百可利对6-羟多巴胺不同注射位点帕金森病模型大鼠的治疗作用

目的观察百可利对6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)内侧前脑束(MFB)和纹状体尾壳核(CPu)两个不同注射位点帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠的治疗作用,两个注射位点模型分别记为:MFB-M,CPu-M。方法运用6-OHDA两点注射法,损毁大鼠左侧中脑多巴胺能神经元,制备PD模型。记录大鼠后肢肌电(EMG)信号频率观察肌肉震颤;测定大鼠自主活动;电化学法检测纹状体内多巴胺(DA)及其代谢产物含量;免疫组化法检测大鼠脑内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、OX-42表达;观察神经元超微结构变化。结果给药3周后,两个注射位点的模型组行为改变趋势一致,百可利在两个注射位点的模型动物上药效表现不同,在CPu-M组可明显提高PD大鼠自主活动数(P<0.05)。EMG信号分析显示,在MFB-M组,给予百可利,肌电频率降低55%;在CPu-M组,给予百可利,肌电频率降低60%。EMG时效研究表明,在CPu-M组,百可利药效持续420 min以上。纹状体递质水平显示,两个注射位点的模型组DA递质水平差异很大,在CPu-M组,百可利能够明显升高DA水平(P<0.05)。两个注射位点的模型组免疫组织化学结果趋势一致,在CPu-M组,百可利有更明显神经元保护作用(P<0.05),在MFB-M组,百可利抑制小胶质细胞过度激活作用更强(P<0.01)。结论不同注射位点制备的PD模型能够反映不同时期PD的病理变化,百可利可通过抑制炎性介质生成和释放、保护残存神经元、恢复神经元功能等机制改善PD不同发病时期模型动物的行为学症状。

黄芩中黄芩苷提取精制工艺研究

目的优选黄芩中提取黄芩苷的最佳制备工艺。方法采用单因素试验,对黄芩苷制备工艺的影响因素进行了考察。以提取液中黄芩苷含量和出膏率为评价指标,考察了提取工艺中提取方法(回流提取法、超声提取法和微波提取法)、提取溶剂(水和乙醇)、提取温度(60,70,80,90℃)、料液比(10,15,20倍)、提取次数(1,2,3次)等因素对黄芩苷提取效果的影响;以精制品中黄芩苷含量及收率为评价指标,考察了酸沉pH(1.0,1.5,2.0)、酸沉保温时间(15,30,60 min)、静置时间(3,6,12,18 h)及洗酸次数(0,1,2,5次)对黄芩苷精制的影响,确定纯化工艺中各因素最佳水平。结果制备黄芩苷的最佳工艺条件为:10倍量水80℃回流提取2次,抽滤,合并两次提取液,加6 mol/L盐酸调节pH至1.0,80℃下保温60 min,酸沉静置12 h,离心,沉淀依次用水及50%、95%乙醇各洗涤1次,洗至pH值为中性,即得。在此条件下,可以得到纯度≥80%的黄芩苷产品。结论该优选工艺稳定、可行,为工业大规模生产黄芩苷提供理论依据。

临床常用尼群地平片在大鼠体内药代动力学比较研究

目的:研究大鼠灌胃不同厂家尼群地平片后体内药代动力学的一致性。方法:固体灌胃给予SD雄性大鼠尼群地平50mg/kg,用液质联用的方法测定不同时间的血药浓度,用DAS 3.0数据处理系统对测得的血药浓度数据进行药代动力学参数的计算。结果:三个原料药生产厂家的测定结果显示,晶Ⅳ型尼群地平原料药较常用晶型即晶Ⅰ型有着更好的药物吸收和相对生物利用度,为优势药物晶型;随机抽取的临床常用的16个不同厂家尼群地平产品的大鼠体内药代动力学参数结果呈现差异性,Cmax、tmax、t1/2、AUC(0-t)四个主要参数的最大差异分别可以达到2.5、24.4、4.5和1.6倍之多。结论:不同厂家的尼群地平片在大鼠体内的药代动力学过程存在显著差异,化合物的晶型状态是导致差异的一个重要因素。

木犀草素联合芦丁抗6-羟多巴胺诱导的帕金森病大鼠震颤及神经保护作用

目的探讨木犀草素和芦丁组合物(mixture of luteolinand rutin,MLR)对6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导的帕金森病(parkinson's disease,PD)模型大鼠减轻震颤和保护神经元的作用及机制。方法运用6-OHDA两点注射法,损毁大鼠左侧中脑多巴胺能神经元,复制PD模型。2周后,将造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、美多芭给药组(50 mg·kg-1)、MLR给药组(125、250、375 mg·kg-1),另取手术并注射生理盐水、经检测无旋转运动的大鼠为假手术组。在给药后第3周记录大鼠后肢肌电(EMG),观察肌肉震颤。行为学检查完毕后采用免疫组化法检测大鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、多巴胺转运体(DAT)、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性细胞数。结果 EMG检测结果显示,MLR各给药组可明显降低大鼠的震颤频率和幅度,中、高剂量组的作用优于美多芭组。免疫组化结果显示,MLR高剂量组TH免疫阳性神经元的数目约为模型组的499.14%,MLR高剂量组GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞的数目比模型组降低了43.68%。结论MLR可剂量依赖性抑制PD模型大鼠震颤,减轻神经元受损程度,抑制星形胶质细胞激活和促炎因子释放,从而延缓DA能神经元进行性退变。

黄芩素和黄芩苷的药理作用及机制研究进展

黄芩在我国药用历史悠久,黄芩素和黄芩苷是黄芩发挥功效的主要活性成分。黄芩素和黄芩苷具有抗菌抗病毒、清除氧自由基、抗氧化、解热、镇痛、抗炎、抗肿瘤、保护心脑血管及神经元、保肝、预防或治疗糖尿病及其并发症等作用,本文对黄芩素和黄芩苷的药理作用及作用机制的研究进展进行综述。

乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂高通量筛选方法的优化及应用

目的:优化乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂高通量筛选方法,筛选发现结构新颖的抗阿尔茨海默病药物活性化合物。方法:采用DTNB法,建立乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂筛选模型,考察了反应体系的最大吸收波长、底物浓度、酶浓度、pH值、孵育温度和时间对系统的影响,最终确定反应体系的最佳条件,并通过Z'因子分析,考察模型的稳定性。结果:酶反应体系的最佳条件为检测波长412 nm,底物浓度5 mmol.L-1,酶稀释倍数20倍,孵育温度37℃,孵育时间30 min,pH 7.4～8.0;测得该模型的Z'因子为0.654。通过乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的高通量筛选,发现了一批乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂。结论:优化后的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型稳定可靠,适于高通量筛选。

Cdk5/p35抑制剂高通量筛选方法的建立及应用

目的:建立适于高通量筛选的Cdk5/p35抑制剂筛选模型。方法:Cdk5/p35与其底物Histone H1反应时需消耗ATP,通过测定体系中ATP的剩余量,考察ATP浓度、酶浓度、底物浓度、反应温度、反应时间及体系pH等因素对酶促反应的影响,进而确定酶与底物反应的最佳条件,并采用Z'因子评价该模型的可靠性和可行性。应用已建立的Cdk5/p35抑制剂高通量筛选模型筛选和发现活性化合物。结果:反应体系的最佳反应条件为:ATP终浓度3μmol·L-1,Cdk5/p35终浓度30 nmol·L-1,Histone H1终浓度70μmol·L-1,孵育温度37℃,孵育时间60 min,体系pH 7,Z'-因子为0.66。应用该模型对222个虚拟筛选挑选出的化合物进行筛选,发现了13个对Cdk5/p35抑制活性较好的化合物。结论:实验结果表明,该模型具有稳定、灵敏、高效等特点,可用于Cdk5/p35抑制剂的高通量筛选。该模型的建立,为Cdk5/p35抑制剂的发现以及Cdk5/p35调控AD的机制研究奠定基础。

黄芩素对帕金森病的神经保护作用

黄芩素是从传统中药黄芩的干燥根中提取的黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。随着其作用机制的不断研究,近些年发现黄芩素在帕金森病等神经系统退行性疾病的临床症状改善和神经保护方面也有一定的效果。目前研究发现其神经保护机制与抗炎,抑制氧化应激,保护线粒体,拮抗谷氨酸神经毒性,神经生长因子样作用以及抑制α-synuclein聚集等密切相关。该文从黄芩素对帕金森病的神经保护方面进行综述。

Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation associated with down-regulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract(XXM) on lipopolysaccaride(LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the microglia BV2 cells were treated with 200 ng/mL LPS for 24 h to induce inflammatory responses. In vivo, mice were treated with 5 mg/kg LPS to induce inflammatory responses. The NO level was determined by Griess Reagents. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 were determined by ELISA. The expressions of Iba-1, TLR4 and MyD88 at the protein levels were determined by Western blotting analysis. The mRNA levels of TLR4 and MyD88 were determined by real-time PCR. In vitro, XXM significantly reduced the levels of various pro-inflammatory factors, including NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, induced by LPS in the supernatant of BV2 cells and suppressed expressions of inflammatory proteins TLR4 and MyD88 induced by LPS in BV2 cells. In vivo, XXM significantly inhibited microglia activation, attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory factors and chemokine production, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1, and inhibited the expressions of inflammatory proteins including TLR4 and MyD88, in the cortex of LPS-induced mice. Our findings suggested that XXM could attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation via down-regulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

Esculin alleviates acute kidney injury and inflammation induced by LPS in mice and its possible mechanism

Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common clinical serious illness.Esculin(ES)is a coumarin compound of traditional Chinese medicine Cortex Fraxini.Our previous study has found that ES protects against inflammation and renal damage in diabetic rats.In the present study,we aimed to investigate the effects and the possible mechanism of ES against lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced AKI in mice.Renal morphology was observed by H&E staining.Renal function was evaluated by blood urea nitrogen(BUN)level and creatinine content in serum.Inflammatory factor levels were measured by ELISA assay.The inflammatory proteins were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis.The results showed that ES alleviated LPS-induced pathological injury and renal dysfunction,and decreased BUN level and creatinine content in serum.In addition,ES significantly reduced the release of pro-inflammatory factors,including IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α,chemokine MCP-1 and cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1.Furthermore,the expressions of inflammatory pathway proteins P2 X7,HMGB1,TLR4 and MyD88 both at the mRNA and protein levels were all down-regulated by ES in the kidney tissue of LPS-challenged mice.These results suggested ES protected against LPS-induced AKI through inhibiting P2 X7 expression and HMGB1/TLR4 inflammatory pathway.

Network pharmacological analysis of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction against ischemic stroke and verification of its mechanism of anti-inflammation and neurovascular protection in vivo

Stroke is a major cause of severe disability and death.Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction(XXMD)is an effective prescription for stroke and its sequelae,while its effective ingredients and mechanism are still unclear.In the present study,we aimed to explore the effective ingredients and mechanism of XXMD in treating cerebral ischemia using network pharmacology.The main chemical components and targets of 12 herbs of XXMD were obtained by the TCMSP database and analysis platform database.The active components in XXMD were screened according to oral utilization and drug-like properties.Then,the cerebral ischemia targets were obtained through GeneCards,OMIM,TTD,Diligent and Drugbank databases.We analyzed the pathophysiological processes and pathways involved in the treatment of cerebral ischemia with XXMD by using the Metascape data analysis platform.Results showed thatβ-sitosterol,kaempferol,quercetin,stigmasterol,wogonin,and catechins might be the potential core active ingredients of XXMD in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.The therapeutic effect of XXMD on stroke was mainly exerted through regulating neuroinflammatory response and neurovascular protection.Furthermore,the anti-neuroinflammation and neurovascular protection of XXMD were further confirmed using cerebral ischemia rats.Collectively,our findings revealed that the mechanism of XXMD on the treatment of cerebral ischemia was related to anti-neuroinflammation and neurovascular protection.

Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract ameliorates brain injury in rats with thrombotic focal ischemic stroke and understanding possible therapeutic targets using proteomics

Ischemic stroke seriously threatens human health and quality of life.Xiao-Xu-Ming(XXM)decoction has been a classical prescription for stroke therapy.In our previous studies,we have found that XXM exerts neuroprotective effects,improves brain injury,and attenuates neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia rats.In this study,we investigated the effects and possible mechanism of XXM on thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia.After treatment with XXM,the neurological function and motor abilities were improved,and cerebral infarction volume was significantly decreased compared with rats of thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia.Besides,the results of BBB integrity detected by EB leakage and tight junction(TJ)protein expression showed that XXM could maintain BBB integrity and improve the expressions of TJ proteins,including claudin-1,occluding,and ZO-1,in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex disrupted by thrombotic cerebral ischemia.Furthermore,proteomic techniques were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in the ischemic cerebral cortex,and the results showed that 132 DEPs regulated by XXM were detected in the ischemic cerebral cortex.Bioinformatic analysis showed that these regulated proteins by XXM were mainly involved in complement and coagulation cascade,and lysosome,etc.Furthermore,there was an interaction among DEPs,including Lgals3,Ctsz,Capg,C1qa,S100a4,Grn,Hspb1,Aif1,and Anxa1,etc.In conclusion,XXM ameliorated brain injury of thrombotic focal ischemic stroke,and Lgals3,Ctsz,Capg,C1qa,S100a4,Grn,Hspb1,Aif1,and Anxa1 could help provide possible therapeutic targets of XXM for ischemic stroke and offer research direction for further research.