Processing and properties of 2D SiC/SiC composites by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis

Two-dimensional plain-weave silicon carbide fiber fabric reinforced silicon carbide(2D-SiC/SiC)composites were molded by stacking method and densified through precursor infiltration and pyrolysis(PIP)process.SiC coating was deposited as the fiber/matrix interphase layer by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)technique.Fiber/matrix debonding and relatively long fiber pullouts were observed on the fracture surfaces.Additionally,the flexural strength and elastic modulus of the composites with and without fiber/matrix interphase layer were investigated using three-point bending test and single-edge notched beam test.The results show that the fiber fraction and the porosity of 2D-SiC/SiC composites with and without coating are 27.2%(volume fraction)and 11.1%,and 40.7%(volume fraction)and 7.5%,respectively.And the flexural strength and elastic modulus of 2D-SiC/SiC composites with and without coating are 363.3 MPa and 127.8 GPa,and 180.2 MPa and 97.2 GPa,respectively.With a proper thickness,the coating can effectively adjust the fiber/matrix interface,thus causing a dramatic increase in the mechanical properties of the composites.

Concept Design,Modeling and Station-keeping Attitude Control of an Earth Observation Platform

The stratosphere airship provides a unique and promising platform for earth observation. Researches on the project design and control scheme for earth observation platforms are still rarely documented. Nonlinear dynamics, model uncertainties, and external disturbances contribute to the difficulty in maneuvering the stratosphere airship. A key technical challenge for the earth observation platform is station keeping, or the ability to remain fixed over a geo-location. This paper investigates the conceptual design, modeling and station-keeping attitude control of the near-space earth observation platform. A conceptual design of the earth observation platform is presented. The dynamics model of the platform is derived from the Newton-Euler formulation, and the station-keeping control system of the platform is formulated. The station-keeping attitude control approach for the platform is proposed. The multi-input multi-output nonlinear control system is decoupled into three single-input single-output linear subsystems via feedback linearization, the attitude controller design is carried out on the new linear systems using terminal sliding mode control, and the global stability of the closed-loop system is proven by using the Lyapunov theorem. The performance of the designed control system is simulated by using the variable step Runge-Kutta integrator. Simulation results show that the control system tracks the commanded attitude with an error of zero, which verify the effectiveness and robustness of the designed control system in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The near-space earth observation platform has several advantages over satellites, such as high resolution, fast to deploy, and convenient to retrieve, and the proposed control scheme provides an effective approach for station-keeping attitude control of the earth observation platform.

Designing and implementation of variance-dependent Goldstein radar interferogram filtering

The variance-dependent Goldstein radar interferogram filter takes into account the information of both interferometric coherence and multilook factors,and can produce very consistent results for interferograms generated under a wide variety of multilook factors and with very different noise level.However,the filter is a bit complicated and its application is still very limited.We present the designing and implementation of the variance-dependent Goldstein radar interferogram filtering,emphasizing on the logic flow,the generation of look-up table,the determination of filtering parameter,and the handling of edge information loss.Experiments with real interferograms are provided to demonstrate the applications of the designed filtering.Comparisons with the result of the coherence-dependent Goldstein filter show that improvements from 18.4% to 36.9% are achieved when the variance-dependent filter is used,and the noisier the interferogram,the greater the improvement.

Effects of precoating and calcination on microstructure of 3D silica fiber reinforced silicon nitride based composites

Three-dimensional silica fiber reinforced silicon nitride based composites were fabricated by preceramic polymer infiltration and pyrolysis method using perhydropolysilazane as a precursor. The effects of precoating and high temperature calcination on the microstructures of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. For the composite without a precoating, the fracture surface is plain, and the fiber/matrix interfaces become very unclear after calcination at 1 600 ℃ due to intense interfacial reactions. The composite with a precoating shows tough fracture surface with distinct fiber pull-outs, and the fiber/matrix interfaces are still clear after calcination at 1 600 ℃. It is the appropriate precoating process that contributes to the good interfacial microstructures for the composite.

Effects of pyrolysis temperature and fillers on joining of ceramics via silicone resin

The joining of graphite, ceramic SiC and C_f/SiC composites via preceramic silicone resin(SR) at high temperature (8001400℃) was studied. The curing and pyrolysis process of SR, pyrolysis temperature, inert and active fillers were especially discussed. The results show that the curing process of SR was accomplished by consuming Si—OH. The temperature of 1200℃ is the appropriate treating temperature for graphite and SiC ceramic, and the temperature of 1400℃ is suitable for C_f/SiC composites. Inert filler SiC powder(5%, mass fraction) has much positive influence on the shear strength of the joints. Active filler nano Ai, Si powder can greatly improve the properties of the joints treated at high temperature. The improvement is over 700%.

Design and realization of a magnetic-type absorber with a broadened operating frequency band

In this paper, we present an efficient method to obtain absorbers with broadened operating frequency bands. They are accomplished by using conventional magnetic absorbing materials （MAMs） in the forms of array and mesh structures, which are similar to those in the case of a frequency selective surface. The proposed approach is verified not only by simulations but also by experimental results under the normal incidence at microwave frequencies. Moreover, the wideband absorber is lighter than the conventional magnetic absorber. These results indicate that our proposed absorbing structures can be used for designing good electromagnetic absorbers.

Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for robotic airship with model uncertainty and external disturbance

An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control （AFSMC） ap- proach is proposed for a robotic airship. First, the mathematical model of an airship is derived in the form of a nonlinear control system. Second, an AFSMC approach is proposed to design the attitude control system of airship, and the global stability of the closed-loop system is proved by using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach in the presence of model uncertainties and external disturbances.

Improvement on the wave absorbing property of a lossy frequency selective surface absorber using a magnetic substrate

An equivalent-circuit model is used to analyse the improvement of the wave absorbing performance of the lossy frequency selective surface（FSS） absorber by using a magnetic substrate,showing that it is possible to widen the wave absorbing bandwidth.Three pieces of magnetic substrates are prepared.According to the complex permittivity and permeability,the reflectivity of the corresponding absorber is calculated by the finite difference time-domain（FDTD） method,and the bandwidth of the reflectivity below 10 dB is optimized by genetic algorithm.The calculated results indicate that the wave absorbing performance is significantly improved by increasing the complex permeability of the substrate;the reflectivity bandwidth below 10 dB of the single layer FSS absorber can reach 3.6-18 GHz with a thickness of 5 mm,which is wider than that with a dielectric substrate.The density of the FSS absorber is only 0.92 g/cm 3.Additionally,the absorption band can be further widened by inserting a second lossy FSS.Finally,a double layer lossy FSS absorber with a magnetic substrate is fabricated based on the design result.The experimental result is consistent with the design one.

High power nano-LiMn_2O_4 cathode materials with high-rate pulse discharge capability for lithium-ion batteries

Nano-LiMn2O4 cathode materials with nano-sized particles are synthesized via a citric acid assisted sol-gel route. The structure, the morphology and the electrochemical properties of the nano-LiMn204 are investigated. Compared with the micro-sized LiMn2O4, the nano-LiMn2O4 possesses a high initial capacity （120 mAh/g） at a discharge rate of 0.2 C （29.6 mA/g）. The nano-LiMn2O4 also has a good high-rate discharge capability, retaining 91% of its capacity at a discharge rate of 10 C and 73~ at a discharge rate of 40 C. In particular, the nano-LiMn2O4 shows an excellent high-rate pulse discharge capability. The cut-off voltage at the end of 50-ms pulse discharge with a discharge rate of 80 C is above 3.40 V, and the voltage returns to over 4.10 V after the pulse discharge. These results show that the prepared nano-LiMn2O4 could be a potential cathode material for the power sources with the capability to deliver very high-rate pulse currents.

Facile synthesis of a melt-spinnable polyborazine from asymmetric alkylaminoborazine

A novel asymmetric alkylaminoborazine monomer,2-propylamino-4,6-bis（methylamino）borazine,was synthesized for the first time,and directly polymerized to give a melt-spinnable polyborazine（PBN）.This asymmetric alkylaminoborazine was synthesized by an aminolysis reaction of 2,4,6-trichloroborazine（TCB） with different amines under mild conditions.This route turns out to be much cheaper and simpler than the conventional routes.The chemical composition,structure,molecular weights and ceramic yield were investigated by EA,FTIR,NMR,GPC and TG analysis.The PBN exhibits suitable rheological property for melt-spinning, which suggests that it is a potential precursor for BN fibers.

Infrared Thermochromic Properties of VO_2 Thin Films Prepared through Aqueous Sol-gel Process

The stoichiometric vanadium（IV） oxide thin films were obtained by controlling the temperature, time and pressure of annealing. The thermochromic phase transition and the IR thermochromic property of 400 nm and 900 nm VO2 thin films in the 7.5 μm-14 μm region were discussed. The derived VO2 thin film samples were characterized by Raman, XRD, XPS, AFM, SEM, and DSC. The resistance and infrared emissivity of VO2 thin films under different temperature were measured, and the thermal images of films were obtained using infrared imager. The results show that the VO2 thin film annealed at 550 ℃ for 10 hours through aqueous sol-gel process is pure and uniform. The 900 nm VO2 thin film exhibits better IR thermochromic property than the 400 nm VO2 thin film. The resistance of 900 nm VO2 film can change by 4 orders of magnitude and the emissivity can change by 0.6 during the phase transition, suggesting the outstanding IR thermochromic property. The derived VO2 thin film can control its infrared radiation intensity and lower its apparent temperature actively when the real temperature increases, which may be applied in the field of energy saving, thermal control and camouflage.

Accurate vision measurement for kinematic parameters of satellite separation tests

The accurate measurement of kinematic parameters in satellite separation tests has great significance in evaluating separation performance. A novel study is made on the measuring accuracy of monocular and binocular, which are the two main vision measurement methods used for kinematic parameters. As satellite separation process is transient and high-dynamic, it will bring more extraction errors to the binocular. Based on the design approach of intersection measure and variance ratio, the monocular method reflects higher precision, simpler structure and easier calibration for level satellite separation. In ground separation tests, a high-speed monocular system is developed to gain and analyze twelve kinematic parameters of a small satellite. Research shows that this monocular method can be widely applied for its high precision, with position accuracy of 0.5 mm, speed accuracy of 5 mm/s, and angular velocity accuracy of 1 (°)/s.

Statistical model for combustion of high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel

We investigate experimentally and analytically the combustion behavior of a high-metal magnesium-based hydro- reactive fuel under high temperature gaseous atmosphere. The fuel studied in this paper contains 73% magnesium powders. An experimental system is designed and experiments are carried out in both argon and water vapor atmo- spheres. It is found that the burning surface temperature of the fuel is higher in water vapor than that in argon and both of them are higher than the melting point of magnesium, which indicates the molten state of magnesium particles in the burning surface of the fuel. Based on physical considerations and experimental results, a mathematical one-dimensional model is formulated to describe the combustion behavior of the high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel. The model enables the evaluation of the burning surface temperature, the burning rate and the flame standoff distance each as a function of chamber pressure and water vapor concentration. The results predicted by the model show that the burning rate and the surface temperature increase when the chamber pressure and the water vapor concentration increase, which are in agreement with the observed experimental trends.

Estimation of a Type of Form-Invariant Combined Signals under Autoregressive Operators

We focus on a type of combined signals whose forms remain invariant under the autoregressive operators. To extract the true signal from the autoregressive noise, we develop a strategy to separate parameters and use a two-step least squares approach to estimate the autoregressive parameters directly and then further give the estimate of the signal parameters. This method overcomes the difficulty that the autoregressive noise remains unknown in other methods. It can effectively separate the noise and extract the true signal. The algorithm is linear. The solution of the problem is computationally cheap and practical with high accuracy.

Ablation and radar-wave transmission performances of the nitride ceramic matrix composites

The 2.5 dimensional silica fiber reinforced nitride matrix composites (2.5D SiO2f/Si3N4-BN) were prepared through the preceramic polymer impregnation pyro- lysis (PIP) method. The ablation and radar-wave transparent performances of the composite at high temperature were evaluated under arc jet. The composition and ablation surface microstructures were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the 2.5D SiO2f/Si3N4-BN composites have a linear ablation rate of 0.33 mm/s and high radar-wave trans- parent ratio of 98.6%. The fused layer and the matrix are protected by each other, and no fused layer accumulates on the ablation surface. The nitride composite is a high-temperature ablation resistivity and microwave transparent material.

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator （SJA） is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either ＂push＂ or ＂pull＂, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both ＂push＂ and ＂pull＂ functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.

碳化硅纳米线的电子发射特性

以聚碳硅烷为原料,通过1 200℃高温裂解工艺制备了碳化硅纳米线,并采用碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极材料,进行了电子发射实验。结果表明:与天鹅绒阴极材料相比,碳化硅纳米线具有更高的电子发射电流密度,在115 kV外加激励脉冲高压下,电子发射密度为23.7 kA/cm2,而天鹅绒材料为14.0kA/cm2,并具有更好的电子发射品质及更长的使用寿命。因此碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极,具有很好的应用潜力。

Translational zero-disturbance curve and its application to zero-disturbance motion planning of space manipulator system

A new motion planning method is proposed for enlarging the solvable space of zero-disturbance motion planning for the space free-floating manipulator system. First, a class of translational zero-disturbance curves is put forward for the first time. The equation of translational zero-disturbance curve is deduced using the nonholonomic constraint of the manipulator system, and its characteristics are also discussed. Second, the zero-disturbance curve of the whole operating process is divided into two segments. The first one is a translational zero-disturbance curve which passes through the target point. Another one is a common zero-disturbance curve which passes through the original point and intersects with the translational zero-disturbance curve. Finally, the common zero-disturbance curve is obtained by a hybrid programming strategy based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method (GPM) and direct shooting method (DSM). The numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective, and that the solvable space of this method almost covers the whole work space of the manipulator system.

Fabrication of high performance 3D SiO_2/Si_3N_4 composite via perhydropolysilazane infiltration and pyrolysis

Perhydropolysilazane, a low viscosity preceramic polymer with good wettability and high char yield, was used to fabricate three-dimensional silica fiber reinforced silicon nitride matrix composites through the repeated infiltration-curing- pyrolysis cycles. With the increase of the pyrolysis temperature from T1, T2 to T3, the density of the composites increased all through, but the flexural strength showed a maximum value at T2 followed by a sharp decrease. The composite prepared at T2 exhibited a good ceramization of the preceramic polymer, a high flexural strength of 144.9 MPa and excellent dielectric property. The high performance of the composite resulted from the good state of the silica fibers, controlled fiber/matrix interfacial microstructures and high-purity dense silicon nitride matrix.

Design of biomimetic camouflage materials based on angiosperm leaf organs

The micro structures and reflectance spectra of angiosperm leaves were compared with those of angiosperm petals. The study indicated that angiosperm leaf organs had identical micro structures and reflectance characteristics in the wave band of near infrared. Micro structures and compositions of leaf organs were the crucial factors influencing their reflectance spectra. The model of biomimetic materials based on angiosperm leaf organs was introduced and verified. From 300 to 2600 nm, the similarity coefficients of reflectance spectra of the foam containing water and Platanus Orientalis Linn. leaves were all above 0.969. The biomimetic camou- flage material exhibited almost the same reflectance spectra with those of green leaves in ultraviolet, visible and near infrared wave bands. And its "concolor and conspectrum" effect might take on reconnaissance of hyperspectral and ultra hy- perspectral imaging.