Bibliometric analysis of microphthalmos and anophthalmos over 20 years:from 2004 to 2023

AIM:To conduct a bibliometric analysis of studies on microphthalmos and anophthalmos(M/A),explore research hotspots,and provide information on future research interests in this field to benefit clinicians and researchers.METHODS:Totally 751 publications related to M/A from the year 2004 to 2023 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database.These publications consist of both original and review articles,that are composed in English.The contributions of different countries,institutions,journals,and authors were analyzed,and network analysis was conducted by using Microsoft Excel 2021,VOSviewer,and R Studio to visualize research hotspots.RESULTS:Among all publications included,the highest number of publications came from USA(218,29.03%).China followed with 99 publications(13.18%),and England with 86 publications(11.45%).The publications from the USA had the highest frequency of citations,with 16699 citations,and the highest H-index of 49.The American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A(43,5.73%)published the largest number of papers,and the University of London had the most publications(41,5.46%).The genetic and molecular mechanisms of M/A were still unclear and the clinical intervention for M/A had gained a lot of attention as an emerging area of interest.CONCLUSION:Data have been gathered on the yearly count of published materials and citations,as well as the rise in publication trends,the efficiency of regions or countries,authors,journals,and organizations,along with the high-cited publications in M/A.The recent trend of research has shifted from genetic mechanisms to different clinical phenotypes and corresponding clinical interventions,which can give direction to future research.

Evaluation of dry eye disease symptomatology and mental health status among patients with different COVID-19 statuses

AIM:To evaluate dry eye disease(DED)symptomatology and mental health status in different COVID-19 patients.METHODS:A cross-sectional observational design was used.Totally 123 eligible adults(46.34%of men,age range,18-59y)with COVID-19 included in the study from August to November,2022.Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI),Five-item Dry Eye Questionnaire(DEQ-5),Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)were used in this study.RESULTS:OSDI scores were 6.82(1.25,15.91)in asymptomatic carriers,7.35(2.50,18.38)in mild cases,and 16.67(4.43,28.04)in recurrent cases,with 30.00%,35.56%,and 57.89%,respectively evaluated as having DED symptoms(χ2=7.049,P=0.029).DEQ-5 score varied from 2.00(0,6.00)in asymptomatic carriers,3.00(0,8.00)in mild cases,and 8.00(5.00,10.00)in recurrent cases,with 27.50%,33.33%,and 55.26%,respectively assessed as having DED symptoms(χ2=8.532,P=0.014).The prevalence of clinical anxiety(50.00%)and depression(47.37%)symptoms were also significantly higher in patients with recurrent infection(χ2=24.541,P<0.001;χ2=30.871,P<0.001).Recurrent infection was a risk factor for high OSDI scores[odds ratio,2.562;95%confidence interval(CI),1.631-7.979;P=0.033]and DEQ-5 scores(odds ratio,3.353;95%CI,1.038-8.834;P=0.043),whereas having a fixed occupation was a protective factor for OSDI scores(odds ratio,0.088;95%CI,0.022-0.360;P=0.001)and DEQ-5 scores(odds ratio,0.126;95%CI,0.039-0.405;P=0.001).CONCLUSION:Patients with recurrent COVID-19 have more severe symptoms of DED,anxiety,and depression.

Macular Perfusion Changes and Ganglion Cell Complex Loss in Patients with Silicone Oil-related Visual Loss

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate macular perfusion changes and ganglion cell complex(GCC)loss in patients with unexplained visual loss following vitrectomy and silicone oil(SO)tamponade,and to evaluate the correlation between retinal blood flow and GCC loss using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT).Methods This retrospective study included seven eyes(seven patients)with unexpected visual loss after vitrectomy and SO tamponade.OCTA was used to evaluate the alterations in retinal vessel density(VD)in the superficial capillary plexus(SCP),deep capillary plexus(DCP),and radial peripapillary capillary plexus(RPCP).OCT was used to measure the thickness of GCC and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL).Medical records of patients were reviewed.Results Quantitative analysis of OCTA images revealed a significant reduction in SCP VD in the affected eyes compared with the controls(all sections P<0.05).No difference was found in GCC thickness,but FLV(focal loss volume)and GLV(global loss volume)were significantly higher in the affected eyes(both P<0.001).SCP VD was inversely correlated with FLV and GLV.Conclusions Silicone oil-related severe visual loss was associated with superficial retinal microvasculature damage and ganglion cell apoptosis.

Visual performance after conventional LASIK and wavefront-guided LASIK with iris-registration:results at 1 year

AIM:To compare visual performance of wavefrontguided laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) with iris-registration(Wg-LASIK group) and conventional LASIK(LASIK group) one year after surgery and analyze the correlation between wavefront aberrations and visual performance.·METHODS:Eight hundred and fifty-two myopic eyes of 430 patients were enrolled in this prospective study and divided into two groups:Wg-LASIK group(436eyes) and LASIK group(416 eyes).A Wavescan Wavefront aberrometer was used to analyze Zernike coefficients and the root-mean-square(RMS) of higher order aberrations,and Optec 6500 visual function instrument was used to measure contrast sensitivity(CS)before and 3,6,12 months after surgery.·RESULTS:The mean spherical equivalent(SE) in WgLASIK group was significantly better than those in LASIK group one year after surgery(P =0.024).Wg-LASIK eyes showed better CS values than LASIK eyes at all spatial frequencies with and without glare after surgery(P all【0.01).Moreover,the increase of higher RMS(RMSh),coma,RMS3,RMS4,RMS5 in Wg-LASIK group were significantly lower than those in LASIK group 1 year after surgery(P all 【0.05).The increase of coma,spherical aberration(SA),RMS3 and RMS4 in Wg-LASIK and coma and RMS3 in LASIK group were negatively correlated with reduction of contrast sensitivity 1 year after surgery.·CONCLUSION:A significant better visual performance is got in Wg-LASIK group compared with LASIK group 1year after surgery,and the Wg-LASIK is particularly suitable for eyes with high-magnitude RMSh.

Comparative analysis of cytomegalovirus retinitis and microvascular retinopathy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIM：To compare the clinical manifestation of cytomegalovirus（CMV）retinitis and microvascular retinopathy（MVR）in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS）in China.METHODS：A total of 93 consecutive patients with AIDS,including 41 cases of CMV retinitis and 52 cases of MVR were retrospectively reviewed.Highly active antiretroviral therapy（HAART）status was recorded.HIV and CMV immunoassay were also tested.CD4＋T-lymphocyte count and blood CMV-DNA test were performed in all patients.Aqueous humor CMV-DNA test was completed in 39patients.Ophthalmological examinations including best corrected visual acuity（BCVA,by International Standard Vision Chart）,intraocular pressure（IOP）,slit-lamp biomicroscopy,indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed.RESULTS：In MVR group,the anterior segment examination was normal in all patients with a mean BCVA of 0.93±0.13.Blood CMV-DNA was 0（0,269 000）and 42 patients（80.77%）did not receive HAART.In CMV retinitis group,13 patients（31.71%）had anterior segment abnormality.The mean BCVA was 0.64±0.35 and blood CMV-DNA was 3470（0,1 450 000）.Nineteen patients（46.34%）had not received HAART.MVR group and CMV retinitis group the positive rates of aqueous CMV-DNA were 0 and 50%,respectively.Two patients with MVR progressed to CMV retinitis during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION：In comparison of CMV,patients with MVR have relatively mild visual function impairment.Careful ophthalmological examination and close follow-up are mandatory,especially for patients who have systemic complications,positive CMV-DNA test and without received HAART.

Retinal vessel oxygen saturation in healthy subjects and early branch retinal vein occlusion

AIM： To measure the retinal oxygen saturation in healthy subjects and early branch retinal vein occlusion（BRVO） in Chinese population.METHODS： The retinal vessel oxygen saturation of the healthy subjects and BRVO patients were measured by a noninvasive retinal oximeter（Oxymap ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland）.RESULTS： The study included 22 patients with unilateral BRVO（mean age： 55.1±8.8y） in the study group and 91 healthy participants（mean age： 37.5±14.0y） in the control group.In the healthy individuals,mean arterial and venous oxygen saturation were significantly（P〈0.001）higher in the superior nasal quadrant（98.5%±10.1%and 57.3%±8.7%,respectively） than in the inferior nasal quadrant（94.2%±9.0% and 54.1%±9.6%,respectively）,followed by the superior temporal quadrant（89.1%±10.1%and 51.9%±8.9%,respectively） and the inferior temporal quadrant（86.4%±9.4% and 46.6%±9.6%,respectively）.In patients with ischemic BRVO,arterial oxymetric values were significantly higher and venous measurements significantly lower for the affected vessel（107.5%±9.7% and46.4%±14.2%,respectively） than the unaffected vessel in the same eye（99.2%±12.2% and 55.5%±7.9%,respectively）and as compared to the vessel in the unaffected fellow eye（93.1%±6.9% and 55.7%±6.8%）（P=0.005 and P=0.02,respectively）.In the patients with non-ischemic BRVO,mean venous oxygen saturation was lower in the affected vein（39.8%±12.2%） than in the unaffected vessels of the same eye（50.8%±10.5%） and in the fellow eye（58.21%±5.7%）（P=0.03）.Mean arterial oxygen saturation did not differ significantly（P=0.42） between all three groups.CONCLUSION： In patients with BRVO,the venous oxygen saturation in the affected vessels is decreased potentially due to decreased blood velocity and flow.Interestingly,thearterial oxygen saturation in eyes with ischemic BRVO is increased in the affected arteries.

Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Tuberculous Serpiginous-like Choroiditis and Serpiginous Choroiditis

Objective To investigate optical coherence tomography（OCT） characteristics of tuberculous serpiginous-like choroiditis（Tb-SLC） and serpiginous choroiditis（SC） and to perform OCT to differentiate between these conditions.Methods This retrospective,case-control study examined consecutively enrolled patients with active Tb-SLC or SC.Patients underwent comprehensive ocular examinations and imaging（OCT,color fundus photography,autofluorescence imaging,fluorescein angiography,and indocyanine green angiography）.Findings were examined and compared between eyes with SC and Tb-SLC.Results Nine patients with active Tb-SLC（14 eyes） and 8 with active SC（12 eyes） were included.The following OCT findings were observed significantly more often in the Tb-SLC group than in the SC group： vitreal hyper-reflective spots [5 Tb-SLC eyes（36%）,no SC eyes：P = 0.02],intraretinal edema [11 Tb-SLC eyes（79%）,3 SC eyes（25%）：P = 0.01],sub-retinal pigment epithelium（RPE） drusenoid deposits [11 Tb-SLC eyes（79%）,2 SC eyes（17%）：P 〈 0.01],and choroidal granulomas [8 Tb-SLC eyes（57%）,2 SC eyes（17%）：P = 0.03].A hyporeflective,wedge-shaped band was observed more often in the SC group [5 Tb-SLC eyes（36%）,9 SC eyes（75%）：P = 0.045] than in the Tb-SLC group.The incidence of other OCT signs did not differ between the groups and included outer nuclear layer hyper-reflection,outer retinal tabulation,and choriocapillaris point-like hyper-reflection.Conclusion Vitreal hyper-reflective spots,intraretinal fluid,sub-RPE drusenoid deposits,and choroidal granulomas on OCT images may indicate Tb-SLC.Additionally,a hyporeflective,wedge-shaped band may indicate SC.Therefore,OCT is likely helpful in differentiating between Tb-SLC and SC.

Immune oppression array elucidating immune escape and survival mechanisms in uveal melanoma

AIM： To examine the genetic profile of primary uveal melanoma （UM） as compared to UM in immune escape.METHODS： Dendritic cells （DC） loaded with lysates of UM cells of high metastatic potential were used to stimulate CTLs（CTLs）. When CTLs co-cultured with the UM cells, most UM cells could be eliminated. Survival UM cells grew slowly and were considered to be survival variants and examined by a microarray analysis. These differential genes were analyzed further with Venn Diagrams and functions related to immune escape. We additionally examined transcriptional changes of manually selected survival variants of UM cells and of clinical UM samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）, and analyzed the correlation of these expressions and patients’ survival.RESULTS： Gene expression analyses revealed a marked up-regulation of SLAMF7 and CCL22 and a significant down-regulation of KRT10, FXYD3 and ABCC2. The expression of these genes in the relapsed UM was significantly greater than those in primary UM. UM patients with overexpression of these genes had a shorter survival period as compared with those of their underexpression.CONCLUSION： Gene expression, in particular of SLAMF7, CCL22, KRT10, FXYD3 and ABCC2, differed between primary UM cells and survival variants of UM cells.

Comparison of Ziemer FEMTO LDV "Classic" and " Crystal Line" femtosecond laser flap quality by Fourierdomain optical coherence tomography

AIM:To compare the regularity and accuracy of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) flaps created by the Ziemer FEMTO LDV 'Classic'(Ziemer 'Classic') and Ziemer FEMTO LDV Crystal Line femtosecond laser(Ziemer Crystal Line). METHODS:Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography(RTVue OCT) was used to measure the morphology of 200 LASIK flaps of 100 consecutive patients created with the Ziemer Classic(100 flaps) or the Ziemer Crystal Line(100 flaps) at one week postoperatively.Flap thickness was evaluated at 36 specified measurement points on each flap.For all procedures with both lasers,the nominal flap thickness was 110μm.RESULTS:The mean flap thickness of the Ziemer Crystal Line group(102.49±2.68μm) was thinner than that of the Ziemer Classic group(107.65±5.09μm)(P【0.01).Average thickness of all flaps was uniform within 4μm at all measurement points.The flaps in the Ziemer Crystal Line group were more regular than those in the Ziemer Classic group when measured from the center to the periphery.The maximum deviation from the nominal 110μm of 36 measurements was 8μm in the Ziemer Classic group,while in the Ziemer Crystal Line group it was 9μm.Within the 3 600 measurements on the 100 eyes,differences greater than 20μm were observed 0.14% in the Ziemer Classic group,and 0.04% in the Ziemer Crystal Line group. CONCLUSION:The flaps created with the Ziemer FEMTO LDV Crystal Line femtosecond laser are more uniform and thinner than those created by the Ziemer FEMTO LDV Classic femtosecond laser.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal vascular caliber alterations in coal miners in northern China:a community-based observational study

AIM:To evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal vascular caliber alterations in coal mine workers.METHODS:The community-based observational crosssectional study included 4004 participants of a subpopulation of the Kailuan Study.All the study participants underwent structured interviews with a standardized questionnaire,fundus photography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(OCT)examinations performed by trained doctors.RESULTS:The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly higher(P=0.006)and the central macular thickness was lower in coal miners(n=659,51.0±7.8 y)as compared to the control(working above the ground;n=477,51.8±7.5 y;P=0.032).Additionally,the downhole workers showed a significantly thicker retinal artery(P=0.012)and vein diameters(P<0.001).In multivariable regression,a thicker retinal nerve fiber layer was associated with a higher cumulative silica dust exposure(P=0.005)after adjusting for younger age and larger spherical equivalent.In a reverse pattern,a higher cumulative silica dust exposure(P=0.004)was significantly associated with a thicker retinal nerve fiber layer after adjusting for age,high-density lipoproteins and uric acid.Wider retinal vein diameters were associated with higher cumulative silica dust exposure(P=0.036)after adjusting for younger age and larger spherical equivalent.CONCLUSION:The retinal vessels diameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness are significantly thicker in long term of coal mining.The results of our study indicate that underground working environment may lead to retinal vessel dilation and inflammation.Thus,ocular examination might be needed within coal miners in order to monitor the occupational eye health as well as the incidence and progression of eye diseases.

Observation of the Curative Effect of the Dexamethasone Vitreous Cavity Implant for the Treatment of Irvine-Gass Syndrome

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of dexamethasone vitreous cavity implants(Ozurdex)for the treatment of macular edema(Irvine-Gass Syndrome)after cataract surgery.Method Eight patients(eight eyes)with Irvine-Gass syndrome were enrolled for vitreous injections with Ozurdex.The patients included six men(six eyes)and two women(two eyes)with a mean age of 67.12±11.92 years.Changes in the patients best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT),and intraocular pressure were compared before and after treatment.Result The mean visual acuity BCVA of the patients was 0.81±0.26 before implantation,which improved to 0.20±0.12,0.13±0.09,and 0.15±0.13 at 2 weeks,1 month,and 3 months after implantation,respectively(P<0.001).The patient’s mean CMT before implantation was 703.00±148.88μm,and it reduced to 258.87±37.40μm,236.25±28.74μm,and 278.00±76.82μm at 2 weeks,1 month,and 3 months after implantation,respectively(P<0.001).Conclusion The dexamethasone vitreous cavity implant(Ozurdex)is a safe and effective treatment,which can effectively improve patient’s visual acuity and reduce macular edema associated with cataract surgery.

The Effect of Intense Pulsed Light Treatment for Chronic Hordeolum

Objective To evaluate the effect of intense pulsed light(IPL)in the treatment of chronic hordeolum.Methods Patients with chronic hordeolum who underwent IPL treatment were enrolled in this study.According to the severity of hordeolum,the patients were treated with IPL 3 to 5 times.Patients’satisfaction and visual analog scale scores for ocular discomfort symptoms before and after treatment were collected.The number,congestion,long diameter,short diameter and area of nodules were also recorded and measured.Finally,eyelid margin signs,meibum quality,meibomian gland expressibility,meibomian gland dropout,tear meniscus height,and corneal fluorescein staining were scored.Results 20 patients were enrolled in this study.The eyelid margins were congestive and swollen,with blunt rounding or irregularity.The meibum was cloudy or toothpaste-like.The meibomian gland expressibility,meibomian gland dropout and tear meniscus height were reduced.The cornea showed scattered fluorescein staining.After treatment,score of visual analog scale,congestion and size of nodules were significantly reduced.Eyelid margin signs,meibum quality,meibomian gland expressibility,tear meniscus height and corneal fluorescein staining scores were improved.Meibomian gland dropout had no significant change.No side effects occurred during treatment.Conclusions IPL is beneficial for the treatment of chronic hordeolum.

Subconjunctival conbercept for the treatment of corneal neovascularization

·AIM:To investigate the effectiveness and safety of subconjunctival injection of conbercept in the treatment of corneal neovascularization(CNV).·METHODS:The data on 10 consecutively recruited patients with CNV who received a subconjunctival conbercept(1 mg)once,and measured the area,length,and diameter of neovascularization before and after(1d,1,2wk,and 1mo)treatment as well as the occurrence of systemic and ocular complications after treatment were analyzed.·RESULTS:There was a statistically significant reduction in the area of CNV one day after treatment(mean±SD:38.46±11.36 mm^(2)),compared with before treatment(42.46±12.80 mm^(2),P<0.01).There was also a statistically significant reduction in the length(3.86±1.80 mm vs 4.64±1.77 mm,P<0.01)and diameter(0.044±0.022 vs 0.060±0.026,P<0.05)of CNV,one week after treatment comparing to before treatment.The reduction in all three parameters was maximized at two weeks after treatment(area:29.49±8.83 mm^(2),P<0.001;length:3.50±1.88 mm,P<0.001;and diameter:0.038±0.017 mm,P<0.01).No severe systemic or ocular complication was observed during the study.·CONCLUSION:During the observation period of onemonth,subconjunctival injection of conbercept is an effective and safe method for the reduction of CNV.It may be effective as a preoperative drug for neovascular corneal transplantation.

Effects of higher-order aberrations on contrast sensitivity in normal eyes of a large myopic population

AIM：To study the relation between higher-order aberrations（HOAs）and contrast sensitivity（CS）in normal eyes among a population of laser in situ keratomileusis（LASIK）candidates.METHODS：In 6629 eyes of 3315 LASIK candidates,CS were measured under dark environment at the spatial frequencies of 1.5,3,6,12 and 18 cycles per degree（c/d）,respectively,using an Optec 6500 visual function tester.Meanwhile,ocular HOAs were measured for a 6.0 mm pupil with a Hartmann-Shack wavefront analyzer.RESULTS：In the study,the subjects with an average spherical equivalent of-4.86±2.07 D were included.HOAs decreased from the third to the sixth order aberrations with predominant aberrations of third-order coma,trefoil and fourth-order spherical aberration.At low and moderate spatial frequencies,CS was negatively correlated with the third-order coma and trefoil aberrations,and decreased with increasing Z31,but increased with increasing Z3-3and Z5-1.At high spatial frequencies,CS decreased with increasing Z3-3and increased with increasing Z5-1.CONCLUSION：At a large pupil size of 6.0 mm,the thirdorder aberrations,but not the total aberrations,are the main factors affecting CS.Vertical coma is negatively correlated with CS.

How long is the interval of onsets of bilateral retinoblastoma?

Dear Sir,Iam Dr.Ye Zhang,from Beijing Tongren Eye Center,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Beijing,China.I write to present a case report of bilateral retinoblastoma(Rb)with10-year-interval of onsets.Rb is the most common malignant intraocular tumor of infancy and childhood,with the majority of cases being diagnosed before 5 years of age.It may involve in unilateral or bilateral eye.Studies showed that the interval of the onsets of bilateral Rb is always within three years.So it is very rare

Rare giant corneal keloid presenting 26 years after trauma:A case report

BACKGROUND Corneal keloid is a rare clinical disease with an unknown etiology,which is easily misdiagnosed.Surgery is the most effective treatment but is rarely reported in the literature.Herein,we report the clinical features,histopathology,and surgical outcome of a giant corneal keloid with trophoblastic vessels and discuss the genesis of the mass.CASE SUMMARY A 36-year-old young man was admitted to the hospital because of a large mass on the surface of the left cornea.The patient had suffered an injury to his left eye at the age of 6-years-old;however,as the injury did not cause cornea perforation,he did not undergo treatment.Slit lamp exam showed a large,elevated,opaque lesion that covered the entire cornea and protruded from the surface of the eyeball.Anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT) revealed a lesion of irregular density involving the anterior stroma.We suspected a secondary corneal fibroproliferative mass based on the clinical history,and slit lamp and AS-OCT findings.The patient subsequently underwent a superficial keratectomy and keratoplasty,and the final diagnosis of corneal keloid was confirmed by intraoperative histopathological examination.CONCLUSION Non-penetrating corneal trauma damages corneal epithelium basement membrane,initiating stromal fibrosis and causing corneal keloids.AS-OCT and biopsy confirm diagnosis.

A case of maculopathy from rush poppers

Dear Editor,W e present the first Chinese case of poppers maculopathy. Poppers are a recreational substance of abuse which composes of a series of volatile alkyl nitrite. “Rush” is a kind of poppers, which was born in the United States and has been in existence for more than 30y.

Measurement of anterior chamber volume with rotating scheimpflug camera and anterior segment optical coherence tomography

Background Measurement of anterior segment parameters plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of anterior chamber volume （ACV） measurements with rotating scheimpflug camera （RSC） and to examine agreement with anterior segment optical coherence tomography （AS-OCT）. Methods Thirty nine healthy normal subjects were recruited from the Eye Center of Tongren Hospital. ACV was measured using RSC and AS-OCT in a randomly selected eye for each subject. For RSC measurements, both automatic and manual ACV measurements and 2 independent operators＇ ACV measurements were obtained. All subjects were invited for 3 visits within a week to evaluate repeatability and reproducibility of ACV measurement by RSC. Agreement was evaluated between RSC and AS-OCT. Results Good repeatability and reproducibility were found for both automatic and manual ACV measurements obtained by RSC. For intrasession repeatability, coefficient of variation （CVw） and intraclass correlation coefficient （ICC） values for automatic were 3.52% and 0.98; the values for manual were 3.44% and 0.97, respectively. For intersession reproducibility, the respective CVw and ICC values were 3.96% and 0.96. Good agreement was also found in 2 operators for both automatic and manual ACV measurements; nevertheless, poor agreement was found between RSC and AS-OCT （95% confidence interval （CO for agreement of automatic RSC measurement versus AS-OCT were -96.3 to 72.8 pl and 95% CI for agreement of manual RSC measurement versus AS-OCT were between 41.7 to 10.1 #1 ）. Conclusions Both RSC automatic and manual ACV measurements showed good repeatability and reproducibility, and showed comparable agreement between 2 independent operators, but poor agreement was found between RSC and AS-OCT.

MicroRNA-145 suppresses uveal melanoma angiogenesis and growth by targeting neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog and vascular endothelial growth factor

Background:Uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults.It has been demonstrated that microRNA-145(miR-145)is correlated with the progression of various cancers by regulating the expression of multiple target genes,especially a number of genes that regulate angiogenesis and proliferation.However,the underlying mechanisms of miR-145 in tumor angiogenesis of UM are still not well illustrated.Thus,we aimed to explore the potential target genes or pathways regulated by miR-145 in UM and the effect of miR-145 on invasion and angiogenesis.Methods:Totally,24 choroid samples were collected in our study,including 12 UM samples and 12 normal uveal tissues.The expression of neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog(N-RAS),phosphorylated protein kinase B(p-AKT),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in UM tissues and normal uveal tissues was analyzed using Western blotting analysis.Lentivirus expression system was used to construct MUM-2B and OCM-1 cell lines with stable overexpression of miR-145.Transwell and endothelial cell tube formation assay were used to measure the effects of miR-145 on the invasion and angiogenesis of UM in vitro.The downstream target genes of miR-145 were predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed using a luciferase assay.BALB/c nude mice models were established to investigate the mechanisms of miR-145 on tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo.Group data comparisons were performed using analysis of Student’s t test.A two-tailed P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:The results of Western blotting analysis indicated that the expressions of N-RAS(1.10±0.35 vs.0.41±0.36,t=3.997,P=0.012),p-AKT(1.16±0.22 vs.0.57±0.03,t=7.05,P=0.001),and VEGF(0.97±0.32 vs.0.45±0.21,t=3.314,P=0.008)inUMtumor tissues were significantly higher than those in normal uveal tissue.Luciferase assay demonstrated N-RAS and VEGF as downstream targets of miR-145.Moreover,tube formation assay revealed that miR-145-transfected human microvascular endothelial cell line formed shorter tube length(36.10±1.51mm vs.42.91±0.94 mm,t=6.603,P=0.003)and less branch points(350.00±19.97 vs.406.67±17.62,t=3.685,P=0.021)as compared with controls.In addition,the numbers of invaded MUM-2B and OCM-1 cells with miR-145 overexpression were significantly lower than the controls(35.7±3.3 vs.279.1±4.9,t=273.75,P<0.001 and 69.5±4.4 vs.95.6±4.7,t=21.27,P<0.001,respectively).In vivo,xenografts expressing miR-145 had smaller sizes(miR-145 vs.miR-scr,717.41±502.62mm3 vs.1694.80±904.33mm3,t=2.314,P=0.045)and lower weights(miR-145 vs.miR-scr,0.74±0.46 g vs.1.65±0.85 g,t=2.295,P=0.045).Conclusion:Our results indicated that miR-145 is an important tumor suppressor and the inhibitory strategies against N-RAS/VEGF signaling pathway might be potential therapeutic applications for UM in the future.

Reduction on OFF-responses of Electroretinogram in Monkeys with Long-term High Intraocular Pressure

Background： There are ON- and OFF-pathways in the normal vertebrate retina. Short- and long-flash electroretinogram （ERG） are suitable methods to observe the function of ON- and OFF-pathways in vivo, respectively. It is clear that high intraocular pressure （IOP） might cause dysfunction of cone-dominated photopic negative response （PhNR） in monkeys with high lOP in ON-pathway. However, whether cone-dominated OFF-responses are also affected is less known. The aim of this study was to observe photopic OFF-responses of ERG in monkeys with high lOP. Methods： Nine monkeys were involved in the experiment from January 2006 to December 2016. High IOP was induced in the right eye by laser coagulation of the mid-trabecular meshwork in five monkeys. Six years after the laser coagulation, both short- and long-flash of the photopic ERG were recorded. Stimulus light was red flashes superimposed on a blue background. Four normal monkeys were examined under the same ERG protocols as controls. Paired t-test was used to compare the difference of each ERG parameter between the lasered eye and the fellow eye. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） with Tukey adjustment was adopted to calculate the differences among the lasered eye, the fellow eye, and the eyes of normal monkeys. Results： The mean amplitude of a-wave （11.73 ± 2.05） and PhNR （8.67 ± 2.44） in lasered eyes was significantly lower than that of a-wave （21.47 ±3.15） and PhNR （22.05 ± 3.42） in fellow eyes （P = 0.03 and P 0.01, respectively） in response to short flash. The mean amplitude old-wave （ 1.60 ± 0.59） and/-wave （3.13± 0.64） was significantly reduced in the lasered eyes than that of d-wave （4.01 ± 0.56） and/-wave （8.79 ± 1.75） in the fellow eyes （P =0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively） in response to long flash. Conclusions： Reduced OFF-responses are recorded in monkeys with high IOP when dysfunction ofphotoreceptor is involved. The reduced OFF-responses to long-flash stimulus show evidence of anomalous retinal circuitry in glaucomatous retinopathy.