The Arabidopsis PARAQUAT RESISTANT2 gene encodes an S-nitrosoglutathione reductase that is a key regulator of cell death

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO ) 的新陈代谢，主要生物学上活跃的氮的氧化物(没有) 种类，被进化地保存的 GSNO reductase (GSNOR ) 催化。以前的研究证明 Arabidopsis GSNOR1/HOT5 基因调整水杨酸酸由 modulating 发信号和 thermotolerance 细胞内部的 S-nitrosothiol 水平。这里，我们报导 Arabidopsis paraquat resistant2-1 (par2-1 ) 的描述显示出反房间死亡显型的异种。当由 paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium 二氯化物) 对待时，在 par2-1 的 superoxide 的生产比得上野类型的植物的，建议 PAR2 调整房间死亡的 superoxide 下游地行动。PAR2，由位置的克隆识别了，被显示与 GSNOR1/HOT5 相同。par2-1 异种在高度保存的 glycine 带一个错误感觉变化，它使变异的蛋白质变为不稳定。比作野类型， par2-1 异种有一不更高铺平，由与 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate 染色揭示了。与这结果一致，对待与的野类型的植物一没有施主显示抵抗到 paraquat。有趣地， GSNOR1/HOT5/PAR2 蛋白质水平除它的不变的 mRNA 水平以外，被 paraquat 导致，但是被没有施主减少。一起拿，这些结果建议 GSNOR1/HOT5/PAR2 在通过 modulating 在植物房间调整房间死亡起一个重要作用细胞内部没有水平。

The Arabidopsis homologs of CCR4-associated factor 1 show mRNA deadenylation activity and play a role in plant defence responses

在真核细胞的房间的送信人 RNA (mRNA ) 周转以弄短开始 poly 在 3 鈥 ? 结束的(A) 尾巴，一个过程叫了 deadenylation。在酵母， deadenylation 反应被 CCR4 和联系 CCR4 的因素主要调停 1 (CAF1 ) ，描述得好的蛋白质建筑群的二个部件 CCR4 不说出。我们这里报导那 AtCAF1a 和 AtCAF1b，酵母 CAF1 基因的通常认为的 Arabidopsis 相当或相同的事物，部分面对咖啡因或在高温度补充酵母 caf1 异种的生长缺点。AtCAF1a 和 AtCAF1b 的表示被多重压力相关的荷尔蒙和刺激导致。在 vitro 的 AtCAF1a 和在预言的活跃地点的点变化破坏这项活动。破坏 AtCAF1a 或 AtCAF1b 的表示的 T-DNA 插入异种在压力相关的 mRNAs 的 deadenylation 是有缺点的，显示二 AtCAF1 蛋白质涉及在 vivo 的调整 mRNA deadenylation。有趣地， AtCAF1a 和 AtCAF1b 表演的单个、双的异种减少了表示致病相关( PR )基因 PR1 和 PR2 并且更产生 Pseudomonas syringae pv 西红柿 DC3000 ( Pst DC3000 )感染，而转基因的植物过去表示的 AtCAF1a 表演提高了 PR1 和 PR2 的表示并且增加了抵抗到一样的病原体。我们的结果在到病原体感染的调整 mRNA deadenylation 和防卫回答建议 AtCAF1 蛋白质的角色。

Multi-omics-driven development of alternative crops for natural rubber production

Natural rubber(NR)is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.The Parárubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis(Willd.ex A.Juss.)Müll.Arg.)is currently the exclusive commercial source of NR,and it is primarily grown in plantations restricted to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.However,current Parárubber production barely meets the sharply increasing global industrial demand for rubber.Petroleum-based synthetic rubber(SR)has been used to supplement the shortage of NR but its industrial performance is not comparable to that of NR.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop new productive rubber crops with broader environmental adaptability.This review summarizes the current research progress on alternative rubberproducing plants,including horticultural plants(Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and Lactuca L.species),woody plants(Parthenium argentatum A.Gray and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.),and other plant species with potential for NR production.With an emphasis on the molecular basis of NR biosynthesis revealed by a multi-omics approach,we highlight new integrative strategies and biotechnologies for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis with a broader scope,which may accelerate the breeding and improvement of new rubber crops.

Genetic and lipidomic analyses reveal the key role of lipid metabolism for cold tolerance in maize

Lipid remodeling is crucial for cold tolerance in plants.However,the precise alternations of lipidomics during cold responses remain elusive,especially in maize(Zea mays L.).In addition,the key genes responsible for cold tolerance in maize lipid metabolism have not been identified.Here,we integrate lipidomic,transcriptomic,and genetic analysis to determine the profile of lipid remodeling caused by cold stress.We find that the homeostasis of cellular lipid metabolism is essential for maintaining cold tolerance of maize.Also,we detect 210 lipid species belonging to 13 major classes,covering phospholipids,glycerides,glycolipids,and free fatty acids.Various lipid metabolites undergo specific and selective alterations in response to cold stress,especially mono-/di-unsaturated lysophosphatidic acid,lysophosphatidylcholine,phosphatidylcholine,and phosphatidylinositol,as well as polyunsaturated phosphatidic acid,monogalactosyldiacylglycerol,diacylglycerol,and triacylglycerol.In addition,we identify a subset of key enzymes,including ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein synthase II(KAS II),acyl-carrier protein 2(ACP2),male sterility33(Ms33),and stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase 2(SAD2)involved in glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways are positive regulators of maize cold tolerance.These results reveal a comprehensive lipidomic profile during the cold response of maize and provide genetic resources for enhancing cold tolerance in crops.

Dual function of Arabidopsis A TAF1 in abiotic and biotic stress responses

NAC 家庭基因编码涉及多样的生物过程的植物特定的抄写因素。在这研究， Arabidopsis NAC 基因 ATAF1 被发现被干旱导致，高咸度， abscisic 酸(骆驼毛的织物) ，甲基 jasmonate，机械伤害，并且 Botrytis cinerea 感染。ATAF1 的重要正式就职在受到干旱或高咸度的骆驼毛的织物缺乏的变异的 aba2 被发现，揭示表示的骆驼毛的织物无关的机制。Arabidopsis ATAF1-overexpression 线显示了许多改变的显型，包括侏儒症和短主要的根。而且，在 vivo，实验显示 ATAF1 是真正的管理者 modulating 植物对许多不能生活的压力和 necrotrophic 病原体感染的回答。在 Arabidopsis 的 ATAF1 的 Overexpression 增加了植物敏感到骆驼毛的织物，盐，和氧化压力。特别， ATAF1 overexpression 种，然而并非异种排队显示出的显著地提高的植物忍耐到干旱。另外， ATAF1 overexpression 提高了植物危险性到 necrotrophic 病原体 B。cinerea，但是没改变 P 的无毒害或剧毒的紧张引起的疾病症状。syringae pv 西红柿 DC3000。转基因的植物 overexpressing ATAF1 对氧化应力过分敏感，建议反应的氧中介可能与响应病原体和不能生活的压力的调停 ATAF1 的发信号有关。

Genome-wide comparative analysis of type-A Arabidopsis response regulator genes by overexpression studies reveals their diverse roles and regulatory mechanisms in cytokinin signaling

细胞激动素是为植物生长和开发的各种各样的方面的一个批评生长管理者。在 Arabidopsis，细胞激动素发信号被从受体播送一个信号的二部件的基于系统的 phosphorelay 调停，通过 histidine phosphotransfer 蛋白质，到下游的反应管理者(ARR ) 。这些 ARR，打字 -- A ARR 基因，其抄写能被细胞激动素很快导致，充当细胞激动素发信号的否定管理者。然而因为功能的冗余性，类型的功能 -- 在植物生长和开发的 A ARR 基因没被分析 loss-of-function 异种很好理解。在这研究，我们在所有十种类型上执行了比较功能的研究 -- 由分析这些 ARR 基因熔化了到 MYC epitope 的转基因的植物 overexpressing 的 A ARR 基因标注。ARR 基因的 Overexpression 导致许多联系细胞激动素的显型。尤其是，不同 ARR transgenes 的 overexpression 引起多样的显型，甚至在种系发生地密切相关的基因对之间，例如在 ARR3-ARR4 和 ARR5-ARR6 对以内。我们发现了 ARR 蛋白质的一个子集的累积(ARR3， ARR5， ARR7， ARR16 和 ARR17；可能 ARR8 和 ARR15 ) 被 MG132 增加，一个特定的 proteasomal 禁止者，显示这些蛋白质的那稳定性被 proteasomal 调整降级。而且，类似于的以前描绘的 ARR5， ARR6 和 ARR7， ARR16 和 ARR17 的稳定性，可能包括的 ARR8 和 ARR15，被细胞激动素调整。这些结果建议那种类型 -- A ARR 蛋白质被包含细胞激动素和 proteasome 小径的组合机制调整，从而在植物生长和开发执行特殊函数。

Role of the Arabidopsis thafiana NAC transcription factors ANAC019 and ANAC055 in regulating jasmonic acid-signaled defense responses

Jasmonic 酸(JA ) 是对草食动物攻击，病原体感染并且机械伤害调整植物防卫回答的重要植物激素。在这份报告，我们提供了生物化学、基因的证据证明 Arabidopsis thaliana NAC 家庭蛋白质 ANAC019 和 ANAC055 可能作为抄写使活跃之物工作调整辩护基因的导致 JA 的表示。在 JA 发信号的二 NAC 基因的角色与 anac019 anac055 被检验两倍异种并且与转基因的植物 overexpressing ANAC019 或 ANAC055。两倍变异的植物显示出的 anac019 anac055 稀释了导致 JA 的植物的存储 PROTEIN1 (VSP1 ) 和 LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2 ) 表示，而二 NAC 基因显示出的转基因的植物 overexpressing 提高了导致 JA 的 VSP1 和 LOX2 表示。二 NAC 基因的 导致JA 的表示取决于 COI1 和 AtMYC2 的功能和发现 ANAC019 的那 overexpression 部分救了 atmyc2-2 异种的JA相关的显型，带了我们到二 NAC 蛋白质 AtMYC2 下游地扮演调整 发信号JA 的防卫回答的一个假设。证实这个想法的进一步的证据来自观察到 necrotrophic 真菌的两倍异种高显示出的 anac019 anac055 的反应类似到 atmyc2-2 异种的。

The impact of high-temperature stress on rice: Challenges and solutions

Heat stress (HS) caused by rapidly warming climate has become a serious threat to global food security.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for over half of the world’s population,and its yield and quality are often reduced by HS.There is an urgent need for breeding heat-tolerant rice cultivars.Rice plants show various morphological and physiological symptoms under HS.Precise analysis of the symptoms(phenotyping) is essential for the selection of elite germplasm and the identification of thermotolerance genes.In response to HS,rice plants trigger a cascade of events and activate complex transcriptional regulatory networks.Protein homeostasis under HS is especially important for rice thermotolerance,which is affected by protein quality control,effective elimination of toxic proteins,and translational regulation.Although some agronomic and genetic approaches for improving heat tolerance have been adopted in rice,the molecular mechanisms underlying rice response to HS are still elusive,and success in engineering rice thermotolerance in breeding has been limited.In this review,we summarize HS-caused symptoms in rice and progress in heat-stress sensing and signal cascade research,and propose approaches for improving rice thermotolerance in future.

Is kinase activity essential for biological functions of BRI1？

Brassinosteroids (BR ) 是植物激素的一个主要的组调整植物生长和开发。BRI1，对质膜局部性的蛋白质，当 BR 受体和它被建议了，工作它的 kinase 活动在调整 BR 的植物生长和开发有一个必要角色。这里，我们报导隔离和 bri1 的新等位基因的分子的描述， bri1-301，哪个表演中等词法显型和减少的回答到在正常生长条件下面的 BR。顺序分析从 GG 识别了二底的改变到，导致到在 BRI1 kinase 领域的 989I 的 989G 的变换在。kinase 活动的试管内试金证明 bri1-301 不向 BRI1 底层 TTL 和 BAK1 举办可检测的 autophosphorylation 活动或磷酸化活动。而且，我们的结果建议甚至与极其损害的 kinase 活动， bri1-301 仍然在调整植物生长和开发保留部分功能，它提出 BRI1 kinase 活动是否在高等植物为调停 BR 的生长和开发是必要的问题。

The BUD2 mutation affects plant architecture through altering cytokinin and auxin responses in Arabidopsis

植物生长素和细胞激动素的比率在由支持或镇压调整天线建筑学起一个关键作用腋的芽长出。我们以前鉴别了显示的 Arabidopsis 变异的 bud2 改变了根和射击建筑学，它源于 S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 的 loss-of-function 4 (SAMDC4 ) 。在这研究，我们证明 BUD2 能被植物生长素导致，并且正式就职依赖于植物生长素发信号。BUD2 的变化导致弱敏到植物生长素和超敏性到细胞激动素，它被胼胝正式就职试金证实。我们的学习建议 polyamines 可以在通过影响细胞激动素和敏感的动态平衡到植物生长素和细胞激动素调整植物建筑学起他们的作用。

LEAFY HEAD2,which encodes a putative RNA-binding protein,regulates shoot development of rice

在植物的开发期间，更高的植物连续地在常规空间、时间的模式形成新叶子。有反常的叶的异种发展模式不仅提供大卓见进理解植物建筑学的规章的机制，而且充实方法到它庄稼产量能被改进的修正。这里，我们报导了米饭 leafy-head2 (lhd2 ) 的描述展览弄短的异种阶段的 plastochron，侏儒症，减少的 tiller 数字，和失败转移从对繁殖生长植物。而减少的 tiller 数字是 tiller 芽长出的抑制的后果，解剖、组织学的学习表明在 lhd2 的叶子的快速的出现从叶 primordia 的快速的开始被结果。分子、基因的分析证明 LHD2 与 67% 类似编码通常认为的 RNA 有约束力的蛋白质到玉米 TE1。染色体规模表示侧面在之间的比较野类型并且 lhd2 植物建议 LHD2 可以通过 KNOX 和荷尔蒙相关的基因调整米饭射击开发。LHD2 变化和 LHD2 的保存表示模式引起的类似的显型在在草控制时间的叶开始显示了保存机制。

Exploration of rice yield potential: Decoding agronomic and physiological traits

Rice grain yield is determined by three major"visible"morphological traits:grain weight,grain number per panicle,and effective tiller number,which are affected by a series of"invisible"physiological factors including nutrient use efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency.In the past few decades,substantial progress has been made on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying grain yield formation,laying a solid foundation for improving rice yield by molecular breeding.This review outlines our current understanding of the three morphological yield-determining components and summarizes major progress in decoding physiological traits such as nutrient use efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency.It also discusses the integration of current knowledge about yield formation and crop improvement strategies including genome editing with conventional and molecular breeding.

Oryza pan-genomics: A new foundation for future rice research and improvement

The wild rice species in the genus Oryza harbor a large amount of genetic diversity that has been untapped for rice improvement.Pan-genomics has revolutionized genomic research in plants.However,rice pan-genomic studies so far have been limited mostly to cultivated accessions,with only a few close wild relatives.Advances in sequencing technologies have permitted the assembly of highquality rice genome sequences at low cost,making it possible to construct genus-level pan-genomes across all species.In this review,we summarize progress in current research on genetic and genomic resources in Oryza,and in sequencing and computational technologies used for rice genome and pangenome construction.For future work,we discuss the approaches and challenges in the construction of,and data access to,Oryza pan-genomes based on representative high-quality genome assemblies.The Oryza pan-genomes will provide a basis for the exploration and use of the extensive genetic diversity present in both cultivated and wild rice populations.

Breeding of Selectable Marker-Free Transgenic Rice Lines Containing AP1 Gene with Enhanced Disease Resistance

In order to obtain marker-free transgenic rice with improved disease resistance, the AP1 gene of Capsicum annuum and hygromycin-resistance gene （HPT） were cloned into the two separate T-DNA regions of the binary vector pSB130, respectively, and introduced into the calli derived from the immature seeds of two elite japonica rice varieties, Guangling Xiangjing and Wuxiangjing 9, mediated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Many cotransgenic rice lines containing both the AP1 gene and the marker gene were regenerated and the integration of both transgenes in the transgenic rice plants was confirmed by either PCR or Southern blotting technique. Several selectable marker-free transgenic rice plants were subsequently obtained from the progeny of the cotransformants, and confirmed by both PCR and Southern blotting analysis. These transgenic rice lines were tested in the field and their resistance to disease was carefully investigated, the results showed that after inoculation the resistance to either bacterial blight or sheath blight of the selected transgenic lines was improved when compared with those of wild type.

Identification of two glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase genes in maize leaf phosphorus remobilization

Phosphate deficiency is one of the leading causes of crop productivity loss.Phospholipid degradation liberates phosphate to cope with phosphate deficiency.Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases(GPX-PDEs)hydrolyse the intermediate products of phospholipid catabolism glycerophosphodiesters into glycerol-3-phosphate,a precursor of phosphate.However,the function of GPX-PDEs in phosphate remobilization in maize remains unclear.In the present study,we characterized two phosphate deficiency-inducible GPX-PDE genes,ZmGPX-PDE1 and ZmGPX-PDE5,in maize leaves.ZmGPX-PDE1 and ZmGPX-PDE5 were transcriptionally regulated by ZmPHR1,a well-described phosphate starvation-responsive transcription factor of the MYB family.Complementation of the yeast GPX-PDE mutant gde1Δindicated that ZmGPX-PDE1 and ZmGPX-PDE5 functioned as GPX-PDEs,suggesting their roles in phosphate recycling from glycerophosphodiesters.In vitro enzyme assays showed that ZmGPX-PDE1 and ZmGPX-PDE5 catalysed glycerophosphodiester degradation with different substrate preferences for glycerophosphoinositol and glycerophosphocholine,respectively.ZmGPX-PDE1 was upregulated during leaf senescence,and more remarkably,loss of ZmGPXPDE1 inmaize compromised the remobilization of phosphorus fromsenescing leaves to young leaves,resulting in a stay-green phenotype under phosphate starvation.These results suggest that ZmGPX-PDE1 catalyses the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters in maize,promoting phosphate recycling from senescing leaves to new leaves.This mechanism is crucial for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency in crops.

Tomato DCL2b is required for the biosynthesis of 22-nt small RNAs, the resulting secondary siRNAs, and the host defense against ToMV

The tomato encode four functional DCL families,of which DCL2 is poorly studied.Here,we generated loss-of-function mutants for a tomato DCL2 gene,dcl2b,and we identified its major role in defending against tomato mosaic virus in relation to both natural and manual infections.Genome-wide small RNA expression profiling revealed that DCL2b was required for the processing 22-nt small RNAs,including a few species of miRNAs.Interestingly,these DCL2b-dependent 22-nt miRNAs functioned similarly to the DCL1-produced 22-nt miRNAs in Arabidopsis and could serve as triggers to generate a class of secondary siRNAs.In particular,the majority of secondary siRNAs were derived from plant defense genes when the plants were challenged with viruses.We also examined differentially expressed genes in dcl2b through RNA-seq and observed that numerous genes were associated with mitochondrial metabolism and hormone signaling under virus-free conditions.Notably,when the loss-of-function dcl2b mutant was challenged with tomato mosaic virus,a group of defense response genes was activated,whereas the genes related to lipid metabolism were suppressed.Together,our findings provided new insights into the roles of tomato DCL2b in small RNA biogenesis and in antiviral defense.

Improving the efficiency of the CRISPR-Cas12a system with tRNA-crRNA arrays

CRISPR-Cas12a offers a convenient tool for multiplex genome editing in rice. However, the CRISPR-Cas12a system displays variable editing efficiency across genomic loci, with marked influence by CRISPR RNAs(crRNAs). To improve the efficiency of the CRISPR-Cas12a system for multiplex genome editing, we identified various architectures and expression strategies for crRNAs. Transformation of binary vectors loaded with engineered CRISPR-Cas12a systems into rice calli and subsequent sequencing revealed that a modified tRNA-crRNA array not only efficiently achieved rice multiplex genome editing, but also successfully edited target sites that were not edited by the crRNA array. This improvement contributes to the application of the CRISPR-Cas12a system in plant genome editing, especially for genomic loci that have hitherto been difficult to edit.

VSITA, an Improved Approach of Target Amplification in the Identification of Viral Pathogens

Objective Unbiased next generation sequencing（NGS） is susceptible to interference from host or environmental sequences. Consequently, background depletion and virome enrichment techniques are usually needed for clinical samples where viral load is much lower than background sequences. Methods A viral Sequence Independent Targeted Amplification（VSITA） approach using a set of non-ribosomal and virus-enriched octamers（V8） was developed and compared with traditionally used random hexamers（N6）. Forty-five archived clinical samples of different types were used in parallel to compare the V8 and N6 enrichment performance of viral sequences and removal performance of ribosomal sequences in the step of reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR（qP CR）. Ten sera samples from patients with fever of unknown origin and 10 feces samples from patients with diarrhea of unknown origin were used in comparison of V8 and N6 enrichment performance following NGS analysis. Results A minimum 30 hexamers matching to viral reference sequences（sense and antisense） were selected from a dataset of random 4,096（4~6） hexamers（N6）. Two random nucleotides were added to the 5＇ end of the selected hexamers, and 480（30 × 4~2） octamers（V8） were obtained. In general, VSITA approach showed higher enrichment of virus-targeted c DNA and enhanced ability to remove unwanted ribosomal sequences in the majorities of 45 predefined clinical samples. Moreover, VSITA combined with NGS enabled to detect not only more viruses but also achieve more viral reads hit and higher viral genome coverage in 20 clinical samples with diarrhea or fever of unknown origin. Conclusion The VSITA approach designed in this study is demonstrated to possess higher sensitivity and broader genome coverage than traditionally used random hexamers in the NGS-based identification of viral pathogens directly from clinical samples.

Characterization and Fine Mapping of Non-panicle Mutant (nop) in Rice

A mutant of panicle differentiation in rice called non-panicle （nop） was discovered in the progeny of a cross between 93-11 and Nipponbare. The mutant exhibits normal plant morphology but has apparently few tillers. The most striking change in nop is that its panicle differentiation is blocked, with masses of fluffy bract nodes generate from the positions where rachis branches normally develop in wild-type plants. Genetic analysis suggests that nop is controlled by a single recessive gene, which is temporarily named Nop（t）. Based on its mutant phenotype, Nop（t） represents a key gene controlling the initiation of inflorescence differentiation, By using simple sequence repeat markers and sequence tagged site markers, Nop（t） gene was fine mapped in a 102-kb interval on the long arm of chromosome 6. These results will facilitate the positional cloning and functional studies of the gene.

Overexpressing rice lesion simulating disease 1-like gene(OsLOL1)in Gossypium hirsutum promotes somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration

Background:Cotton somatic embryogenesis is difficult or rarely frequent to present,which has limited gene function identification and biotechnological utility.Here,we employed a rice key somatic embryogenesis-related gene,rice lesion simulating disease 1-like gene(OsLOL1),to develop transgenic cotton callus for evaluating its function in ectopic plants.Results:Overexpressing OsLOL1 can promote cotton callus to form embryogenic callus,not only shortening time but also increasing transition of somatic callus cells to embryogenic callus cells.And the regenerating plantlets per transgenic OsLOL1 embryogenic callus were significantly higher than those in the control transformed with empty vector.Analysis of physiological and biochemical showed that OsLOL1 can repress cotton superoxide dismutase 1 gene(GhSOD1)expression,possibly resulting in reactive oxidant species(ROS)accumulation in transgenic callus cells.And OsLOL1-overexpressed embryogenic callus exhibited higherα-amylase activity compared with the control,resulting from the promotion of OsLOL1 to cotton amylase 7 gene(GhAmy7)and GhAmy8 expression.Conclusion:The data showed that OsLOL1 could be used as a candidate gene to transform cotton to increase its somatic embryogenesis capacity,facilitating gene function analysis and molecular breeding in cotton.