0.16m, respectively. The SRM is approached asymptotically with the increasing steering angle and almostproportional to the steering radius. The theoretical results of SRM are compact with the experimental results,which shows that the steering model can predict the experimental results well.

轨底坡耦合轮径差对地铁车辆动力学性能及轮轨接触特性的影响

为了研究轨底坡耦合轮径差对于地铁车辆动力学性能及轮轨接触特性的影响规律,设置了3种轨底坡工况(1/20、1/30和1/40)和5种轮径差工况,通过建立地铁车辆动力学仿真模型和轮轨接触三维弹性有限元模型,分析轨底坡耦合轮径差对地铁车辆直线平稳性和曲线通过性能的影响。结果表明:直线路段车辆平稳性指标受到轮径差变化的影响大于轨底坡变化的影响,轮轨等效应力和接触应力会随着轮径差的增加而增大;曲线路段的各个动力学指标会随着轮径差的增加而增大;综合考虑动力学指标和轮轨接触特性,直线路段下尽量减少使用1/20轨底坡;曲线路段下,可以选择1/30轨底坡,减少轮径差对车辆的影响。

不同曲线半径下轨底坡与轮径差最佳匹配研究

为了研究不同曲线半径下地铁车辆动力学性能最优的轨底坡与轮径差最佳匹配,运用SIMPACK软件建立了地铁车辆动力学仿真模型,设置9种轨底坡工况和5种轮径差工况,以轮轨横向力、轮对横移量、脱轨系数、轮重减载率和轮轨磨耗指数作为车辆动力学性能的评价指标,以4种不同C型曲线半径作为研究对象,分析45种轨底坡和轮径差耦合工况下各指标的变化规律。采用熵权法对各指标进行加权求和处理,得到不同工况下的车辆动力学性能综合得分,最终分析得出车辆在不同半径曲线下轨底坡和轮径差的最佳匹配。研究结果表明:在300,400,500,600 m这4种曲线半径下,外轨轨底坡、内轨轨底坡和轮径差最优匹配方案分别为(1/20,1/40,+1),(1/20,1/40,+1),(1/30,1/30,-1),(1/40,1/30,-1)。

小半径曲线上P75钢轨打磨廓形设计及应用研究

以国内某重载铁路R400 m曲线P75钢轨为研究对象,建立了轮轨接触模型和轮径差曲线描述模型,选取代表性车轮踏面和钢轨廓形,采用轮径差曲线逆向求解法优化了轮轨接触区域钢轨廓形,并依据打磨量最小化原则设计得到了曲线钢轨打磨廓形。建立了实测参数下的车辆-轨道多体动力学仿真模型,对比分析了实测廓形和设计廓形匹配下的动力学指标。按钢轨廓形设计要求,在该R400 m曲线上实施了钢轨打磨试验和轮轨动力学测试。研究结果表明,优化后轮径差曲线趋于平滑,车辆曲线通过能力得到提高,抗脱轨能力得到保持;轮轨关系得到显著改善、轮轨接触点交叉跳跃和集中问题得到缓解;轮轨横向力减小20%以上,脱轨系数减小16%以上,钢轨法向接触应力减小32%以上,轮轨蠕滑力减小26%以上;实施打磨后,轮轨横向力减小34%以上,脱轨系数减小35%以上,钢轨振动加速度减小35%以上;打磨后3个月轨面疲劳伤损未见明显发展,钢轨使用寿命由前一换轨周期的8个月延长至13.5个月。仿真分析和打磨试验验证了钢轨廓形设计方法在重载铁路小半径曲线的应用效果。

考虑个体差异的车轮二元相关退化可靠性分析

由于动车组车轮受加工装配及工况载荷等不确定因素的影响,车轮退化过程复杂,存在显著的个体差异及多个性能退化特征量,且多个退化特征量间相互耦合,仅考虑单个性能特征量难以全面反映其退化过程。因此,以轮缘和轮径作为车轮退化特征量,通过随机化尺度参数表征车轮个体差异,采用Gamma过程和Copula函数建立二元相关退化模型,并根据赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)筛选Copula函数,得到可靠度解析式。基于某型动车组车轮实测磨耗数据,对车轮进行可靠性分析,同时通过车辆动力学模型进行仿真验证。结果显示:考虑二元相关时的可靠性结果比仅考虑一元退化更贴近车辆实际运行情况;根据动力学仿真结果体现了考虑个体差异的必要性,表明所提模型能够更准确地表征车轮退化过程,可为可靠性分析以及维修决策优化提供理论支撑。

列车轮缘润滑材料性能分析与应用研究

通过基础摩擦磨损试验研究了干态摩擦和3种轮缘润滑棒条件下的轮箍材料试样的摩擦磨损行为,结合扫描电镜和表面测量仪观察磨损表面形貌、损伤特征和磨痕几何形状,对3种轮缘润滑棒进行能谱分析,探究了润滑成分对轮轨材料减摩的影响,并根据试验结果进行了2个月的现场机车轮缘磨耗跟踪测量.研究结果表明施加轮缘润滑棒作为润滑介质后可降低界面摩擦系数至0.15~0.50,试样表面摩擦损伤均有不同程度降低,3种轮缘润滑棒工况相比干态摩擦工况的试样磨损率分别降低17.21%、28.58%和20.50%;润滑剂成分研究表明,石墨-二硫化钼的轮缘润滑棒能在摩擦接触表面形成延展性强、覆盖率高的致密固体润滑膜,抗磨减摩性能最优;轮缘润滑棒B在DF12机车1轴轮对安装使用后轮缘磨耗有明显减缓,第1、4轴轮对轮缘磨耗之比下降50%.

轮轨润滑对地铁小半径曲线段外轨磨耗影响

[目的]地铁线路小半径曲线段的数量占比高、钢轨磨耗严重,通过润滑改变轮轨接触区的摩擦因数可以有效降低钢轨磨耗,因此有必要对轮轨润滑与钢轨磨耗之间的影响关系进行研究。[方法]介绍了润滑减磨理论;建立侧磨预测模型,将钢轨侧磨量为5 mm作为1个阶段,仿真计算不同侧磨阶段下的外轨磨耗规律;结合润滑减磨仿真计算结果,提出相应的外轨润滑措施。[结果及结论]钢轨上道初期,当钢轨出现侧磨后进行润滑,润滑减磨效果不显著;当钢轨侧磨量达到5~10 mm时,润滑涂敷效果差别显著,可以延缓钢轨磨耗发展时间至少3个月;外轨磨耗后期,钢轨侧磨速度明显加快,润滑涂敷效果差别不显著。建议在钢轨出现侧磨后进行润滑涂敷,当钢轨侧磨量达到5~10 mm时,对钢轨进行重点润滑涂敷。轮轨润滑可以降低钢轨磨耗速率,减缓曲线外轨磨耗发展,延长钢轨使用寿命,降低维修成本。

起伏地表无网格井中地震 Q 补偿逆时偏移成像方法

井中地震震源能量弱,地层吸收衰减效应的影响更强;复杂地表及复杂构造对井周精细成像影响巨大,需要发展针对性的井中地震起伏地表衰减补偿偏移成像方法。在径向基函数有限差分方法原理基础上,通过引入混合高斯立方基函数并设计起伏地表节点剖分策略,提出一种高精度的无网格径向基函数起伏地表黏声波数值模拟方法;将该方法应用至改进的基于Kelvin-Voigt模型的黏声波方程,实现高效稳定的井中地震起伏地表无网格Q补偿逆时偏移成像。结果表明,提出的井中地震Q补偿逆时偏移成像方法可以实现高精度的起伏地表井中地震衰减补偿成像,有效恢复剖面能量、校正相位畸变,均衡剖面中的能量分布,提高成像质量。

基于等效地球半径的超短波超视距时差定位方法

超视距无线传输条件下的超短波辐射源目标高精度定位技术是非合作通信侦测中亟待解决的难点问题;针对该难题,在考虑地球曲率影响的同时,提出采用等效地球半径模型对超短波信号的对流层散射信道进行修正,在此基础上构建全新的基于到达时间差的定位方程组;通过Chan算法与牛顿迭代法相结合,对该非线性方程组进行求解,从而实现了辐射源目标空间位置的获取;详细推导了不同坐标系下坐标的转换计算、TDOA方程组的求解算法、定位性能的客观评价参数——几何精度因子;通过仿真分析了时差测量精度对定位精度的影响,并对提出的等效地球半径模型进行了仿真验证;结果表明,该模型可以有效降低超视距定位误差,并且随着距离的增加,定位性能的提升效果更明显,实现了对超短波超视距辐射源目标的高精度定位,具有较高的工程应用价值。

重载铁路小半径曲线段钢轨焊缝不平顺安全管理限值

基于一重载铁路曲线段的线路条件与钢轨焊缝不平顺现场测试数据,通过建立30 t轴重重载货车-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了重载铁路钢轨焊缝不平顺参数与曲线参数对重载轮轨系统动力响应的影响规律。结合轮轨动力性能安全评价指标,分析了不同类型重载线路钢轨焊缝短波不平顺的安全限值。结果表明:在小半径曲线段,钢轨焊缝不平顺对重载行车安全性威胁更大;轮重减载率和轮轨垂向力响应指标受钢轨焊缝不平顺的影响较大,可作为钢轨焊缝不平顺动力影响研究的敏感指标;曲线段钢轨焊缝不平顺短波波深限值随行车速度增加而减小,随曲线半径减小而略有减小;30 t轴重重载货车以100 km/h运行于半径400 m的曲线线路时,凸形焊缝不平顺的短波波深安全限值为0.2 mm,凹形焊缝不平顺的短波波深安全限值为0.1 mm。

Numerical investigation on wheel-turnout rail dynamic interaction excited by wheel diameter difference in high-speed railway

The wheel-rail relationship in turnout is more complicated than that in ordinary track. Profile wear and machining errors of the wheelset cause deviations Of the rolling radius on different wheels. Therefore, wheelsets move to the direction of smaller diameter wheels in search of a new stable state and to change the condition before entering the turnout. Thc main aim of the present work is to examine the wheel-turnout rail dynamic interaction combined with the static contact behaviour. Calculations are performed on a high-speed vehicle CRH2 and the No. 12 turnout of the passenger dedicated line. The wheel-turnout contac! geometric relationship and normal contact behaviour under wheel diameter difference are assessed by the trace principle and finite element method. A high-speed vehicle-turnout coupling dynamic model is established based on SIMPACK software to analyse the wheel-rail dynamic interaction, riding comfort, and wear. Both the wheel diameter amplitudes and distribution patterns are accounted for. The simulation shows that wheel diameter difference can greatly disturb the positions＇ variation of wheel-rail contact points and affect the normal contact behaviour on switch rails by changing the load transition position. The effect of wheel diameter diffierence on wheel-turnout rail dynamic interaction can be divided into three according to its amplitude： when the wheel diameter difference is within 0-1.5 mm, the wheel flange comes into contact with the switch rail in advance, causing a rapidly increased lateral wheel-rail force; when it is within 1.5 2.5 mm, trains are subject to instability under equivalent in-phase wheel diameter difference; when it is larger than 2.5 mm, the continuous flange-switch rail contact helps strengthen the vehicle stability, but increases the wheel-rail wear. It is recommended to control the wheel diameter difference to within 2.5 mm but limit it to 2 mm if it is distributed in-phase.

Vibration of Axle Box from Wheel Diameter Difference in Vehicle

The wheel diameter difference would worsen the dynamic performance and affect the safety of the rail vehicle.Therefore,it is necessary to detect wheel diameter difference while the train is operating.However,several existing detection methods can’t accurately detect and diagnose the wheel diameter difference under highspeed running environment.In this study,a new method of detecting wheel diameter difference was proposed for high speed rail vehicle.The wheel diameter difference would be diagnosed by the amplitude and frequency of vibration impact on the axle box.Firstly,the dynamic model with varying wheel diameters was established in SIMPACK,and LMA tread was used in high-speed rail vehicles.Then,the simulation results of rail vehicle dynamic performance were compared under different wheel diameter differences.After that,the relationship between axle box vibration and wheel diameter difference was used to demonstrate the feasibility of this detection technology.Finally,comparing and analyzing the simulation results of vibration obtained by matching treads with different wheel diameters,it shows that by increasing the wheel diameter difference,the longitudinal and lateral impacts on axle boxes increase asymmetrically,and the amplitude and the frequency become more evident.Therefore,this paper presents a technical scheme of online measuring wheel diameter difference by monitoring the vibration of the axle box.

考虑滚动半径差异的适时四驱汽车限滑控制策略

结合小备胎识别和轮速补偿技术,设计了基于前、后轴附着率相等的限滑前馈控制和基于轴速差的限滑反馈控制,搭建了适时四驱汽车动力学仿真平台,对小备胎识别、轮速补偿、限滑控制的有效性进行了验证。实现了适时四驱汽车中央差速及差速限滑功能,提高了车辆的动力性和行驶稳定性,避免了因滚动半径差异导致的限滑控制功能误触发,解决了因备胎滚动半径小而导致的电控多片离合器异常磨损、烧蚀等问题。

基于NURBS曲线的小半径钢轨打磨措施研究

为提升列车小半径曲线通过性能,减少小半径曲线钢轨磨耗,运用NURBS曲线设计个性化钢轨打磨廓形。首先,基于三次NURBS曲线,推导我国现有标准钢轨打磨廓形CHN60;其次,通过弗雷歇距离法选取实测小半径曲线磨耗钢轨代表廓形;再次,基于差分进化算法,迭代优化个性化钢轨打磨廓形;最后,基于SIMPACK软件建立耦合动力学模型,计算个性化打磨廓形与CHN60标准打磨廓形相关参数。研究结果表明:与CHN60标准打磨廓形相比,个性化打磨廓性磨耗指数降低17.76%;脱轨系数、轮重减载率、轮轨横向力、轮轨垂向力分别降低30.38%、11.84%、21.28%和0.37%。

车轮多边形相位差对车辆动力性能的影响

为研究同轮对两侧车轮圆周多边形存在相位差的问题,建立基于轮对柔性的刚柔耦合车辆-轨道动力学模型,分析不同运行速度下同轮对两侧存在相同阶数车轮多边形时相位差变化对轮轨动态响应的影响,进一步探究对车轮磨耗演变行为的影响.结果表明:3阶车轮多边形存在相位差时,随着相位差增大轮轨间垂向冲击减缓,而轮轨间横向冲击加剧,并且轮轨蠕滑特性和磨耗功受到显著影响;同时,3阶车轮多边形存在相位差时,速度提升严重影响轮轨蠕滑特性,并且增大轮轨磨耗功可加剧车轮多边形成;25阶车轮多边形存在相位差时,尤其在相位差周期一半左右轮轨力波动范围较大,并且轮轨蠕滑特性所受影响最显著,磨耗功波动范围最大,从而进一步加剧了车轮多边形的磨耗演变;相位差的存在加剧了一侧车轮的磨耗速率,改变了车轮的磨耗位置,需要及时进行镟修处理.