Submicron scale temperature sensors are crucial for a range of applications,particularly in micro and na-noscale environments.One promising solution involves the use of active whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonato...Submicron scale temperature sensors are crucial for a range of applications,particularly in micro and na-noscale environments.One promising solution involves the use of active whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators.These resonators can be remotely excited and read out using free-space structures,simplifying the process of sensing.In this study,we present a submicron-scale temperature sensor with a remarkable sensitivity up to 185 pm/℃based on a trian-gular MAPbI3 nanoplatelet(NPL)laser.Notably,as temperature changes,the peak wavelength of the laser line shifts lin-early.This unique characteristic allows for precise temperature sensing by tracking the peak wavelength of the NPL laser.The optical modes are confined within the perovskite NPL,which measures just 85 nm in height,due to total internal reflec-tion.Our NPL laser boasts several key features,including a high Q of~2610 and a low laser threshold of about 19.8μJ·cm^(−2).The combination of exceptional sensitivity and ultra-small size makes our WGM device an ideal candidate for integration into systems that demand compact temperature sensors.This advancement paves the way for significant prog-ress in the development of ultrasmall temperature sensors,opening new possibilities across various fields.展开更多
Owing to its cost‐effectiveness and adjustable eight‐electron distribution in the 3d orbital,nickel oxide(NiO)is considered an effective electrocatalyst for an ambient electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR...Owing to its cost‐effectiveness and adjustable eight‐electron distribution in the 3d orbital,nickel oxide(NiO)is considered an effective electrocatalyst for an ambient electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).However,because of the low conductivity of the transition metal oxide electrocatalyst,its application in this field is limited.In this study,we found that the doping of NiO nanosheets with a small amount(3–10 nm)of Pt nanoparticles(Pt/NiO‐NSs)leads to considerable improvements in the Faradaic efficiency(FE)and NH_(3) yield compared with those obtained using pure NiO,breaking the common perception that commercial Pt‐based electrocatalysts demonstrate little potential for NRR due to their high hydrogen evolution tendency.In a 0.1 mol/L Na_(2)SO_(4) solution at−0.2 V vs.RHE,a typical Pt/NiO‐2 sample exhibits an optimum electrochemical NH_(3) yield of 20.59μg h^(–1)mg^(–1)cat.and an FE of 15.56%,which are approximately 5 and 3 times greater,respectively,than those of pure NiO nanosheets at the same applied potential.X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Pt in Pt/NiO‐NSs exist as Pt0,Pt^(2+),and Pt^(4+)and that high‐valence Pt ions are more electropositive,thereby favoring chemisorption and the activation of N2 molecules.Density function theory calculations showed that the d‐band of Pt nanoparticles supported on NiO is significantly tuned compared to that of pure Pt,affording a more favorable electronic structure for NRR.The results of this study show that Pt can be an effective NRR electrochemical catalyst when loaded on an appropriate substrate.Most importantly,it provides a new synthetic avenue for the fabrication of highly active Pt‐based NRR electrocatalysts.展开更多
Growing concern regarding the sustainability of the chemical industry has driven the developmentof more efficient catalytic reactions.First‐generation estimates of catalyst viability are based oncrustal abundance,whi...Growing concern regarding the sustainability of the chemical industry has driven the developmentof more efficient catalytic reactions.First‐generation estimates of catalyst viability are based oncrustal abundance,which has severe limitations.Herein,we propose a second‐generation approachto predicting the viability of novel catalysts prior to industrial implementation to benefit the globalchemical industry.Using this prediction,we found that a correlation exists between catalyst consumptionand the annual production or price of the catalyst element for11representative industrialcatalytic processes.Based on this correlation,we have introduced two new descriptors for catalystviability,namely,catalyst consumption to availability ratio per annum(CCA)and consumed catalystcost to product value ratio per annum(CCP).Based on evaluations of CCA and CCP for selected industrial reactions,we have grouped catalysts from the case studies according to viability,allowing the identification of general limits of viability based on CCA and CCP.Calculating the CCA and CCP and their comparing with the general limits of viability provides researchers with a novel framework for evaluating whether the cost or physical availability of a new catalyst could be limiting.We have extended this analysis to calculate the predicted limits of economically viable production and product cost for new catalysts.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.展开更多
世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》第一版,2012年出版第二版,2015年对第二版进行了修订。2020年出版第三版《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》,新版标准...世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》第一版,2012年出版第二版,2015年对第二版进行了修订。2020年出版第三版《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》,新版标准反映了医学教育领域的最新趋势,对现有标准进行了全面审视和调整,目标是提供更具包容性和灵活性的指导,以适应不同地区和学校的特殊需求。标准涵盖:宗旨与价值观、课程计划、考核、学生、教师、教育资源、质量保障、管理与行政等8个领域,强调持续改进医学教育质量。新版标准强调WFME的标准是指导,而非要求或指示。WFME允许每个机构根据具体情况制定自己的基本标准,这些当地标准涉及医学教育和培训的设计、实施、管理和质量保障,可以根据具体情况调整修订。《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准(2020版)》将为区域或国家标准的制定提供有益的参考。如果现有标准运行良好,则没有必要因为第三版标准而进行修订。展开更多
世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》(Basic Medical Education WFME Global Standards for Quality Improvement).该标准对推动全球医学教育认证体系的建...世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》(Basic Medical Education WFME Global Standards for Quality Improvement).该标准对推动全球医学教育认证体系的建立,保障全球不同国家和地区医学教育质量产生了积极的影响.2012年,WFME启动了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》的首次修订,并于2013年正式颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》.2015年,WFME对2012版《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》进行了再次修订和更新,主要修订内容为说明、前言和标准的注释部分,对标准本身的改动极少.本标准从宗旨及结果、教育计划、学生考核、学生、教师、教育资源、教育评价、管理与行政、持续改进等9大领域对医学教育的基本标准和发展标准进行了定义,并承认地区之间和国家之间的差别、尊重各医学院校特点和不同发展状况,鼓励持续改进.《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》(2015年修订版)为区域或国家标准的制定提供了有益的参考.展开更多
Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance”(FLB)policy h...Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance”(FLB)policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health(MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders’ autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.展开更多
文摘Submicron scale temperature sensors are crucial for a range of applications,particularly in micro and na-noscale environments.One promising solution involves the use of active whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators.These resonators can be remotely excited and read out using free-space structures,simplifying the process of sensing.In this study,we present a submicron-scale temperature sensor with a remarkable sensitivity up to 185 pm/℃based on a trian-gular MAPbI3 nanoplatelet(NPL)laser.Notably,as temperature changes,the peak wavelength of the laser line shifts lin-early.This unique characteristic allows for precise temperature sensing by tracking the peak wavelength of the NPL laser.The optical modes are confined within the perovskite NPL,which measures just 85 nm in height,due to total internal reflec-tion.Our NPL laser boasts several key features,including a high Q of~2610 and a low laser threshold of about 19.8μJ·cm^(−2).The combination of exceptional sensitivity and ultra-small size makes our WGM device an ideal candidate for integration into systems that demand compact temperature sensors.This advancement paves the way for significant prog-ress in the development of ultrasmall temperature sensors,opening new possibilities across various fields.
文摘Owing to its cost‐effectiveness and adjustable eight‐electron distribution in the 3d orbital,nickel oxide(NiO)is considered an effective electrocatalyst for an ambient electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).However,because of the low conductivity of the transition metal oxide electrocatalyst,its application in this field is limited.In this study,we found that the doping of NiO nanosheets with a small amount(3–10 nm)of Pt nanoparticles(Pt/NiO‐NSs)leads to considerable improvements in the Faradaic efficiency(FE)and NH_(3) yield compared with those obtained using pure NiO,breaking the common perception that commercial Pt‐based electrocatalysts demonstrate little potential for NRR due to their high hydrogen evolution tendency.In a 0.1 mol/L Na_(2)SO_(4) solution at−0.2 V vs.RHE,a typical Pt/NiO‐2 sample exhibits an optimum electrochemical NH_(3) yield of 20.59μg h^(–1)mg^(–1)cat.and an FE of 15.56%,which are approximately 5 and 3 times greater,respectively,than those of pure NiO nanosheets at the same applied potential.X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Pt in Pt/NiO‐NSs exist as Pt0,Pt^(2+),and Pt^(4+)and that high‐valence Pt ions are more electropositive,thereby favoring chemisorption and the activation of N2 molecules.Density function theory calculations showed that the d‐band of Pt nanoparticles supported on NiO is significantly tuned compared to that of pure Pt,affording a more favorable electronic structure for NRR.The results of this study show that Pt can be an effective NRR electrochemical catalyst when loaded on an appropriate substrate.Most importantly,it provides a new synthetic avenue for the fabrication of highly active Pt‐based NRR electrocatalysts.
基金support from the Villum Foundation V-SUSTAIN grant 9455 to the Villum Center for the Science of Sustainable Fuels and Chemicals
文摘Growing concern regarding the sustainability of the chemical industry has driven the developmentof more efficient catalytic reactions.First‐generation estimates of catalyst viability are based oncrustal abundance,which has severe limitations.Herein,we propose a second‐generation approachto predicting the viability of novel catalysts prior to industrial implementation to benefit the globalchemical industry.Using this prediction,we found that a correlation exists between catalyst consumptionand the annual production or price of the catalyst element for11representative industrialcatalytic processes.Based on this correlation,we have introduced two new descriptors for catalystviability,namely,catalyst consumption to availability ratio per annum(CCA)and consumed catalystcost to product value ratio per annum(CCP).Based on evaluations of CCA and CCP for selected industrial reactions,we have grouped catalysts from the case studies according to viability,allowing the identification of general limits of viability based on CCA and CCP.Calculating the CCA and CCP and their comparing with the general limits of viability provides researchers with a novel framework for evaluating whether the cost or physical availability of a new catalyst could be limiting.We have extended this analysis to calculate the predicted limits of economically viable production and product cost for new catalysts.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
文摘世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》第一版,2012年出版第二版,2015年对第二版进行了修订。2020年出版第三版《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》,新版标准反映了医学教育领域的最新趋势,对现有标准进行了全面审视和调整,目标是提供更具包容性和灵活性的指导,以适应不同地区和学校的特殊需求。标准涵盖:宗旨与价值观、课程计划、考核、学生、教师、教育资源、质量保障、管理与行政等8个领域,强调持续改进医学教育质量。新版标准强调WFME的标准是指导,而非要求或指示。WFME允许每个机构根据具体情况制定自己的基本标准,这些当地标准涉及医学教育和培训的设计、实施、管理和质量保障,可以根据具体情况调整修订。《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准(2020版)》将为区域或国家标准的制定提供有益的参考。如果现有标准运行良好,则没有必要因为第三版标准而进行修订。
文摘世界医学教育联合会(World Federation for Medical Education,WFME)于2003年颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》(Basic Medical Education WFME Global Standards for Quality Improvement).该标准对推动全球医学教育认证体系的建立,保障全球不同国家和地区医学教育质量产生了积极的影响.2012年,WFME启动了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》的首次修订,并于2013年正式颁布了《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》.2015年,WFME对2012版《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》进行了再次修订和更新,主要修订内容为说明、前言和标准的注释部分,对标准本身的改动极少.本标准从宗旨及结果、教育计划、学生考核、学生、教师、教育资源、教育评价、管理与行政、持续改进等9大领域对医学教育的基本标准和发展标准进行了定义,并承认地区之间和国家之间的差别、尊重各医学院校特点和不同发展状况,鼓励持续改进.《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准》(2015年修订版)为区域或国家标准的制定提供了有益的参考.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050103)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Global Dryland Programme, 121311KYSB20170004)The National Natural Science Foundation of China (42001267)。
文摘Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance”(FLB)policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health(MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders’ autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.
