Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city’s underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground’.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.

基于人工势能场的破冰船护航下船舶航行风险场建模

针对破冰船护航下船舶碰撞与冰困事故风险评估问题,本文根据破冰船与跟驰船之间、跟驰船与海冰之间的相互关系,并基于人工势能场理论提出破冰船护航下船舶航行风险场的概念和模型,其中包括破冰船风险场和海冰风险场。破冰船风险场量化破冰船与跟驰船之间的碰撞风险水平,海冰风险场量化跟驰船与海冰之间的冰困风险水平。根据该模型提出破冰船与跟驰船之间安全跟驰距离的计算方法。最后基于Tian You轮2018年北极编队航行数据,应用破冰船护航下船舶航行风险场模型开展仿真实验,仿真结果验证了航行风险场模型的有效性,证明了本文建模方法能够为破冰船护航下船舶安全跟驰研究提供理论方法支撑。

乌梁素海湖冰完整生消过程的数值模拟

为探究气候变暖背景下乌梁素海湖冰的冰厚、冰温和冰物候特征的变化,利用ERA5-Land和MERRA-2再分析数据作为大气强迫场,结合多源卫星遥感反演得到的初始模拟日期,通过一维高分辨率热力学雪冰(HIGHTSI)模型模拟了2015—2016年乌梁素海湖冰的完整生消过程。结果显示:①研究期内,最大冰厚达到41.7 cm,初冰日和终冰日分别为2015年11月21日和2016年3月25日,冰期为126 d。②对于水深较浅而冬季日照充足的乌梁素海,气温是影响冰厚的主要因素,太阳辐射次之,两者的昼夜周期循环显著影响冰层的厚度和温度;当冰面有雪覆盖时,积雪的低导热和高反照率会明显削弱气温和太阳辐射对冰层的影响。③即使缺失现场观测数据,采用气象数据和遥感反演的初始模拟日期仍能准确地表征现场真实冰雪的完整演变过程。该研究可为中纬度干旱区季节性冰封浅水湖冰的计算和湖冰生消的年际变化研究奠定基础。

Hybrid-Vlasov simulation of soft X-ray emissions at the Earth’s dayside magnetospheric boundaries

Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.

联用多步骤虚拟筛选方法发现具有新母核的GABAA受体正性变构调节剂

GABAA受体主要介导哺乳动物中枢神经系统的抑制性信号传递,是镇静催眠药的关键靶点。在寻找具有新母核的镇静催眠药的过程中,计算机辅助药物设计(CADD)方法显示出巨大的优势。在这项研究中,首先,我们通过机器学习模型、分子对接模型和分子力学广义玻恩比表面积(MMGBSA)方法筛选了来自于商业数据库中的41112种化合物。经过筛选,我们得到了16个化合物,然后我们通过全细胞膜片钳电生理学实验验证了4个结构新颖的化合物确实为有效的GABAA受体正性变构调节剂。其中,化合物GPR120在细胞水平和动物水平都得到了实验验证。在重组表达α1β2γ2型受体的皮层神经元中,在10和50µmol∙L^(−1)浓度下,GPR120可将GABA EC3-10电流分别增强71.5%和163.8%。通过全分解贡献分析和点突变实验,我们发现GPR120与GABAA受体结合的关键位点是H102,与阳性药物地西泮相似。为了进一步验证GPR120在动物水平上的功能,我们进行了运动活动测试和翻正反射消失(LORR)实验。GPR120对小鼠的运动活动有抑制作用,6 h后可恢复,说明GPR120是一种中度镇静剂。在戊巴比妥钠(PB)诱导的翻正反射消失实验中,与生理盐水组相比,GPR120(20 mg∙kg^(−1))可显著缩短开始LORR的时间并延长LORR的持续时间。综上所述,通过联用多种虚拟筛选方法,我们发现了GPR120是一种具有新型母核的中度强度镇静剂。

The concept of gene therapy for glaucoma:the dream that has not come true yet

Gene therapies,despite of being a relatively new therapeutic approach,have a potential to become an important alternative to current treatment strategies in glaucoma.Since glaucoma is not considered a single gene disease,the identified goals of gene therapy would be rather to provide neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells,especially,in intraocular-pressure-independent manner.The most commonly reported type of vector for gene delivery in glaucoma studies is adeno-associated virus serotype 2 that has a high tro pism to retinal ganglion cells,res ulting in long-term expression and low immunogenic profile.The gene thera py studies recruit inducible and genetic animal models of optic neuropathy,like DBA/2J mice model of high-tension glaucoma and the optic nerve crush-model.Reported gene therapy-based neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells is targeting specific genes translating to growth factors(i.e.,brain derived neurotrophic factor,and its receptor TrkB),regulation of apoptosis and neurodegeneration(i.e.,Bcl-xl,Xiap,FAS system,nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2,Digit3 and Sarm1),immunomodulation(i.e.,Crry,C3 complement),modulation of neuroinflammation(i.e.,e rythropoietin),reduction of excitotoxicity(i.e.,Com KIlα)and transcription regulation(i.e.,Max,Nrf2).On the other hand,some of gene therapy studies focus on lowering intra ocular pressure,by impacting genes involved in both,decreasing aqueous humor production(i.e.,aquaporin 1),and increasing outflow facility(i.e.,COX2,prostaglandin F2a receptor,RhoA/RhoA kinase signaling pathway,MMP1,Myocilin).The goal of this review is to summarize the current stateof-art and the direction of development of gene therapy strategies for glaucomatous neuropathy.

A comparison of model choice strategies for logistic regression

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to develop and compare model choice strategies in context of logistic regression.Model choice means the choice of the covariates to be included in the model.Design/methodology/approach:The study is based on Monte Carlo simulations.The methods are compared in terms of three measures of accuracy:specificity and two kinds of sensitivity.A loss function combining sensitivity and specificity is introduced and used for a final comparison.Findings:The choice of method depends on how much the users emphasize sensitivity against specificity.It also depends on the sample size.For a typical logistic regression setting with a moderate sample size and a small to moderate effect size,either BIC,BICc or Lasso seems to be optimal.Research limitations:Numerical simulations cannot cover the whole range of data-generating processes occurring with real-world data.Thus,more simulations are needed.Practical implications:Researchers can refer to these results if they believe that their data-generating process is somewhat similar to some of the scenarios presented in this paper.Alternatively,they could run their own simulations and calculate the loss function.Originality/value:This is a systematic comparison of model choice algorithms and heuristics in context of logistic regression.The distinction between two types of sensitivity and a comparison based on a loss function are methodological novelties.

Deformations at Earth’s dayside magnetopause during quasi-radial IMF conditions:Global kinetic simulations and Soft X-ray Imaging

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)is a joint mission of the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).Primary goals are investigating the dynamic response of the Earth's magnetosphere to the solar wind(SW)impact via simultaneous in situ magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements,X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and magnetic cusps,and UV images of global auroral distributions.Magnetopause deformations associated with magnetosheath high speed jets(HSJs)under a quasi-parallel interplanetary magnetic field condition are studied using a threedimensional(3-D)global hybrid simulation.Soft X-ray intensity calculated based on both physical quantities of solar wind proton and oxygen ions is compared.We obtain key findings concerning deformations at the magnetopause:(1)Magnetopause deformations are highly coherent with the magnetosheath HSJs generated at the quasi-parallel region of the bow shock,(2)X-ray intensities estimated using solar wind h+and self-consistentO7+ions are consistent with each other,(3)Visual spacecraft are employed to check the discrimination ability for capturing magnetopause deformations on Lunar and polar orbits,respectively.The SMILE spacecraft on the polar orbit could be expected to provide opportunities for capturing the global geometry of the magnetopause in the equatorial plane.A striking point is that SMILE has the potential to capture small-scale magnetopause deformations and magnetosheath transients,such as HSJs,at medium altitudes on its orbit.Simulation results also demonstrate that a lunar based imager(e.g.,Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager,LEXI)is expected to observe a localized brightening of the magnetosheath during HSJ events in the meridian plane.These preliminary results might contribute to the pre-studies for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing qualitative and quantitative soft X-ray estimates of dayside kinetic processes.

基于声波操纵的微小物体运动建模与控制

采用声波操纵克拉尼平板上的微小物体,在精准医学、液滴和颗粒的工业控制等方面有着广阔的应用前景.传统声波操纵认为在运动过程中,声波对微粒的影响是无序的,而近年来,研究得出声振动是有序的,但缺乏精确、有效的建模手段,限制其应用.针对该问题,本文提出了结合Faster R-CNN算法与局部加权回归(LOESS)算法的方法对声波场进行建模.采用图像识别技术辨识微粒在克拉尼平板上的位置,计算在某一固定声波频率下微小粒子在克拉尼平板不同位置上的位移.在积累大量位移数据后,基于LOESS算法,建立平板上的完整声波位移模型,分析声波力场如何在平面上对微小物体的运动施加影响,并建立仿真模型,进行克拉尼平板上微粒操纵的仿真实验.最后,本文将基于所搭建的声波操纵平台,对易碎的速溶咖啡颗粒进行控制,通过与仿真实验相对比,验证了建模与控制方法的可行性,证明该模型可实现微小粒子的运动控制.

Towards 6D Little String Theory of Particles

A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.

Disentangling the effects of management and climate change on habitat suitability for saproxylic species in boreal forests

Forest degradation induced by intensive forest management and temperature increase by climate change are resulting in biodiversity decline in boreal forests.Intensive forest management and high-end climate emission scenarios can further reduce the amount and diversity of deadwood,the limiting factor for habitats for saproxylic species in European boreal forests.The magnitude of their combined effects and how changes in forest management can affect deadwood diversity under a range of climate change scenarios are poorly understood.We used forest growth simulations to evaluate how forest management and climate change will individually and jointly affect habitats of red-listed saproxylic species in Finland.We simulated seven forest management regimes and three climate scenarios(reference,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)over 100 years.Management regimes included set aside,continuous cover forestry,business-as-usual(BAU)and four modifications of BAU.Habitat suitability was assessed using a speciesspecific habitat suitability index,including 21 fungal and invertebrate species groups.“Winner”and“loser”species were identified based on the modelled impacts of forest management and climate change on their habitat suitability.We found that forest management had a major impact on habitat suitability of saproxylic species compared to climate change.Habitat suitability index varied by over 250%among management regimes,while overall change in habitat suitability index caused by climate change was on average only 2%.More species groups were identified as winners than losers from impacts of climate change(52%–95%were winners,depending on the climate change scenario and management regime).The largest increase in habitat suitability index was achieved under set aside(254%)and the climate scenario RCP8.5(>2%),while continuous cover forestry was the most suitable regime to increase habitat suitability of saproxylic species(up to+11%)across all climate change scenarios.Our results show that close-to-nature management regimes(e.g.,continuous cover forestry and set aside)can increase the habitat suitability of many saproxylic boreal species more than the basic business-as-usual regime.This suggests that biodiversity loss of many saproxylic species in boreal forests can be mitigated through improved forest management practices,even as climate change progresses.

发酵蔬菜来源具抑菌活性明串珠菌的筛选及其细菌素基因簇挖掘

为提高发酵蔬菜的安全性和保藏性,从来自云南传统发酵蔬菜的8株明串珠菌中筛选出1株对食源性致病菌和引起泡菜过酸化的细菌抑制效果好的肠膜明串珠菌AP7。通过排除酸和H2O2影响及蛋白酶敏感性确定AP7的主要抑菌物质,分析其酸稳定性和热稳定性,根据AP7的全基因组序列挖掘潜在的细菌素基因簇。结果表明:排除酸及H2O2的影响后,菌株的发酵上清液仍具有明显抑菌活性,经蛋白酶处理后,抑菌效果明显下降,推测AP7发酵上清液浓缩液中的抑菌物质为细菌素;该细菌素对pH变化敏感,热稳定性高,分子质量在6.51~14.4 kDa;全基因组测序表明,菌株AP7全基因组包含1条染色体(1948310 bp)和2个质粒(37366和20698 bp),GC含量37.7%;存在1个以Enterocin_X_chain_beta细菌素为核心的基因簇,其编码产物预测为带正电的亲水性稳定蛋白,二级结构以α-螺旋为主,三级结构主要由两端松散肽链和中间α-螺旋构成。综上,产细菌素的肠膜明串珠菌AP7具有优良抑菌性能,有潜力应用于酸性食品的发酵和防腐。

The Fate of Supersymmetry in Quantum Field Theories

We analyze the significance of supersymmetry in two topological models and the standard model (SM). We conclude that the two topological field theory models favor hidden supersymmetry. The SM superpartners, instead, have not been found.

Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on Antarctic surface air temperature during 1900 to 2015

The importance of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO)in influencing zonally asymmetric changes in Antarctic surface air temperature(SAT)has been established.However,previous studies have primarily concentrated on examining the combined impact of the contrasting phases of the AMO and IPO,which have been dominant since the advent of satellite observations in 1979.This study utilizes long-term reanalysis data to investigate the impact of four combinations of+AMO+IPO,–AMO–IPO,+AMO–IPO,and–AMO+IPO on Antarctic SAT over the past 115 years.The+AMO phase is characterized by a spatial mean temperature amplitude of up to 0.5℃over the North Atlantic Ocean,accompanied by positive sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific and negative SST anomalies in the extratropical-mid-latitude western Pacific,which are indicative of the+IPO phase.The Antarctic SAT exhibits contrasting spatial patterns during the+AMO+IPO and+AMO–IPO periods.However,during the–AMO+IPO period,apart from the Antarctic Peninsula and the vicinity of the Weddell Sea,the entire Antarctic region experiences a warming trend.The most pronounced signal in the SAT anomalies is observed during the austral autumn,whereas the combination of–AMO and–IPO exhibits the smallest magnitude across all the combinations.The wavetrain excited by the SST anomalies associated with the AMO and IPO induces upper-level and surface atmospheric circulation anomalies,which alter the SAT anomalies.Furthermore,downward longwave radiation anomalies related to anomalous cloud cover play a crucial role.In the future,if the phases of AMO and IPO were to reverse(AMO transitioning to a negative phase and IPO transitioning to a positive phase),Antarctica could potentially face more pronounced warming and accelerated melting compared to the current observations.

Swallowing Difficulties,Oral Symptoms,and Nutrition in Long-Term Care Elderly Residents-A Secondary Publication

Oral health is often impaired in people living in residential care.In older people,poor oral health is associated with functional deficits,multiple sclerosis,and memory disorders.Keeping one’s teeth healthy throughout life would promote both oral health and general health.Biting and swallowing problems in older people are also linked to oral health,limiting eating activities and requiring diet changes to softer foods that are easy to chew and swallow.This may limit dietary diversity and adequate nutrient intake.Although eating-related chewing and swallowing problems are common in institutionalized residents,they are often addressed too late,when the resident is already malnourished.Nutrition in nursing and retirement homes has been the subject of various studies since the 2000s.However,studies on swallowing and chewing difficulties are scarce and their link to adequate nutrient intake has received lesser attention[6,7].

Detection of Anthropogenic CO_(2) Emission Signatures with TanSat CO_(2) and with Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor(S5P)NO_(2) Measurements:First Results

China’s first carbon dioxide(CO_(2))measurement satellite mission,TanSat,was launched in December 2016.This paper introduces the first attempt to detect anthropogenic CO_(2) emission signatures using CO_(2) observations from TanSat and NO_(2) measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor(S5P)satellite.We focus our analysis on two selected cases in Tangshan,China and Tokyo,Japan.We found that the TanSat XCO_(2) measurements have the capability to capture the anthropogenic variations in the plume and have spatial patterns similar to that of the TROPOMI NO_(2) observations.The linear fit between TanSat XCO_(2) and TROPOMI NO_(2) indicates the CO_(2)-to-NO_(2) ratio of 0.8×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tangshan and 2.3×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tokyo.Our results align with the CO_(2)-to-NOx emission ratios obtained from the EDGAR v6 emission inventory.

非表征理论视角下中心城区纪念场所的意义重构——以广州农讲所为例

教育是纪念场所旅游的重要功能,然而,随着人们对公共休闲空间需求的增长,遗留于中心城区的纪念场所的休闲功能也日益凸显,其教育与休闲功能的关系正在发生重构。纪念场所的教育意义不是以单向和线性的方式传递,而是透过旅游场域中游客身体与场所的邂逅和互动,因而从非表征理论视角理解游客在纪念场所的空间感知、体验和实践过程具有重要意义。文章基于非表征理论,建立起“心智-身体-环境”的分析框架,以广州农民运动讲习所为例,从游客的视觉生产和视觉感知两个过程,运用自助摄影、眼动实验和访谈等方法探讨纪念场所的意义重构。研究发现,游客对农讲所休闲类景观和呈现历史场景的教育类景观有更强烈的视觉兴趣,农讲所教育功能与休闲功能的边界正在模糊化;游客心智、身体与纪念场所环境之间的相互作用正在重构农讲所的地方意义,在超越表征到回归表征过程中重塑纪念场所的教育与休闲功能的关系。因此,文章呼吁,无论是从理论层面对纪念场所旅游体验的剖析,还是从实践层面纪念对场所的地方营造,都应从超越表征的视角去理解游客的旅游体验,将教育元素融入休闲旅游的情境之中,实现纪念场所教育纪念与旅游休闲的统一。

基于CNKI的中医英译期刊文献关键词可视化分析

目的分析中医英译领域的发展脉络、研究方向、核心关键词、热点,寻找领域发展新方向。方法在中国知识资源总库(CNKI)检索1949-2019年发表的中医英译领域文献,通过CiteSpace3.8.R1.32对关键词进行统计、聚类,并绘制图谱。结果共纳入文献1742篇,关键词聚类共聚为15类,模块度=0.831,平均轮廓值=0.6099,其中,轮廓值>0.6的聚类7个,表明聚类效果较好,结果可信。识别出高中心度(>0.1)关键词10个,高频(>20次)关键词9个;高突变性(>10)关键词3个,分别是中国传统(节点突变性=13.43)、语言学(节点突变性=12.58)、《黄帝内经》(节点突变性=12.11)。结论中医英译领域的主流研究方向包括中医术语翻译的实践、中医理论体系英译等,今后学科的研究热点将是《黄帝内经》的英译实践与探讨、翻译中传统文化现象的处理及从语言学角度对中医英译行为的体察。

芬兰“现象式学习”的理论探索与实践经验——专访芬兰赫尔辛基大学科丝婷·龙卡(Kirsti Lonka)教授

科丝婷·龙卡教授(Kirsti Lonka)作为芬兰“现象式学习”研究的权威专家之一,其深厚的研究基础和丰富的实践经验对学生的“现象式学习”与教师的现象式教学都产生了巨大影响。近20年,龙卡教授在继承芬兰教育家玛雅利萨·劳斯特-冯·赖特(Maijaliisa Rauste-von Wright)教授关于“现象式学习”初始想法的基础上,带领团队为“现象式学习”概念的形成和发展作出了重大贡献。龙卡教授不仅在大学的教师教育专业为跨学科教学培养储备人才,使他们成为富有创造力、好奇心、跨学科素养和具备解决问题能力的未来教师,还主张要从学校管理者、日程安排、过程性评价和共享领导力等多个维度出发为学校顺利实施“现象式学习”提供支持。面对当前的改革和挑战,龙卡教授指出要特别重视教师在实施“现象式学习”这种新方法时产生的“情绪挑战”,这个过程会是教师发展抗压能力、情绪管理能力以及社会与情感技能的重要契机。龙卡教授还论述了如何对“现象式学习”进行评估,并提出评估应该是多元的、全面的、面向21世纪能力的主张,这也为国际上希望学习芬兰“现象式学习”的教育者提供了思路。因此,此次访谈不仅对深入理解芬兰的“现象式学习”具有追本溯源的作用,而且可以为我国义务教育课程方案(2022年版)提出的跨学科学习提供重要启示。

Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in developed countries and reduces patients’quality of life,hinders their ability to work,and increases health care costs.A growing number of trials have demonstrated an aberrant gut microbiota composition in IBS,also known as‘gut dysbiosis’.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has been suggested as a treatment for IBS.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of IBS.METHODS We searched Cochrane Central,MEDLINE,EMBASE and Web of Science up to 24 October 2022 for randomised controlled trials(RCTs)investigating the effectiveness of FMT compared to placebo(including autologous FMT)in treating IBS.The primary outcome was the number of patients with improvements of symptoms measured using a validated,global IBS symptoms score.Secondary outcomes were changes in quality-of-life scores,non-serious and serious adverse events.Risk ratios(RR)and corresponding 95%CI were calculated for dichotomous outcomes,as were the mean differences(MD)and 95%CI for continuous outcomes.The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the trials.GRADE criteria were used to assess the overall quality of the evidence.RESULTS Eight RCTs(484 participants)were included in the review.FMT resulted in no significant benefit in IBS symptoms three months after treatment compared to placebo(RR 1.19,95%CI:0.68-2.10).Adverse events were reported in 97 participants in the FMT group and in 45 participants in the placebo group(RR 1.17,95%CI:0.63-2.15).One serious adverse event occurred in the FMT group and two in the placebo group(RR 0.42,95%CI:0.07-2.60).Endoscopic FMT delivery resulted in a significant improvement in symptoms,while capsules did not.FMT did not improve the quality of life of IBS patients but,instead,appeared to reduce it,albeit non significantly(MD-6.30,95%CI:-13.39-0.79).The overall quality of the evidence was low due to moderate-high inconsistency,the small number of patients in the studies,and imprecision.CONCLUSION We found insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of FMT for IBS.Larger trials are needed.